8th Grade Midterm: PRACTICE TEST

Transcription

1 8th Grade Midterm: PRACTICE TEST Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What are the products of photosynthesis? a. carbon dioxide and water b. oxygen and water c. carbon dioxide and sugars d. oxygen and sugars 2. What happens during photosynthesis? a. The cell uses oxygen to make food. b. The cell uses the energy in sunlight to make food. c. The cell uses glucose to make oxygen. d. The cell uses the energy in sunlight to make carbon dioxide. 3. How does photosynthesis benefit heterotrophs? a. It adds carbon dioxide to the air. b. It creates food that they can eat. c. It eliminates harmful sugars. d. It creates clean water. 4. What happens during respiration? a. Oxygen is released into the air. b. Glucose is broken down, releasing energy. c. Carbohydrates are released into the bloodstream. d. Water and carbon dioxide are converted into energy. 5. Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during which a. the cell s nucleus divides into two new nuclei. b. the cell s DNA is replicated. c. the cell divides into two new cells. d. the cell s cytoplasm divides. 6. Carbon dioxide enters plants through the a. pigments. b. chloroplasts. c. chlorophyll. d. stomata. 7. The stage of the cell cycle that follows mitosis is called a. interphase. b. metaphase. c. cytokinesis. d. telophase. 8. The regular cycle of growth and division that cells undergo is called a. replication. b. the cell cycle. c. interphase. d. mitosis. 9. Which of the following statements is NOT part of the cell theory? a. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. b. All cells are produced from other cells.

2 c. Only animals are composed of cells. d. All living things are composed of cells. 10. What is the function of a cell membrane? a. to support the cell b. to perform different functions in each cell c. to control what enters and leaves the cell d. to form a hard outer covering for the cell 11. Which organelle is the control center of a cell? a. mitochondrion b. ribosome c. nucleus d. chloroplast 12. How does a bacterial cell differ from a plant or animal cell? a. It is larger. b. It does not have a nucleus. c. It has no cytoplasm. d. It has no organelles. 13. Unlike the cell wall, the cell membrane a. is found in all cells. b. is made of chromatin. c. protects the nucleus with a rigid layer of cellulose. d. produces energy for the cell. 14. A species is a group of similar organisms that a. can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring. b. can live together on an island. c. can migrate to an island from the mainland. d. all have exactly the same traits. 15. What did Darwin infer from his observations of organisms in South America and the Galápagos Islands? a. The organisms on the Galápagos Islands were virtually identical to mainland organisms. b. A small number of different plant and animal species had come to the mainland from the Galápagos Islands. c. The organisms on the Galápagos Islands were completely unrelated to mainland organisms. d. A small number of different plant and animal species had come to the Galápagos Islands from the mainland. 16. Differences between members of the same species are called a. predators. b. selections. c. traits. d. variations. 17. What are fossils? a. molds and casts of organisms that live today b. drawings of ancient animals and other organisms c. footprints or burrows of small animals that live today d. the preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived in the past 18. How do most fossils form? a. An insect becomes trapped in amber. b. An entire organism becomes frozen in ice. c. A dead organism becomes buried in sediment.

3 d. A dead organism becomes buried in tar. 19. Which term refers to a species that no longer has any living members? a. molded b. fossilized c. extinct d. petrified 20. Highways allow people to travel between towns and citites. These highways also divide ecosystems into smaller pieces. Animals can become separated from lakes they use for breeding. For example, tiger salamanders travel long distances to breed at lakes. How could highway systems affect animals such as the tiger salamander? a. Tiger salamander habitats may be exposed to less pollution. b. Tiger salamanders may be cut off from important resources. c. Tiger salamanders could improve their ability to remember roads. d. Tiger salamander habitats within ecosystems could become larger. 21. Which term refers to similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor? a. DNA sequences b. developmental organisms c. homologous structures d. punctuated equilibria 22. If two organisms look very similar during their early stages of development, this is evidence that the organisms a. are not related. b. evolved from different ancestors. c. have exactly the same DNA. d. evolved from a common ancestor. 23. A branching tree is a. a diagram showing how scientists think different groups of organisms are related. b. a species of tree that is not closely related to other tree species. c. a drawing that shows where different animals live in a tree. d. a homologous structure that many plants have. 24. Scientists combine evidence from fossils, body structures, early development, DNA, and protein structures to a. determine what bones an animal has in its forelimbs. b. determine the evolutionary relationships among species. c. decide which fossils are older than others. d. determine whether an organism will have gills during its early development. 25. A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce is called a(n) a. mutation. b. selection. c. adaptation. d. variation. 26. How does natural selection lead to evolution? a. Stronger offspring kill weaker members of the species. b. Helpful variations accumulate among surviving members of the species. c. Overproduction provides food for stronger members of the species. d. Environmental changes favor weaker members of the species. 27. Why do scientists think related species have similar body structures and development patterns? a. The species inherited many of the same genes from each other. b. The species inherited many of the same proteins from each other. c. The species inherited all of the same genes from a common ancestor.

4 d. The species inherited many of the same genes from a common ancestor. 28. a. 600 b. 500 c. 400 d A student is studying rock densities needs to measure the volume of a rock sample to the nearest millimeter. The student knows that the rock sample has a volume of at least 5 ml. Which tool should the student use to get the most accurate measure of the volume of water displaced by the rock? a. A beaker with intervals of 25 ml (25 ml, 50 ml, 75 ml, etc.) b. A graduated cyclinder with intervals of 5 ml (5 ml, 10 ml, 15 ml, etc.) c. A triple beam balance d. A scale 30. Scientists call an organism that has two different alleles for a trait a a. hybrid. b. trait. c. purebred. d. factor. 31. Which tool should you use to find the mass of a metal ball? a. ruler b. timer c. balance

5 d. graduated cylinder 32. What is the probability of producing a tall pea plant from a genetic cross between two hybrid tall pea plants? a. one in four b. two in four c. three in four d. four in four 33. A student includes the following sentence in a write up of a lab. The lead ball has a measured mass of 113 grams. What kind of scientific statement is this sentence? a. inference b. observation c. prediction d. explanation 34. If a homozygous black guinea pig (BB) is crossed with a homozygous white guinea pig (bb), what is the probability that an offspring will have black fur? a. 25 percent b. 50 percent c. 75 percent d. 100 percent 35. An organism s physical appearance is its a. genotype. b. phenotype. c. codominance. d. heterozygous. 36. a. The environment of the deep sea has changed little over millions of years. b. The amount of salt in the deep sea has varied greatly over millions of years. c. The oceans have completely dried up multiple times during the past 400 million years.

6 d. The oceans have been continuously repopulated by freshwater fish species over millions of years. 37. What is the role of the mitochondria in cells? a. It converts sunlight to energy. b. It controls all functions of the cell. c. It transports water throughout the cell. d. It breaks down sugar and releases energy. 38. When sex cells combine to produce offspring, each sex cell will contribute a. one fourth the number of chromosomes in body cells. b. half the number of chromosomes in body cells. c. the normal number of chromosomes in body cells. d. twice the number of chromosomes in body cells. 39. The reproductive success of an organism depends in part on the ability of the organism to survive. How does physical appearance of these organisms help them to survive? a. Their physical appearance helps them find a habitat. b. Their physical appearance helps them resist parasites. c. Their physical appearance helps them avoid predators. d. Their physical appearance helps them defend a territory. 40. What is the relationship between tissues and organs? a. organs are made from one type of tissue b. tissues are made from one type of organ c. tissues are made from different types of organs d. organs are made from different types of tissues 41. Which term refers to physical characteristics that are studied in genetics? a. traits b. offspring c. generations

7 d. hybrids 42. The different forms of a gene are called a. alleles. b. factors. c. masks. d. traits. 43. An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait is a. codominant. b. tall. c. homozygous. d. heterozygous. 44. How does a geneticist use pedigrees? a. to create genetic crosses b. to replicate identical strings of DNA c. to prove that sex-linked traits are caused by codominant alleles d. to trace the inheritance of traits in humans 45. A product that is no longer used is said to be a. obsolete. b. current. c. emerging. d. coexisting. 46. A working model used to test a design is called a a. patent. b. prototype. c. trade-off. d. product. 47. Once the causes of a problem with a product are identified, the next step is to a. communicate the solution. b. file a patent. c. redesign the product. d. build a prototype. 48. One example of communicating a solution to a technological problem is a. advertising. b. explaining the design to manufacturers. c. demonstrating the product to consumers. d. all of the above.

8 49. a. A huge tidal wave pushed marine life up into the mountains. b. Prehistoric man carried fish into the mountains from the sea. c. Fish were thrown into the mountains by a tremendous volcanic explosion. d. Land that was uplifted to form the mountains was once covered by the sea. 50. Which cell structure carries out a function for a cell that is similar to the function that bark carries out for a tree? a. cell wall b. nucleus c. chloroplast d. mitochondria 51. The metric system of measurement is based on the number a. 1. b. 10. c. 12. d Mass and weight are different because a. mass depends on the force of gravity. b. weight depends on the force of gravity. c. weight depends on the amount of matter an object contains. d. mass does not depend on the amount of matter an object contains.

9 53. If a shoe box measures 6 cm high, 7 cm wide, and 20 cm long, what is its volume? a. 420 cm b. 420 cm 3 c. 840 cm 3 d. 840 cm 54. To calculate the density of an object, you would a. divide its mass by its length. b. divide its mass by its volume. c. divide its volume by its mass. d. multiply its mass by its volume. 55. A metal washer has a mass of 0.27 g and a volume of 0.1 cm 3. What is its density? a g/cm 3 b g/cm 3 c. 2.7 g/cm 3 d. 2.7 g/cm Paramecia usually reproduce asexually. Fish reproduce sexually. Suppose the environmental conditions in the lagoon change. What advantage will the fish population have over the paramecium population? a. Sexual reproduction produces offspring that are identical to the parents. b. Sexual reproduction decreases the genetic variability in the fish populations. c. Sexual reproduction limits the spread of harmful characteristics in fish populations. d. Sexual reproduction allows population to adapt to new conditions over fewer generations. 57. Using one or more of your senses to gather information is called a. observing. b. inferring. c. predicting. d. classifying. 58. A possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question is called a(n) a. prediction. b. hypothesis. c. theory. d. law. 59. In science, a hypothesis must be a. correct. b. manipulated. c. controlled. d. testable. 60. During an experiment, if you purposely change the temperature to test a hypothesis, the temperature is called the a. independent variable. b. responding variable. c. operational variable. d. dependent variable.

10 61. a. The older reptile species went extinct because sea levels rose and flooded its habitat. b. The older reptile species went extinct because a predator was introduced into the environment. c. The older reptile species went extinct because it could not compete with the younger reptile species. d. The older reptile species went extinct because a volcanic eruption caused the environment to change. 62. In a scientific experiment, a statement that describes how to measure a particular variable or define a particular term is called a(n) a. operational definition. b. manipulated variable. c. responding variable. d. law. 63. An organized way to collect and record scientific observations is with a(n) a. model. b. inference. c. data table. d. operational definition. 64. Which is an example of a group of cells with a common structure and function? a. stomach b. muscle tissue c. mitochondria d. digestive system 65. Aphids are a common plant-pest insect. They alternate between asexual and sexual reproduction. During the summer, aphid populations grow quickly by asexual reproduction. As winter approaches, aphids switch to sexual reproduction. What advantage does the switch to sexual reproduction give the aphids? a. Sexual reproduction maintains a constant level of variation in the population and requires less energy.

11 b. Sexual reproduction decreases variation in the population and prevents the spread of harmful mutations. c. Sexual reproduction increases variation in the population and provides for adatability in a changing environment. d. Sexual reproduction produces individuals that are clones and allows rapid population growth under stable environmental conditions. 66. a. Slide P b. Slide Q c. Slide R d. Slide S Short Answer:

12 Use the diagram to answer each question.

13 69. Identify the structures labeled B and describe their function. 70. Identify structure C and describe its function. 71. Is the cell shown a bacterial cell? Explain your reasoning.

14 72. Use the diagram to answer each question.

15 73. Are modern birds more closely related to Archaeopteryx or to the first reptiles? 74. Would you expect the DNA of crocodilians to be more similar to the DNA of modern birds or the DNA of turtles? Explain your reasoning. 75. List two ancestors of Archaeopteryx. Use the diagram to answer each question.

16 76. Which trait white flowers or purple flowers is controlled by a dominant allele? Which is controlled by a recessive allele? How do you know? 77. In the F 1 generation, what is the genotype of the offspring? What is their phenotype? Use the diagram to answer each question. Number of Chirps per Minute Cricket 15 C 20 C 25 C Average What is the purpose of recording data in a table like the one above? 79. How many different crickets were tested in this experiment? Explain why researchers typically test several subjects rather than just one. 80. What hypothesis might this experiment be designed to test? 81. Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable in this experiment. Explain. Essay 82. Briefly explain what happens in photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Explain how these two processes work together.

17 83. Animals do not make their own food from energy in sunlight. Explain why they still depend on the sun for energy. 84. You are looking at the inside of a cell. Explain how you can tell whether the cell is animal, bacterial, or plant. 85. Use the three points of the cell theory to explain how humans and bacteria are similar. 86. Name an organism that uses sexual reproduction. Give two advantages and two disadvantages of this type of reproduction. 87. Explain how a group of organisms that is separated from the rest of its species can evolve different traits. 88. What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis? 89. Give an example of a type of asexual reproduction. Name two advantages and two disadvantages to this type of reproduction. 90. In pea plants, the allele for smooth pods (S) is dominant over the allele for pinched pods (s). Construct a Punnett square that shows a cross between an SS plant and an Ss plant. Predict what percent of the offspring are likely to have smooth pods. 91. What are the six main areas of technology? 92. What is a coexisting technology? Give at least one example. 93. How do the parent and offspring compare gentically in both sexual and asexual reproduction? 94. Why can t you use a ruler to measure the volume of an irregular object such as a rock? How could you measure the volume of the rock? 95. Identify the six major stages of the process of scientific inquiry and explain why the process is not a rigid sequence of steps.

18 8th Grade Midterm: PRACTICE TEST Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-46 OBJ: C Describe what happens during the process of photosynthesis. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.3 2. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-45 OBJ: C Explain how the sun supplies living things with the energy they need. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.3 3. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-45 OBJ: C Explain how the sun supplies living things with the energy they need. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.3 Gr.7.Life.C.2 4. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-50 OBJ: C Describe the events that occur during respiration. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.2 Gr.6.Life.A.1 5. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-57 OBJ: C Identify the events that take place during the three stages of the cell cycle. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.1 6. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-47 OBJ: C Describe what happens during the process of photosynthesis. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.3 7. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-60 OBJ: C Identify the events that take place during the three stages of the cell cycle. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.1 8. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-56 OBJ: C Identify the events that take place during the three stages of the cell cycle. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.2 Gr.6.Life.A.1 Gr.6.Physical.A.4 9. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-10 OBJ: C State the cell theory. STA: Gr.6.Life.A ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-17 OBJ: C Describe the functions of cell organelles. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.1 Gr.7.Life.A ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-18 OBJ: C Describe the functions of cell organelles. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.1 Gr.7.Life.A ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-24 OBJ: C Tell how bacterial cells differ from plant and animal cells. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.3 Gr.7.Life.A ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-18 OBJ: C Identify the role of the cell wall and the cell membrane in the cell. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.1 Gr.7.Life.A.1 NOT: comprehension 14. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-139 OBJ: C Describe important observations Darwin made on his voyage. STA: Gr.8.Life.B.3

19 15. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-140 OBJ: C Describe important observations Darwin made on his voyage. STA: Gr.6.Life.C.8 Gr.7.Life.C ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-143 OBJ: C Explain how natural selection leads to evolution. STA: Gr.8.Life.D ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-139 OBJ: C Describe important observations Darwin made on his voyage. STA: Gr.8.Life.D.4 Gr.8.Life.D ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-156 OBJ: C Describe how most fossils form. STA: Gr.8.Life.D.4 Gr.8.Life.D ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-159 OBJ: C State what the Geologic Time Scale is. STA: Gr.8.Life.D ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-159 OBJ: C State what the Geologic Time Scale is. STA: Gr.8.Life.D ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-150 OBJ: C State evidence that supports the theory of evolution. STA: Gr.8.Life.D ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-149 OBJ: C State evidence that supports the theory of evolution. STA: Gr.8.Life.B ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-152 OBJ: C Explain how scientists infer evolutionary relationships among organisms. STA: Gr.7.Life.B ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-151 OBJ: C Explain how scientists infer evolutionary relationships among organisms. STA: Gr.8.Life.D ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-141 OBJ: C Describe important observations Darwin made on his voyage. STA: Gr.7.Life.C ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. C-144 OBJ: C Explain how natural selection leads to evolution. BLM: synthesis 27. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-151 OBJ: C Explain how scientists infer evolutionary relationships among organisms. STA: Gr.8.Life.B ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-142 OBJ: C State the hypothesis Darwin made to explain differences between similar species. 29. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-77 OBJ: C Describe the results of Mendel s experiments. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.1 Gr.7.Life.B.8 Gr.8.Life.B.1 Gr.8.Life.B ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-80 OBJ: C Identify what controls the inheritance of traits in organisms. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.1 Gr.6.Life.A.2 Gr.7.Life.A ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-84

20 OBJ: C Define probability and describe how it helps explain the results of genetic crosses. 32. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-86 OBJ: C Define probability and describe how it helps explain the results of genetic crosses. 33. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-86 OBJ: C Define probability and describe how it helps explain the results of genetic crosses. 34. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-87 OBJ: C Define probability and describe how it helps explain the results of genetic crosses. 35. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-88 OBJ: C Explain what is meant by genotype and phenotype. 36. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-89 OBJ: C Tell what codominance is. STA: Gr.7.Life.B.8 Gr.8.Life.B ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-93 OBJ: C Describe the role chromosomes play in inheritance. STA: Gr.8.Life.B ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-94 OBJ: C Identify the events that occur during meiosis. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.2 Gr.7.Life.A ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-98 OBJ: C Explain what forms the genetic code. 40. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-98 OBJ: C Explain what forms the genetic code. 41. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-76 OBJ: C Describe the results of Mendel s experiments. STA: Gr.8.Life.B ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-79 OBJ: C Identify what controls the inheritance of traits in organisms. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.1 Gr.6.Life.A.2 Gr.7.Life.A ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-88 OBJ: C Explain what is meant by genotype and phenotype. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.1 Gr.6.Life.A.2 Gr.7.Life.A ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. C-119 OBJ: C Explain how geneticists trace the inheritance of traits. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.1 Gr.6.Life.A.2 Gr.7.Life.A ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. P-92 OBJ: P Identify factors that cause technology to progress. STA: Gr.6.Tech.A ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. P-102 OBJ: P Describe what is involved in each step of the technology design process. STA: Gr.8.Tech.B ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. P-103 OBJ: P Describe what is involved in each step of the technology design process. STA: Gr.6.Tech.B.5 Gr.7.Tech.B.4 Gr.8.Tech.B ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. P-104

21 OBJ: P Describe what is involved in each step of the technology design process. STA: Gr.7.Tech.A ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. P-104 OBJ: P Describe what is involved in each step of the technology design process. 50. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. P-105 OBJ: P Explain what patents are. 51. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. P-45 OBJ: P Explain why scientists use a standard measurement system. 52. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. P-49 OBJ: P Identify the SI units of measure for length, mass, volume, density, time, and temperature. 53. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. P-51 OBJ: P Identify the SI units of measure for length, mass, volume, density, time, and temperature. STA: Gr.6.Physical.A ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. P-52 OBJ: P Identify the SI units of measure for length, mass, volume, density, time, and temperature. STA: Gr.7.Inquiry.B ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. P-52 OBJ: P Identify the SI units of measure for length, mass, volume, density, time, and temperature. STA: Gr.7.Inquiry.B ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. P-61 OBJ: P Describe what math skills scientists use in collecting data and making measurements. 57. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. P-7 OBJ: P Identify skills scientists use to learn about the world. STA: Gr.6.Inquiry.B.3 Gr.8.Inquiry.A ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. P-15 OBJ: P Describe how to develop a hypothesis and design an experiment. STA: Gr.6.Methods.A ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. P-15 OBJ: P Describe how to develop a hypothesis and design an experiment. 60. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. P-16 OBJ: P Describe how to develop a hypothesis and design an experiment. STA: Gr.7.Inquiry.A.1 Gr.7.Inquiry.A.2 NOT: comprehension 61. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. P-16 OBJ: P Describe how to develop a hypothesis and design an experiment. STA: Gr.7.Inquiry.A.1 Gr.7.Inquiry.A.2 NOT: knowledge 62. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. P-17 OBJ: P Describe how to develop a hypothesis and design an experiment. NOT: knowledge 63. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. P-18 OBJ: P Describe how to develop a hypothesis and design an experiment. STA: Gr.7.Inquiry.B.7 Gr.8.Inquiry.B.3 NOT: comprehension

22 64. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. P-21 OBJ: P Describe how to develop a hypothesis and design an experiment. NOT: comprehension 65. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. P-21 OBJ: P Differentiate between a scientific theory and a scientific law. STA: Gr.7.Inquiry.A.1 Gr.7.Inquiry.A.3 NOT: knowledge 66. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. P-32 OBJ: P Explain why it is important for scientists in different fields to work together. STA: Gr.7.Methods.C.3 NOT: comprehension SHORT ANSWER 67. ANS: safety goggles, heat resistant gloves, closed-toe shoes, hair pulled back, tongs PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-58 p. C-59 OBJ: C Identify the events that take place during the three stages of the cell cycle. STA: Gr.6.Life.A ANS: 1 PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-58 p. C-59 OBJ: C Identify the events that take place during the three stages of the cell cycle. STA: Gr.6.Life.A ANS: The structures are mitochondria. Mitochondria produce most of the energy the cell needs to carry out its functions. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-19 OBJ: C Describe the functions of cell organelles. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.1 Gr.6.Life.A.2 Gr.7.Life.A.1 NOT: application 70. ANS: C is the endoplasmic reticulum, which transports proteins. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-19 OBJ: C Describe the functions of cell organelles. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.1 Gr.6.Life.A.2 Gr.7.Life.A.1 NOT: application 71. ANS: No, because it contains a nucleus and other organelles and does not have a cell wall. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-24 OBJ: C Tell how bacterial cells differ from plant and animal cells. STA: Gr.6.Physical.A.3 Gr.7.Life.A.1 BLM: analysis NOT: analysis 72. ANS: 1

23 PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. C-35 OBJ: C Explain why osmosis is important to cells. STA: Gr.6.Physical.A.4 Gr.6.Inquiry.B.3 Gr.7.Life.A.1 BLM: synthesis NOT: synthesis 73. ANS: Modern birds are more closely related to Archaeopteryx than to the first reptiles. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-152 OBJ: C Explain how scientists infer evolutionary relationships among organisms. STA: Gr.7.Life.B.8 BLM: analysis 74. ANS: The DNA of crocodilians should be more similar to the DNA of modern birds. The diagram indicates that the common ancestor of crocodilians and modern birds was more recent than the common ancestor of crocodilians and turtles. PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. C-152 OBJ: C Explain how scientists infer evolutionary relationships among organisms. STA: Gr.7.Life.B.8 BLM: synthesis 75. ANS: The ancestors were thecodonts and the first reptiles. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-152 OBJ: C Explain how scientists infer evolutionary relationships among organisms. 76. ANS: White flowers are controlled by a dominant allele. Purple flowers are controlled by a recessive allele. Dominant alleles are represented by capital letters, and recessive alleles are represented by the lowercase versions of the same letters. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-80 OBJ: C Identify what controls the inheritance of traits in organisms. 77. ANS: The genotype is Ww. The phenotype is white flowers. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-88 OBJ: C Explain what is meant by genotype and phenotype. 78. ANS: Putting data into a table helps you organize and record the information you collect in an experiment. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. P-18 OBJ: P Describe how to develop a hypothesis and design an experiment. STA: Gr.7.Inquiry.B.7 NOT: comprehension 79. ANS: Five different crickets were tested in this experiment. Five crickets were tested rather than just one or two because individual differences exist from cricket to cricket.

24 PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. P-18 OBJ: P Describe how to develop a hypothesis and design an experiment. STA: Gr.7.Inquiry.B.7 Gr.7.Methods.B.2 NOT: application 80. ANS: Answers may vary. One possible answer is Perhaps crickets chirp more when the temperature is higher. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. P-15 OBJ: P Describe how to develop a hypothesis and design an experiment. STA: Gr.6.Methods.A.1 NOT: application 81. ANS: The independent variable is the air temperature because it is purposely changed by the experimenter to test the hypothesis. The dependent variable is the number of cricket chirps because it may change in response to the air temperature. PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. P-16 OBJ: P Describe how to develop a hypothesis and design an experiment. STA: Gr.7.Inquiry.A.1 Gr.7.Inquiry.A.2 BLM: synthesis NOT: synthesis ESSAY 82. ANS: The first stage involves capturing the energy in sunlight. The second stage involves using the energy to produce sugars. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-46 p. C-47 OBJ: C Describe what happens during the process of photosynthesis. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.3 Gr.7.Life.C ANS: Animals depend indirectly on the sun s energy. Plants use energy from the sun to produce sugars. Because animals cannot do this, they eat plants or other animals that eat plants. Without plants, animals could not survive. PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. C-45 OBJ: C Explain how the sun supplies living things with the energy they need. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.3 Gr.7.Life.C.7 BLM: synthesis 84. ANS: The cell is probably an animal cell if it has a nucleus but not a cell wall. The cell is probably a bacterial cell if it has no nucleus, mitochondria, or chloroplasts. The cell is probably a plant cell if it has a nucleus, a cell wall, and chloroplasts. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-17 p. C-24 OBJ: C Tell how bacterial cells differ from plant and animal cells. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.3 Gr.7.Life.B.8 BLM: analysis NOT: analysis 85. ANS: The first point is that humans and bacteria are made up of cells. Humans have many cells. Bacteria have one cell. The second point is that cells are the basic unit of structure and function in humans and bacteria. The third point is that new human and new bacterial cells come only from other human and bacterial cells.

25 PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-10 OBJ: C State the cell theory. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.1 Gr.7.Life.A.1 BLM: analysis NOT: analysis 86. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-17 OBJ: C Identify the role of the cell wall and the cell membrane in the cell. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.1 Gr.7.Life.A.1 NOT: application 87. ANS: The organisms are not able to mate with members of the rest of the species. The longer they remain isolated, the more likely they are to evolve different traits. PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. C-152 OBJ: C Describe how new species form. STA: Gr.8.Life.B ANS: Meiosis ensures that each sex cell gets half the number of chromosomes in a body cell. If meiosis did not occur, the sperm cell and the egg cell would each have the same number of chromosomes as a body cell. When the two cells combined, the offspring would have twice the normal number of chromosomes. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. C-94 OBJ: C Identify the events that occur during meiosis. BLM: synthesis 89. ANS: E STA: Gr.6.Life.A.2 Gr.7.Life.A.1 PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. C-79 OBJ: C Describe the results of Mendel s experiments. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.1 Gr.7.Life.B.8 Gr.8.Life.B.1 Gr.8.Life.B.3 BLM: synthesis 90. ANS: S and S should be written at the top of the Punnett square, and S and s should be written down the left side (or vice versa). Two of the boxes in the square should have SS and two should have Ss. All of the offspring (100%) will have smooth pods. PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. C-87 OBJ: C Define probability and describe how it helps explain the results of genetic crosses. STA: Gr.6.Life.A.1 Gr.7.Life.B.8 Gr.8.Life.B.1 Gr.8.Life.B.3 BLM: synthesis 91. ANS: The six main areas of technology are transportation technology, construction technology, communication technology, energy and power technology, manufacturing technology, and biological and chemical technology. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. P-90 OBJ: P Describe the goal of technology. 92. ANS: A coexisting technology is an old technology that is used along with current technology because it still meets people s needs. Sample examples: pen, pencil, hand-operated can opener.

26 PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. P-93 OBJ: P Identify factors that cause technology to progress. 93. ANS: M PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. P-48 p. P-49 OBJ: P Identify the SI units of measure for length, mass, volume, density, time, and temperature. BLM: analysis 94. ANS: You can t use a ruler because you can t measure the length, width, or height of the rock. You could measure the rock s volume by immersing the rock in water and measuring how much the water level rises. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. P-51 OBJ: P Identify the SI units of measure for length, mass, volume, density, time, and temperature. 95. ANS: The six major stages of the process of scientific inquiry are pose questions, form a hypothesis, design an experiment, collect and interpret data, draw conclusions, and communicate. Rather than being a rigid sequence of steps, the process of scientific inquiry has many paths. One reason is that different people may test a hypothesis in different ways. Another reason is that different questions require different approaches to finding answers. For instance, studies of an object in space may rely more on observations than on controlled experiments. Also, when new information appears, a scientist s path may take a different turn. Plus, scientific inquiry usually doesn t end once a set of experiments is done. Often, one scientific inquiry leads to another one, or a surprising observation or accidental discovery may lead to further inquiry. PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. P-14 p. P-15 p. P-16 p. P-17 p. P-18 p. P-19 p. P-20 OBJ: P Explain what scientific inquiry involves. STA: Gr.6.Inquiry.A.1 Gr.7.Inquiry.A.1 BLM: synthesis NOT: synthesis