East Asia After World War I. AP World History Chapter 29d

Transcription

1 East Asia After World War I AP World History Chapter 29d

2 Japan After World War I Limited participation in WWI Result: Economy grew during and after the war 1920s = Japan moving toward more democratic politics and Western values 1925 = universal male suffrage Emergence of two-party system Greater gender equality and more freedoms of expression Expansion of education Development of an urban consumer society Middle-class women entered new professions A Japanese Woman in the 1920s

3 Japan After World War I Tensions/problems resulting from Japan s modernization and industrialization: 1918 = rice riots = millions protested the rising price of rice 1920s = union membership tripled as Japanese workers started to fight more for workers rights Increased disputes between landowners and tenants Rising women s movement wanted the right to vote and the end of legal prostitution

4 Japan After World War I These tensions and problems = alarming reminded many of how the Russian Revolution started in = Peace Preservation Law passed = promised long prison sentences, or even the death penalty, to anyone who organized against the existing imperial system of government or against private property Special Forces of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department

5 Japan and the Great Depression Great Depression = what ultimately led to harsher authoritarian rule in Japan Japan = hit hard by the Great Depression Shrinking world demand for silk = millions of silk farmers now impoverished Exports fell by 50% between 1929 and 1931 More than a million urban workers left unemployed Food = scarce Families forced to sell their daughters to brothels

6 Japan and the Great Depression Many began to question whether democracy and capitalism could address Japan s national emergency Growing movement in Japan = Radical Nationalism Extreme nationalism Opposed to parliamentary democracy Commitment to elite leadership focused around an emperor Dedication to foreign expansion Especially appealing to younger army officers Japan s Young Women s Patriotic Association

7 Japanese Authoritarianism 1930s = right-wing nationalist thinking continued to grow Parliament, political parties, and elections continued but major government positions now held by military or bureaucratic figures, not party leaders Military began to have a more dominant role in political life Censorship limited free expression Only ONE single news agency allowed to distribute national and international news to newspapers and radio stations Trade unions banned replaced with discussion councils

8 Manchurian Incident of 1931 Also known as the Mukden Incident. was a clever plan developed by the Japanese in Manchuria on September 18, This soon led to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria The origin of the Manchurian Incident lies deep within the confines of southern Manchuria in Shenyang during During that time, Japan had replaced Russia as the dominant foreign power in Manchuria. Japan blew up a railway section and quickly hid some where close. When the Chinese went to check on the explosion Japanese junior officers came out of hiding and blamed them for the explosion, pretending they were never there

9 Why Did It Start? Japanese wanted to take over the Chinese government in Manchuria so they hatched a clever plan to blow up a railway and blame the Chinese for it. This would give them a to reason to use their army to take over Manchuria s government. They placed small bits of dynamite on the railway so it wouldn t do too much damage and stored weapons ready for the invasion in a concrete bunker that they disguised as a swimming pool. Where they blew up the railway wasn t even an important place. It didn t even have an official name, but it was only eight hundred meters away from a place being stationed by troops. The Japanese used this to their advantage and immediately blamed the troops once they got there, pretending to have just arrived at the scene of the crime.

10 The Invasion On the morning of September 19, 1931 the Japanese attacked the Manchurians with strong force. Japan quickly destroyed Zhang Xuwliang s and many Chinese soldiers fled from battle. The Chinese army was mainly made up of irregulars and new recruits. They were no match for the experienced Japanese army. By the evening of the same day the Japanese had complete control over Mukden. Five hundred Chinese died along with only two Japanese.

11 What happened Afterwards? The Chinese foreign embassy submitted a strong to protest to the League of Nations asking them to make Japan stop all operations being done in Manchuria. The Japanese tried to say it was an act of self-defense for the whole blown up railway thing but the League of Nations saw through this and told them to stop. After some negations that led no where, Japan decided to leave the League of Nations. Japan did not leave all of Manchuria afterwards and still controlled a little bit against the League of Nations Wishes

12 Primary Source The Lytton Report was a famous report given by a group of people from the United Kingdom. These people were given the task to go to Manchuria to see if Japan really did act out of self-defense. Their decision would help the League of nations decide whether to make Japan leave Manchuria or let them stay. It took six months for them to decide, but the Lytton Report came up with the conclusion that Japan did not act out of self-defense. This lead to Japan leaving the League of Nations

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15 The Long March The Chinese Communist Party was founded in 1921 and ten years later set up a Chinese Soviet Republic in the Jiangxi province of southern China, some way north of Canton. The Communists fell out with the Nationalist Party, the Guomindang, which established a national government under General Chiang Kai-shek. The Guomindang army made repeated attacks on the Communists and blockaded them so effectively that by the middle of 1934 their position was becoming impossible. They decided to retreat north to find a base where they would be safe. To go straight north would have taken them into Guomindang territory, so they took a circuitous route, starting westwards and then turning north.

16 Rise of Mao Zedong 6000-mile retreat of the Chinese Communist Party and Red Army from southeastern China (Jiangxi province) to the northwest (Yanan in Shaanxi province) in , during which Mao Zedong became leader of the Communist party. Communist leader Mao Zedong led his forces on a long march to safety in the northwest part of China. From there, they staged attacks on the Japanese invaders and eventually on Chinese government troops attacks that led to their conquest of China in ,000 out of 100,000 survived

17 Japanese Authoritarianism 1937 = new textbook issued by the Ministry of Education Used in all Japanese schools Stressed the difference between Japan and the West Stressed the divinity of the Japanese emperor Students required to do more physical training Martial arts replaced baseball in gym classes Japanese Students at Rifle Training

18 Japanese Authoritarianism Authoritarian state in Japan gained a lot of popular support because it was able to pull Japan out of the Great Depression By the end of 1937 = everyone was working State-financed credit to businesses Government spending on armaments Public works projects

19 Differences between Japanese Authoritarianism and Fascism in Italy and Germany Japan No right-wing party gained popular support or seized power No charismatic leader No fascist party People arrested for political offenses = resocialized = renounced their errors and returned to the Japanese Way Less repressive than Italy and Germany Italy and Germany Fascist political parties gained support & seized power Mussolini and Hitler Strong fascist parties People arrested for political offenses = institutionalized, deported, or killed

20 Japanese Imperialism Japan believed it should have been given more land in the Treaty of Versailles 1930s = Japanese imperial ambitions began to grow Growing Japanese nationalism Military became more powerful in Japan s political life

21 Sino-Japanese War The war that began in 1937 as a Japanese invasion of China and ended with the World War II defeat of Japan in Conflict that broke out when China began full-scale resistance to the expansion of Japanese influence in its territory (which had begun in 1931). In an effort to unseat the Nationalist government of Chiang Kaishek, the Japanese occupied large areas of eastern China in A stalemate then ensued, and Japanese forces were diverted to Southeast Asia and to the Pacific theatre of World War II against the Western Powers and their allies beginning in late Japan s defeat in that by the Allies in 1945 ended its occupation of China.

22 Manchuria Japan acquired sphere of influence in Manchuria following victory over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of Japanese fear = growing Chinese nationalism would threaten this sphere of influence 1931 = Japanese military seized control of Manchuria Set up a puppet state called Manchukuo Western powers = NOT HAPPY Japan = broke with its Western allies and withdrew from the League of Nations 1936 = Japan joined with Germany and Italy in an alliance called the Axis Powers

23 China 1937 = Japan invaded China Japanese forces = brutal and violent In many Chinese villages every single person and every single animal were killed = Rape of Nanjing 200,000 to 300,000 Chinese civilians killed or mutilated within a few months Countless women sexually assaulted