ADVANCED CONSERVATION STRATEGIES

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "ADVANCED CONSERVATION STRATEGIES"

Transcription

1 A Coastal-Marine Assessment in Chile November 2011 A Report Prepared for The David and Lucile Packard Foundation

2 Advanced Conservation Strategies Recommended Citation: Advanced Conservation Strategies A coastal-marine assessment of Chile. A report prepared for the The David and Lucile Packard Foundation.

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ABBREVIATIONS OBJECTIVE AND STRUCTURE SECTION I: NATIONAL OVERVIEW COUNTRY BRIEF 7 CIVIL SOCIETY & THE ENVIRONMENT 8 COASTAL- MARINE BIOPHYSICAL OVERVIEW 8 INSTITUTIONAL OVERVIEW 10 STATE INSTITUTIONS- MARINE PROTECTION 10 STATE INSTITUTIONS- FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE 13 ACADEMIA 16 NON- GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 17 PRIVATE SECTOR 18 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS & AGREEMENTS 18 IMPACTS AND THREATS OVERVIEW 21 WASTEWATER DISCHARGE AND OTHER POLLUTANTS 21 ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN COASTAL AREAS 23 FISHERIES 23 AQUACULTURE 23 SECTION II: REGIONAL REPORTS SOUTH: REGIONS X- XII 24 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSETS 24 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS: IMPACTS AND THREATS 25 WHAT IS HAPPENING NOW: INSTITUTIONS AND PROGRAMS 30 CENTRAL: REGIONS III- XIV 33 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSETS 33 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS: IMPACTS AND THREATS 35 WHAT IS HAPPENING NOW: INSTITUTIONS AND PROGRAMS 39 NORTH: REGIONS XV- II 42 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSETS 42 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS: IMPACTS AND THREATS 42 WHAT IS HAPPENING NOW: INSTITUTIONS AND PROGRAMS CONCLUSION INTERVIEW LIST ENDNOTES REFERENCES ABOUT THE AUTHORS

4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The coast of Chile stretches some 7,400 km from its border with Peru to Cape Horn. Chile s coastal waters represent some of the world s most diverse and productive marine environments. We provide an assessment of coastal- marine conservation in Chile, focused on the state of marine biodiversity, its current impacts and threats, and the organizations and programs focused on marine conservation and management. Chile s economy is market- oriented with high levels of foreign trade. Exports account for more than one- fourth of GDP, with commodities making up three- quarters of total exports in volume. Chile is ranked fifth in production of capture fisheries, and is the seventh largest producer of aquaculture products. In 2007, it exported 1.4 million tonnes of fish products at a value of US$3.8 billion. Fishery policy was reformed with the passage of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Law in 1991, and has evolved from open access to a framework based on total allowable catch and market- based instruments to allocate and trade quota. Capture fisheries are divided between industrial and artisanal fleets. Industrial landings have declined since the mid- 1990s, and were 2.3 million metric tonnes in In contrast, artisanal fisheries landings have consistently increased over the same time period; landings in 2006 were 1.9 million metric tonnes. Along much of the coastline, artisanal fishers have exclusive fishing rights: the artisan exclusive fishery zone covers 27,000 km 2. Chile has also established a national policy that grants territorial user rights for fisheries in designated areas for the management of benthic resources, Areas de Manejo y Explotación de Recursos Bentónicos. These are exclusive user rights to small- scale artisanal fishers. Their assessment and creation are based largely on economically important benthic species. Since exploitation rates are lower inside these areas than in open access fishing grounds, some level of biodiversity protection occurs within these managed areas, especially when they are well enforced. Non- native salmonids are the dominant aquaculture species in Chile. Chile is the second largest producer of farmed salmon behind Norway, producing over 600,000 tonnes of salmon in 2007, representing US$2 billion and the 4 th largest contributor to the Chilean economy. The Chilean salmon industry was temporarily crippled from a disease outbreak in The industry is now recovering. Growth is expected to peak at 900,000 tonnes in Environmental impacts and threats include site- level ecosystem and biodiversity degradation, salmon escapes, and expansion of the industry into southern Patagonia. While marine conservation has been slow to emerge as a priority in Chile, safeguarding coastal ecosystems is now a prominent national concern. The current working model within the government is the establishment of a national network of coastal no- take and multiple- use marine protected areas. With its 2003 National Biodiversity Strategy, Chile has set a target to develop a national marine network of conservation and management sites by The current proportion of ocean formally protected is less than < 0.05%, compared to 19% of the territory protected on land. The continental coast is underrepresented, with only ~100 km 2 under formal protection. 2 2

5 The administration of marine conservation in Chile is complex, with multiple state agencies having the power to establish, veto, and administer the governance and management of ocean and coastal resources. Similarly, suite of policy instruments exist that can used to designate marine protected areas, including national sanctuaries, national monuments, marine parks, marine reserves, and marine coastal protected areas. Management of these areas differs according to designation, and is currently spread across different state agencies and ministries. Environmental reform underway in Chile has introduced an uncertain policy setting with respect to marine conservation. Two relevant policies are currently in a dynamic state: the Fishery and Aquaculture Law that is mandated to be revised in 2012, and a bill currently in Congress to create a Biodiversity and Protected Areas Service. The Service, which will be housed within the Ministry of the Environment, will be charged with protecting biodiversity across the entire country, and would consolidate this responsibility under one agency. The bill is currently being debated, both publically and within Congress. Subsequent changes to the bill, along with the timing of passage, are highly uncertain. Impacts and threats to the Chile s coastal- marine ecosystems are multi- factorial and influence specific regions along the coast differently. Main impacts include wastewater discharge and other pollutants from coastal cities and industry; energy development in coastal areas, especially thermoelectric plants; unsustainable and destructive fishing practices; and aquaculture, particularly non- native salmon farming. Chilean academics have played a critical historical role in marine management and conservation. It was academia that first proposed the need for marine biodiversity protection and a holistic, science- driven approach to establishing a national network of protected areas. University academics are actively working on applied marine issues across ecological, social, and economic disciplines. Researchers have played strong roles in impact studies (e.g., aquaculture, mining, pollution), biodiversity and ecological studies, spatial planning, fisheries biology, economics, governance, and social psychology. Capacity within environmental NGOs operating in Chile is also high; the majority of organizations are science- driven, with well- trained staff in the disciplines of science and education. Both national and international NGOs are present in Chile working on marine issues. In general, they are focused on marine planning and protected areas; conservation of charismatic and endangered species; applied research; and environmental impacts and conflicts resulting from development pollution, salmon aquaculture, and destructive fishing practices. Many coastal- marine conservation programs are focused on marine spatial planning and the formal establishment of marine protected areas. Multiple programs and proposals are underway for new MPAs throughout the country. Despite the recent success in establishing new MPAs, current environmental reform will present challenges to new MPAs in certain areas of the country, particularly in central Chile where conflicts with economic activity and special interests are likely. Artisanal fishers and landings have been increasing, and certain types of MPAs are certain to be in conflict with this important economic sector. Marine zoning and MPA establishment in southern Chile is likely to be critical in mitigating the potential impacts of salmon aquaculture expansion into Region XII. Financing and active management of MPAs will continue to be a challenge, particularly in remote areas. 3 3

6 There is increasing recognition that MPAs, particularly no- take MPAs, are not the single solution to successful coastal- marine conservation in Chile. Rather, a mix of local, community- based management units and protected areas is the most strategic approach. Marine conservation strategies are starting to integrate socioeconomics and participatory processes into the biophysical planning that has historically taken precedent in Chile. Established policies in Chile, such as Areas de Manejo y Explotación de Recursos Bentónicos, align with a conservation strategy that includes community- based management units. Emerging conservation activities centered on municipalities and artisanal fishers are examples of this, and will provide insights into a mixed model of coastal- marine conservation. While capacity is high in Chile for coastal- marine conservation, financing and high- level political support is less certain. The resources, policies, and priorities that result from the revision of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Law and the pending Biodiversity Law will greatly influence the socio- political landscape for coastal- marine conservation, and will subsequently drive strategies. The NGO sector is suffering from reduced funding, and current philanthropic opportunities in Chile are limited. There are signs that this is slowly changing as the Chilean private sector, largely based on natural resources, begins to pay attention to environmental risk and embrace a role in environmental responsibility and stewardship. The government and NGOs are exploring sustainable financing strategies for biodiversity conservation, looking to move away from a single government revenue model to one that is capitalized by multiple revenue streams, including the private sector and market- based mechanisms. In the meantime, financing will be critical for successful coastal- marine conservation initiatives, as will strategies that acknowledge the resource limitations of agencies and other stakeholders with respect to desired outcomes. 4 4

7 ABBREVIATIONS CONAF CONAMA CORFO DIRECTEMAR FAL FAO GEF IFOP ISA IMARPE IUCN MAERB MOU MMA MMT MPA NGO OECD PIMEX SERNAPESCA SUBPESCA TAC TNC TURF UNDP WCS WWF Corporación Nacional Forestal, Chile Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente, Chile Corporación de Fomento de la Producción de Chile Dirección General del Territorio Marítimo y Marina Mercante, Chile Fisheries & Aquaculture Law, Chile (Ley de Pesca y Acuicultura) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Global Environment Facility Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Chile Infectious Salmon Anemia Instituto del Mar del Perú International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Areas de Manejo y Explotación de Recursos Bentónicos Memorandum of Understanding Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Chile Million Metric Tonnes Marine Protected Area Non- Governmental Organization Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development Programa de Investigación Marina de Excelencia Servicio Nacional de Pesca, Chile Subsecretaría de Pesca, Chile Total Allowable Catch The Nature Conservancy Territorial User Rights For Fisheries United Nations Development Programme Wildlife Conservation Society World Wide Fund for Nature 5 5

8 OBJECTIVE AND STRUCTURE Our objective is to provide an assessment of coastal- marine conservation in Chile. We do so by conducting in- country interviews across all relevant sectors, and synthesizing the relevant literature. Our report focuses on the following themes: the state of marine biodiversity in Chile, its current impacts and threats, and the organizations and programs focused on marine conservation and management. We have divided the report into two main sections. The first section provides a brief overview of Chile, its marine resources, and the institutions and policies relevant to coastal- marine conservation. We focus on providing a summary of the state institutions and policies related to marine biodiversity conservation and fisheries management. Two relevant policies are currently in a dynamic state: the Fishery and Aquaculture Law (FAL) is mandated to be revised in 2012, and a bill currently in Congress to create a Biodiversity and Protected Areas Service. The first section also provides an overview of the major impacts and threats to coastal- marine ecosystems. The second section expands on topics covered in the first section, providing additional detail organized by region. Because the premier impacts and threats to Chile s marine environment differ geographically, we organize this section into three regions: south, central, and north (Figure 1). The regions correspond to the marine ecoregions identified by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) 1. However for this report, we combine those marine ecoregions into three geographical regions because of similar anthropogenic impacts and a lack of detailed data (Figure 1). To avoid repetition in background information, we begin with the south and move northward for the regional treatments. Within our designated geographical regions, the north is smallest of the three regions, and with important exceptions, marine conservation programs are currently more active in the south and central regions of Chile. For each region, we synthesize environmental assets, risks to those assets impacts and threats to marine biodiversity, and current organizations and programs active in the region. This report is not intended to be an exhaustive review of coastal- marine conservation in Chile. Rather, we highlight activities occurring at a national and regional level. Current environmental reform underway in Chile has introduced a dynamic and uncertain policy setting with respect to marine conservation. This is likely to continue as environmental reform is finalized and state agencies implement new policies. Lastly, we have focused on coastal- marine conservation along the Chilean continent, and have not included Chile s oceanic islands in this report: Archipiélago Juan Fernández, Isla de Pascua (Easter Island), Isla Salas y Gómez, Islas Desventuradas, and others

9 SECTION I: NATIONAL OVERVIEW COUNTRY BRIEF Chile stretches some 7,400 km from its border with Peru to Cape Horn. At its widest point, it is only 430 km from the Pacific Ocean to the border with Argentina. Chile is a country of enormous geographic and biological diversity, along with natural resources. The Atacama Desert to the north is the center of a vast mining sector, mainly copper and nitrates. The Central Valley, including Santiago, is the center of Chilean agriculture, and is home to most of the population 7 million out of 17 million Chileans live in the Santiago metro area. Approximately 85% of the Chilean population lives in urban areas. 3 In the south, the country is sparely populated, and home to vast forests, mountains, lakes, and fjords. Chile is broken into 15 administrative regions (Figure 1). Since the return to democracy in 1990, Chile has been committed to economic growth, proactive social investments, and transparent public administration. Today, the country is one South America s most stable democracies. Chile s economy is market- oriented, with a high level of foreign trade and a reputation for strong financial institutions and monetary policy. Chile has the strongest sovereign bond rating in South America. Since 1999, economic growth has averaged 4% per year. 4 In 2009, Chile became the first South American country to join the Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD). Figure 1. Chile s marine ecoregions, administrative regions, and major coastal cities. For this report, the country is broken into three regions: south, central, and north. For reference, Roman numerals and names are given for administrative regions. Chile is the world s seventh largest exporter. Exports (US$71 billion in 2010) account for more than one- fourth of GDP, with commodities making up three- quarters of total exports by volume. 5 Copper alone provides one- third of government revenue. Major export partners are China, Japan, United States, Brazil, and South Korea. Chile claims to have more bilateral or regional trade agreements (57) than any other country. Main exports are copper, fruit, fish products, paper and pulp, chemicals, and wine. In 2006, Chile was ranked fifth in terms of production from capture fisheries behind China, Peru, United States, and Indonesia. It is the seventh largest producer of aquaculture products behind China, India, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, and Bangladesh

10 CIVIL SOCIETY & THE ENVIRONMENT There appears to be broad public support for the environment and its protection in Chile. In 2009, TNC conducted the country s first environmental poll. 7 Over 80% of respondents called for more government action on the conservation of native forests, marine life, lakes, and rivers. More than half of respondents had visited a Protected Area in Chile, and 90% of them had a very or somewhat positive impression of that Protected Area. Chilean voters perceived climate change, air pollution, loss of green space, and water pollution as serious issues behind crime and corruption. 8 The poll revealed that support for government action on environmental issues was present across all demographic subgroups, including geography, income, gender and political party affiliation. COASTAL- MARINE BIOPHYSICAL OVERVIEW The Chilean coast is complex and heterogeneous biophysically. 9 The northern region (<32 S) has little freshwater influence and a narrow coastal shelf (<10 km). Moving south, the coastal shelf widens to ~70 km between 36 S to 42 S, and is increasingly influenced by freshwater. The far south (>42 S) is strongly influenced by freshwater inputs, and is dominated by topographically complex fjords, estuaries, and channels. Due to physical heterogeneity and oceanographic features (e.g., upwelling), high levels of endemism are present along the Chilean coast. For example, of coastal benthic macro invertebrates belonging to six phyla (Annelida, Cnidaria, Crustacea, Echinodermata, Porifera, Urochordata), 38% of the species have restricted distributions and exhibit high levels of endemism. 10 Due to the wide range marine environments present in the coastal zones of Chile, five distinct ecoregions have been proposed: Humboldtian, Central Chile, Araucanian, Chiloense, and Channels & Fjords (Figure 1). 11 A marine ecoregion is an area of relatively homogeneous species composition, clearly distinct from adjacent systems, with specific oceanographic or topographic features. Main biogeographic forcing agents defining the ecoregions in Chile include upwelling, nutrient inputs, freshwater influx, temperature regimes, exposure, and bathymetric complexity. 12 Common features across all five of Chile s marine ecoregions are high levels of biodiversity and endemism, and the potential susceptibility to biodiversity loss. 13 Humboldtian Ecoregion Chilean coastal ecosystems in the Humboldtian ecoregion harbor high levels of biodiversity and productive fisheries, both largely supported by upwelling. The cold waters of the Humboldt Current drive the oceanographic regime in this region: off Peru, the sea surface temperature maximum is C. 14 High primary productivity is associated with wind- driven upwelling events. Complex factors regulate the magnitude and the variability of phytoplankton primary productivity, including geographically distinctive upwelling areas (e.g., wind stress and topography), seasonal changes, and coastal oceanic gradients. Dominated by the influence of the southeast Pacific subtropical anticyclone, wind forcing creates upwelling- favorable winds along most of the central and northern coast, with some seasonality depending on latitude. In northern Chile (i.e., S, off Iquique and Antofagasta), permanent upwelling sustains high primary productivity throughout the entire year. 15 However, oceanographic conditions change considerably at irregular intervals during El Niño Southern Oscillation events. The pelagic food webs in central and northern Chile generally have four trophic levels of consumers: zooplankton (mainly copepods and euphausids), small- size planktivorous fish, larger fish predators, and top predators. 16 The dominant species among the small- size fish 8 8

11 consumers are anchovy and sardine; large predators include the jack mackerel, hake, and cephalopods. Top predators are large pelagic fish such as tuna and swordfish, southern sea lions and seabirds. 17 Over 20 habitat types in the Humboldtian ecoregion have been identified as conservation targets. 18 Central Chile Ecoregion This ecoregion extends between 25 S, north of Antofagasta, south toward Navidad (33 26 S), covering 1,277 km of coastline. The coastline consists primarily of granitic rock marine terraces interrupted by open sandy beaches. Upwelling events are a dominant feature in the ecoregion as well, and are mainly concentrated during the austral spring summer period. Macroalgae and suspension- feeding animals often dominate biological communities in intertidal and subtidal hard- bottom ecosystems. Large kelps 19 have complex holdfasts that offer abundant and diverse microhabitats. Southeastern Pacific kelp beds often lack large predators; rather, invertebrates (e.g., murcid snails and starfish) and intermediate- sized coastal fishes dominate the predator guild in in northern- central kelp forests. 20 Those predators feed on a diverse guild of herbivores, including sea urchins, gastropods, as well as fishes. 21 Araucanian Ecoregion The Araucanian ecoregion extends 1,486 km of coastline from Navidad (33 26 ) to Chiloé Island (41 30 S). The climate is humid- temperate, with abundant rainfall (>150 mm). River runoff is an important influence on the marine environment, locally diluting salinity and depositing sediments and terrigenous material to the coastline. Several estuaries (e.g., Valdivia), salt marshes, and extensive mud flats are present along the coast. Chiloense Ecoregion This region extends between S (Chacao Channel) and 47 S (Taitao Peninsula), and is characterized by inner passages, channels, fjords, and archipelagos. The ecoregion includes the Inner Sea of Chiloé, a network of channels between Chiloé Island and the continent with large tidal fluxes (8 m) and major freshwater inputs. Numerous seabird colonies and abundant fisheries are present. The ecoregion has high levels of marine endemism, much of which is understudied, including a particularly diverse marine flora compared to the north (60 families of macroalgae, including 212 species of Rhodophytes). 22 The Chiloense ecoregion is considered a high priority conservation target, due partly to threats such as over- harvesting of mollusk and crustacean populations and extensive salmon aquaculture. 23 Channels & Fjords Ecoregion This ecoregion extends from the Taitao Peninsula (47 S) to Cape Horn. Deep and rugged fjords dominate the coast. Rocky shores, with some sandy beaches, small estuaries, and salt marshes, are the main geomorphological features along the coastline. Annual rainfall exceeds 150 cm, and surface water temperatures range from 4-11 C in summer to 2-7 C in winter. 24 Southern Patagonia is an area of high marine species diversity, endemism, and biomass. 25 In the greater Patagonia Sea 26, approximately 700 species of vertebrates, 900 species of mollusks, and 1,400 species of zooplankton have been identified; at least 65 species in the region are threatened under IUCN criteria. Macrocystis kelp forests are a dominant biological community. Over 130 species of marine flora, including many endemics, are 9 9

12 found from the Magellan Strait to Cape Horn (54-55 S). The marine ecosystems of Patagonia are important breeding and foraging areas for many migratory species of seabirds, fish, sea turtles, and marine mammals. INSTITUTIONAL OVERVIEW State Institutions- Marine Protection There are over twenty international agreements ratified or pending that address the protection of the Chilean environment. 27 Chile is a signatory of a number of major international conventions relevant to biodiversity conservation and coastal- marine conservation, including Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere (1941), Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (RAMSAR, 1971), Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1979), Protocol for the Conservation and Management of Protected Marine and Coastal Areas of the South- East Pacific (1989), Convention on Biological Diversity (1992), and Climate Change Kyoto Protocol (1998, non- Annex I country). Coastal management efforts have been present in Chile since the 1960s, largely driven by the academic and government sectors. 28 While marine conservation has been slow to emerge as a priority, safeguarding coastal ecosystems is now a prominent national concern. The current working model within the government is the establishment of a national network of coastal no- take and multiple- use marine protected areas. With its 2003 National Biodiversity Strategy, Chile has set a target to protect at least 10% of relevant national ecosystems by 2010, and to develop a national marine network of conservation and management sites by The current proportion of ocean formally protected is less than < 0.05%, compared to 19% of the territory protected on land. The administration of biodiversity conservation in Chile is complex, with multiple state agencies having the power to establish, veto, and administer the governance and management of ocean and coastal resources. 30 The main state agencies connected with marine protection and management include Undersecretary of the Navy, Ministry of Defense; Undersecretary of Fisheries, Ministry of Economy (Subsecretaría de Pesca, SUBPESCA); Board of Oceanic Territory and Merchant Marine (Dirección General del Territorio Marítimo y Marina Mercante, DIRECTEMAR) Board of National Monuments, Ministry of Education (Consejo de Monumentos Nacionales); National Committee for the Use of Coastal Areas (Comision Nacional de uso de Borde Costero, Subsecretaría de las Fuerzas Armadas); and Ministry of the Environment (Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, MMA, formally Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente, CONAMA) The Undersecretary for the Navy is the owner of the sea floor and water column. SUBPESCA manages marine resources. DIRECTEMAR enforces navigation regulations and pollution permits. The MMA determines water quality standards and is the lead agency for Chile s commitments to the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Board of National Monuments is in charge of declaring national sanctuaries, which can be in coastal areas. All of these 10 10

13 organizations make up the National Committee for the Use of Coastal Areas, which addresses matters relative to coastal management. The Committee enacted the National Policy for the Use of Coastal Zones in 1994, a milestone for marine spatial planning in Chile. It also created the conditions for a new direction in coastal management and administration based on decentralized and participatory processes. In 2008, regional coastal offices were established to carry out coastal zoning work. Due to financial and technical contributions, fourteen regions are in the final stages of their zoning plan. 31 In Chile, the main legal tools that exist for the implementation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) * take the form of Natural Sanctuaries, National Monuments, Marine Parks, Marine Reserves, and Marine Coastal Protected Areas. The goal of establishing Natural Sanctuaries, Natural Monuments and Marine Parks is to preserve natural ecosystems, and all designations promote educational and research activities. Marine Parks are no- take areas in coastal and pelagic settings, and limit any resource extraction. Marine Reserves permit the rational and sustainable exploitation of resources. Marine Coastal Protected Areas are the latest addition to marine conservation policy instruments in Chile. They are based on the multiple- use MPA model, and have been recently implemented under the Global Environment Facility (GEF) project Conserving Globally Significant Biodiversity Along the Chilean Coast (see International Organizations & Agreements section). There are currently 19 MPAs in Chile under the above mentioned policy instruments. This includes the recently created (2010) Marine Park Moto Motiro Hiva. This Park is located 3,220 km offshore near the remote Salas y Gómez Island, and 415 km east of Easter Island. It spans 150,000 km 2, and makes up ~4% of Figure 2. Continental Chile and coastal- marine conservation instruments. Multiple- use MPAs were designed and implemented through a GEF grant that was administered by CONAMA. Marine Reserves and Marine Parks are fishery management conservation measures under the FAL, and are currently under the management of SERNAPESCA. Universities manage the two Research Reserves. Marine Sanctuaries are managed under the Ministry of Education. Areas de Manejo y Explotación de Recursos Bentónicos (MEABRs) are a co- management tool that leverage territorial use rights granted to artisanal fishing organizations. * In this report, MPA refers to all possible types of marine protected areas that vary greatly in intended purpose, exploitation, and active management

14 the Chile s exclusive economic zone. 32 Along the continental coast, MPAs are underrepresented, with only ~100 km 2 under formal designation (Figure 2). 33 Further, important spatial gaps have been identified with respect to protecting Chile s marine biodiversity with current designated protected areas. 34 The MMA is considering the establishment of new multiple- use MPAs as a way to scale- up marine conservation efforts in coastal zones. The MMA has recently established a marine working group, made up of academics, NGO staff, and government agency personnel. The working group is currently focused on advancing three themes: marine conservation policy, data synthesis, and spatial priority setting. 35 Despite high capacity across the academic, NGO, and government sectors, the establishment of new multiple- use MPAs will face a number of challenges, including the emerging political structures from environmental reform (see below). Even at the current level of MPA representation, artisanal fishers have the perception that MPAs could result in conflict due to restrictions in resource access. 36 There is also evidence that MPAs in Chile are underfunded, and a financing model that relies solely on tourism is likely not sustainable. 37 These challenges along with high enforcement costs associated with MPAs have sparked interest in developing complementary strategies to MPAs in order to scale- up marine biodiversity conservation in Chile s coastal zones. 38 In 2009, Chile began a process of environmental policy reform. Under the government of former President Michelle Bachelet and partly due to recommendations made by the OECD during its accession process, Chile began a process of strengthening an environmental legal framework that was established in In 2010, reform created the MMA and a new independent service to manage environmental compliance and impacts of development projects. The MMA functionally replaced CONAMA. The reform also called for the creation of a Biodiversity and Protected Areas Service (Service) and environmental courts. While the environmental courts have yet to be created, the bill to create the new Service was presented to Congress in January The bill is currently being debated; subsequent changes to the bill, along with the timing of passage, are highly uncertain. The Service, which will be housed within the MMA, will be charged with protecting biodiversity across the entire country, and would consolidate this responsibility under one agency. Currently, the responsibility of biodiversity conservation is shared by multiple agencies, including Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF), SUBPESCA, and formally CONAMA. For example, CONAF is responsible for 160,000 km 2 of protected terrestrial parks and reserves. But, critics have argued that the mandates of promoting sustainable forestry and protected area management need separation. Further, CONAF is chronically underfunded, and has been criticized for a lack of on the ground management. The new Service s responsibilities will include all existing MPAs that currently fall under the jurisdiction of multiple entities, including SUBPESCA, MMA, Board of National Monuments, and the Navy. When the MMA was created in 2010, the law required CONAF and SUBPESCA to eventually turn over the management of protected areas to the newly proposed Biodiversity Service. The current bill proposes an integrated and consolidated approach to biodiversity management that includes all private and public protected areas in Chile. The Service s mandate currently includes oversight of all public and private protected areas, protection of biodiversity outside of protected areas, 12 12

15 national inventory of species, endangered species protection, restoration of damaged ecosystems and the control of invasive species, levying fines for the infringement of environmental laws, and administration of a newly created National Biodiversity and Protected Areas Fund. The pending law and the Service it creates has been under intense scrutiny. 39 The bill was hastily drafted with little input from NGOs, academia, and the private sector. Many people highly experienced with environmental efforts in Chile consider the current bill in Congress to be weak, vague, and unlikely to pass as written. Others doubt the Service, as currently structured, has the technical capacity to be effective. Further, with upcoming elections, some predict that it will be at least two years before any bill that includes the Biodiversity Service is passed. 40 Other concerns have been expressed: Knowledge around Chile s protected areas created by the on- going National System of Protected Areas Project has not been integrated or leveraged in the current bill (see International Organizations & Agreements section). The Ministerial Sustainability Council, which includes the Minsters of Energy, Mining, and Agriculture, must approve proposed protected areas and management plans of existing protected areas. The bill includes a number of concessions that can be awarded to promote management efficiency, which has been criticized due to the potential privatization of protected areas. While increased funding is needed and warranted, the bill does not include a budget or identify revenue sources. Partly due to the necessary approval of the Ministerial Sustainability Council, many are pessimistic on the creation of any new public protected areas, marine or otherwise. However, it is clear that environmental advocates are present in the Chilean Congress 41 evident by the newly created Salas y Gómez MPA. While the current bill and the Service are currently under intense scrutiny, there is capacity within and outside of the MMA, including the NGO, academic, and private sectors, to design, implement, and support a successful Biodiversity Service. There are also national models elsewhere like New Zealand s Department of Conservation to learn from and leverage. Two pivotal challenges will be financing and high- level government support to avoid the Service becoming ineffective due to politics and pressures from other government agencies and priorities. State Institutions- Fisheries and Aquaculture Chile is among the most important nations in terms of fisheries. In 2007, fisheries and aquaculture production was 5.1 million tonnes, 82% came from wild capture fisheries. 42 That same year, Chile exported 1.4 million tonnes of fish products at a value of US$3.8 billion; aquaculture, dominated by salmon, accounted for 38% of volume, but 65% of the export value. The majority of export volume and value is from products for human consumption. Primary export markets are Japan, United States, China, and Europe. The most abundant species targeted in capture fisheries are pelagic fish, which were historically fished primarily by industrial fleets and supply fishmeal, fish oil, and canned productions (Table 1). Chile s fisheries are tightly linked to fishmeal operations; it consumed ~60% of Chile s total landings between , driven largely by demand from aquaculture production. 43 Within coastal zones, artisanal fleets now supply a significant fraction of landings, including high- valued finfish, small pelagic fish, benthic invertebrates, as well as 13 13

16 algal resources. Humboldt squid, crab, shrimp, and mollusks are the primary invertebrates targeted. High value sea urchins and sea cucumbers are also important artisanal fisheries. Table 1. Top four species that make up capture fisheries landings for fish, mollusks, and crustaceans. Average landings (thousands of tonnes) in 2005 and Source: OECD, Species % Total Fish Jack mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus) 1, Anchovy (Engraulis ringens) 1, Sardine (Scardinops sagax) Caballa mackerel (Scomber japaonicus) Mollusks Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas) Taca clam (Protothaca taca) 14 4 Taquilla (Mulinia edulis) 6 2 Almeja juliana tawera (Tawera gayi) 4 1 Crustaceans Chilean crab (Cancer setosus) 5 21 Chilean nylon shrimp (Heterocarpus reedi) 4 19 Chilean snow crab (Paralomis granulosa) 4 18 Southern king crab (Lithodes santolla) 3 16 Two state agencies govern the fisheries and aquaculture sector. The Undersecretariat of Fisheries (Subsecretaría de Pesca, SUBPESCA) provides policy settings and regulatory framework for the national sector, while also providing policy input on international fishing issues. The National Fisheries Service (Servicio Nacional de Pesca, SERNAPESCA) manages and enforces fisheries and aquaculture regulations. In addition, the Fisheries Development Institute (Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, IFOP) is a research organization, providing scientific advice on management, stock assessment, and environmental and health aspects of fisheries and aquaculture. SUBPESCA and SERNAPESCA are under the Ministry of Economy, while IFOP is a non- profit organization created by the Chilean government, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). All are based in Valparaiso. Capture fisheries landings over the past three decades reveal important changes. 44 Total aggregated industrial and artisanal wild species landing increased from million metric tonnes (mmt) in the early 1970s to over 7.5 mmt in the mid- 1990s. It has declined since, stabilizing around 4 mmt. Industrial landings have declined since the early 1990s, and were 2.3 mmt in In contrast, artisanal fisheries have consistently increased over the same time period: production was 1.9 mmt in 2006, largely due to increases in fish, mollusk, and algae landings. 46 The number of artisanal fishers has also increased from less than 50,000 in the late 1990s to over 60,000 in The contribution of aquaculture to Chilean seafood production has also increased significantly since 1990, reaching 14.5% in

17 Industrial Fisheries Industrial fishery management in Chile has evolved from open access to a framework based on total allowable catch (TAC) and market- based instruments to allocate and trade quota. Fishery policy was reformed with the passage of the FAL in Industrial fleets are defined by vessels over 50 gross tons. Fishery management differs depending on the degree of species exploitation. 49 Licenses to fish are currently limited: fully exploited fisheries have been closed to new licenses for over twenty years. 50 In response to overexploitation in some fisheries (e.g., southern pelagic fishery based around Concepcíon), an individual, operationally transferable quota system was implemented in 2001 for the most important industrial fisheries. Quotas are allocated based on a percentage of the annual TAC, and were eventually granted for a ten- year period. Quotas are transferable in two ways: companies are allowed to merge fishing operations during particular years, and vessels can be retired and that quota can then be sold. Significant changes have been documented since quotas were implemented. Numbers of industrial vessels declined between 43-97% in fisheries where operationally transferable quotas were established. 51 The southern pelagic fleet, which mainly targets jack mackerel, fell from 149 active boats in 2000 to 57 in The allocative benefits for this fishery are estimated to be US$16 million between The allocation of quota also improved fish quality, resulting in landings for a higher value human consumption market, as opposed to fishmeal production. The management of the Chilean industrial fleets faces a number of challenges: While vessel monitoring systems are required on all vessels, the number of violations prosecuted has declined over the past decade suggesting improvement is needed in monitoring and surveillance of catch data. 53 Chile is becoming an increasingly involved in the jack mackerel international fishery, specifically under a Regional Fisheries Management Organization with New Zealand and Australia that is likely to be ratified in The Regional Fisheries Management Organization could cover most target species with the exception of tuna, but is focused on jack mackerel. Jack mackerel stocks appear to moving outside of the Chilean Economic Exclusive Zone and towards international waters due to regime shifts. 55 Current management schemes will need to be adapted to international settings. The FAL is set to expire in 2012, and will be revised. Due to politics and powerful lobbying, TACs have been set above sustainable levels for the past decade, including the important jack mackerel fishery. 56 The TACs and the allocation framework will be re- negotiated in the new law. Science- driven allocation of TACs is needed. Depending on how quota is allocated after 2012 (e.g., public auctions are being considered), a number of risks could surface, including extreme consolidation. For example, Pescanova (Spain) already owns over 90% of the hake quota in Chile. 57 While data is lacking, anecdotal evidence suggests that bycatch is high across industrial fleets. 58 Observer programs are in their infancy, and are sorely needed. 59 The shark fishery, which is not regulated by quota, and bottom trawling 60 are having increasingly significant environmental impacts in Chile. Increased regulation or outright ban of these fisheries is the focus of some NGOs operating in Chile. 61 Artisanal Fisheries Many coastal communities throughout Chile depend on artisanal fisheries for income, livelihoods, and subsistence. Chilean law defines an artisanal fisher by boat size: vessels 15 15

18 must not exceed 18m in length and have a maximum of 50 gross registered tons. For the artisanal fleet, the license to operate belongs to the individual, not the vessel. The FAL has incentivized new artisanal operators. The FAL established three major marine zones, two of which are directly related to artisanal fisheries. The artisan exclusive zone (9.3 km wide from the coast between S and S) coincides with Chile s continental shelf, areas of persistent upwelling, and concentrations of small pelagic species and benthic resources. With few exceptions, industrial fleets cannot operate within the artisan exclusive zone. Artisanal fleets are managed spatially north of S; all fishers must register in an administrative region. Throughout Chile, the FAL also established a national policy that grants territorial user rights for fisheries (TURFs) in designated areas for the management of benthic resources, Areas de Manejo y Explotación de Recursos Bentónicos (MEABRs). These are exclusive user rights to small- scale artisanal fishers. Their assessment and creation are based largely on economically important benthic species, including muricid gastropods (loco, considered in 80% of TURFs), key- hole limpets (70%), and red sea urchins (30%). 62 A number of requirements are necessary for the allocation of a TURF: the artisanal fishing organizations must develop an official management plan and anti- poaching measures must be in place. Currently, there are 707 MAEBRs decreed to fisher organizations, averaging 1 km 2 in area (4-10 km of coastline) and make up over 1,100 km 2 in total (Figure 2). 63 The third zone established by FAL is Marine Reserves and Parks. Since exploitation rates are lower inside TURFs than in open access fishing grounds, some level of biodiversity protection occurs within these managed areas, especially when they are well enforced. 64 Recently, networks made up of TURFs and no- take areas (i.e., MPAs) have been proposed as a strategic approach to marine conservation in some parts of Chile. We discuss TURFs in further detail in the regional section of the report. Aquaculture The FAL regulates aquaculture facilities and operations. SUBPESCA is the administrative authority in charge of granting aquaculture authorizations. The Minister of Defense establishes, by decree, which areas are suitable for the development of aquaculture activities, as identified by SUBPESCA. These areas are referred to as, Areas Autorizadas para el Ejercicio de la Acuicultura. Non- native salmonids are the dominant aquaculture species in Chile, both in terms of volume and export values. Farming of other fish species is limited; species include turbot, southern hake, and Atlantic halibut. 65 Other aquaculture species include mollusks (oysters, scallops, abalone, and mussels) and the algae Gracilaria sp. (known locally as pelillo). Mussel farming has increased significantly over the past decade, driven by European markets and foreign investment. Aquaculture activities are concentrated in southern Chile. In 2010, nearly 75% of aquaculture production was from Region X. Academia Chile has some of the strongest universities in South America. 66 University academics have a long history working on applied marine issues across ecological, social, and economic disciplines. Researchers have active roles in impact studies (e.g., aquaculture, mining, pollution), biodiversity and ecological studies, spatial planning, fisheries biology, economics, governance, and social psychology. Marine research groups are present at the Universidad In this report, we refer to established territorial use rights in MEABRs as TURFs

19 Andres Bello, Universidad Austral, Universidad Católica del Norte, Universidad de Concepcion, Universidad de Valparaiso, and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Many research groups have international collaborations with other universities and NGOs. Chilean academics have also played critical historical role in marine management and conservation. It was academia that first proposed the need for marine biodiversity protection and a holistic, science- driven approach to establishing a national network of protected areas. 67 The first no- take MPAs were established by universities, including Montemar (1941, Universidad de Valparaíso), Mehuín 68 (1978, Universidad Austral), and Las Cruces (1982, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile). Mehuín and Las Cruces have played a pivotal role in understanding anthropogenic impacts on coastal ecosystems, and are important MPA case studies nationally and internationally. 69 Non- Governmental Organizations Capacity within environmental NGOs operating in Chile is high; the majority of organizations are science- driven, with well- trained staff in the disciplines of science and education. Both national and international NGOs are present in Chile working on environmental issues. National NGOs that are working on marine issues are focused on four main themes: marine protected areas, conservation of charismatic and endangered species, applied research, and environmental impacts and conflicts resulting from development pollution, salmon aquaculture, and destructive fishing practices. Active national NGOs include Ecoceanos (Santiago, Region RM), Fundación Biomar (Santiago, Region RM), CEDESUS, Centro de Desarrollo Sustentable de Pichilemu (Provincia de Cardenal Caro, Region VI), Centro Ballena Azul (Valdivia, Region XIV), Centro de Concervacion Cetácea (Santiago, Region RM), Comité Nacional Pro Defensa de la Fauna y Flora, CODEFF (Santiago, Region RM), Conservación Marina (Valdivia, Region XIV), Fundación Terram (Santiago, Region RM), and Fundación San Ignacio del Huinay (Puerto Montt, Region X). Funding for local NGOs has been drastically reduced, due to a decrease in international funding sources. This has been coincident with Chile s strong economic growth, and recent OECD membership. 70 Environmental philanthropy within Chile is currently weak and underdeveloped, despite the presence of high net worth individuals. Unlike arts and sports, there are currently no tax incentives for donations to environmental organizations. 71 There is current concern of national NGOs losing established capacity due to decreased funding. Over the past decade, international environmental NGOs have established a strong presence in the country. All have marine programs, with some in their infancy. Programs include policy, marine planning and protected areas, applied research, community- based fisheries, and environmental education. International NGOs include Greenpeace (Santiago, Region RM), Marine Stewardship Council (Santiago, Region RM), Oceana (Santiago, Region RM), The Nature Conservancy (Santiago, Region RM and Valdivia, Region XIV), Wildlife Conservation Society (Santiago, Region RM and Punta Arenas, Region XII), and 17 17

20 World Wildlife Fund For Nature (Valdivia, Region XIV). Private Sector Historically, corporate social responsibility toward environmental issues has been weak to non- existent in the Chilean private sector. Over the past decade, this has begun to change in some sectors (e.g., forestry). In other sectors (e.g., mining), there is still little evidence of environmental interest or responsibility. Global standards and certifications, free trade agreements, and other globalization forces should incentivize the Chilean private sector to move toward more sustainable practices (e.g., ISO 14000, Forest Stewardship Council, and Marine Stewardship Council). Signs are emerging that this may be the case. Launched in 2011, the Santiago Climate Exchange is the first Latin American climate exchange. Originally developed by Celfin Capital and Fundación Chile, eight of Chile s leading companies recently joined the Santiago Climate Exchange. 72 Three major companies in Chile are currently supporting marine conservation programs. Arauco (Celulosa Arauco y Constitución S.A.) is one of the largest forestry and wood product companies in South America. It has recently established a significant sustainability program. This included the establishment of PIMEX (Programa de Investigación Marina de Excelencia), a research program on coastal ecosystems, in collaboration with Universidad de Concepcíon. PIMEX was designed around public concerns expressed during citizen participation in the environmental impact assessment process, and on scientific advice regarding key research areas for understanding ecosystem structure and functioning. Aruaco has also expressed interest in voluntary marine ecosystem service programs, and is actively engaged in dialogue with NGOs and government. 73 Petrobras, a multinational energy company headquartered in Brazil, is funding whale research and other research activities in southern Chile through Fundación Biomar. 74 Endesa Chile is the largest electric utility company in Chile. In 1998, the company, in collaboration with the Pontifíca Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, established the San Ignacio del Huinay Foundation with the purpose of facilitating ongoing scientific research and preserving the marine ecosystems surrounding the Huinay area (Region X). International Organizations & Agreements Global Environment Facility The UNDP and FAO have offices in Santiago. Both are executing agencies for GEF projects. Three GEF projects are relevant to marine conservation: one was just completed, one is on going, and a third is just beginning. They are briefly introduced here, and discussed in further detail in the regional section. Conserving Globally Significant Biodiversity along the Chilean Coast (GEF ID: 1236) GEF Agency: UNDP Executing Agency: CONAMA GEF Agency Approval Date: June 2005 GEF Project Grant: US$3.8 million Project Budget: US$11.9 million Objective: Establish three multiple- use MPAs with the purpose of demonstrating integrated management of marine and coastal resources, and building capacities for their management and replication. Project components centered on building a network of MPAs: The legal establishment, delimitation, and initial operations of three multiple- use MPAs. The administrative structures, governance, and capacity developed for the MPAs

A Functional Classification System for Marine Protected Areas in the United States

A Functional Classification System for Marine Protected Areas in the United States A Functional Classification System for Marine Protected Areas in the United States The U.S. Classification System: An Objective Approach for Understanding the Purpose and Effects of MPAs as an Ecosystem

More information

INSTITUTE OF AQUACULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING AND IFFO, THE MARINE INGREDIENTS ORGANISATION JULY 2016

INSTITUTE OF AQUACULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING AND IFFO, THE MARINE INGREDIENTS ORGANISATION JULY 2016 PROJECT TO MODEL THE USE OF FISHERIES BY-PRODUCTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF MARINE INGREDIENTS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS EPA AND DHA INSTITUTE OF AQUACULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING

More information

Right-based fishery management programs in Chile: How it was done & how it has worked

Right-based fishery management programs in Chile: How it was done & how it has worked Right-based fishery management programs in Chile: How it was done & how it has worked Julio Peña-Torres Associate Professor of Economics Faculty of Economics & Business Universidad Alberto Hurtado (& Ilades/Georgetown

More information

Appendix A. The Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA)

Appendix A. The Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) Appendix A. The Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS: SECTION 1. Chapter 10.5 (commencing with Section 2850) is added to Division 3 of the Fish and

More information

CHILE: PAST, PRESENT & FUTURE

CHILE: PAST, PRESENT & FUTURE CHILE: PAST, PRESENT & FUTURE FISHERY GOVERNANCE, ALLOCATION OF RIGHTS AND THE SUSTAINABILITY OF RESOURCES Juan Carlos Castilla D.Sc. jcastilla@bio.puc.cl Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Católica

More information

Fisheries Management: Arctic principles

Fisheries Management: Arctic principles Fisheries Management: Arctic principles Spatial issues in the Arctic Marine Resource Management Stockholm 4-6 September 2014 Niels Vestergaard Department of Environmental and Business Economics Centre

More information

4-H Marine Biology and Oceanography Proficiency Program A Member s Guide

4-H Marine Biology and Oceanography Proficiency Program A Member s Guide 4-H Marine Biology and Oceanography Proficiency Program A Member s Guide OVERVIEW The 4 H Marine Biology and Oceanography Proficiency program helps you learn what you need to know about your 4 H project.

More information

COUNTRY REPORT ON FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE

COUNTRY REPORT ON FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE COUNTRY REPORT ON FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE Hayri DENİZ National Coordinator Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock FAO and EUROFISH Regional Workshop on WTO and Fisheries: An update on WTO and Market

More information

INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS AND AGREEMENTS

INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS AND AGREEMENTS INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS AND AGREEMENTS TITLE DESCRIPTION Ratification Focal Point CONVENTIONS The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) also called the Law of the Sea Convention or

More information

Mediterranean-Mare Nostrum Nature and Culture Common Destiny

Mediterranean-Mare Nostrum Nature and Culture Common Destiny Mediterranean-Mare Nostrum Nature and Culture Common Destiny Marine conservation Protection and Management Alain Jeudy de Grissac Marine Conservation Programme Manager June 2010 Toulon La Garde France

More information

Human Impacts on the World Ocean

Human Impacts on the World Ocean This website would like to remind you: Your browser (Safari 7) is out of date. Update your browser for more security, comfort and the best experience on this site. lesson Human Impacts on the World Ocean

More information

Position Statement regarding Offshore Wind Proposals on Lake Huron. Lake Huron Centre for Coastal Conservation

Position Statement regarding Offshore Wind Proposals on Lake Huron. Lake Huron Centre for Coastal Conservation Position Statement regarding Offshore Wind Proposals on Lake Huron Lake Huron Centre for Coastal Conservation June 2010 Lake Huron Centre for Coastal Conservation (LHCCC) Corporate Position related to:

More information

21st International Conference of The Coastal Society

21st International Conference of The Coastal Society 21st International Conference of The Coastal Society MARINE STEWARDSHIP AREA OFFERS A MODEL FOR INTEGRATING SCIENCE, MANAGEMENT, STEWARDSHIP AND ECOSYSTEM THINKING IN THE CONSERVATION OF COASTAL RESOURCES

More information

How To Help Oceans

How To Help Oceans The World Bank & the Ocean A Healthy & Productive Ocean to Help Reduce Poverty Why oceans matter to the World Bank NUTRITION Seafood provides 16% of the world s animal protein 1 billion people in developing

More information

Central Coast CALIFORNIA MPA MONITORING PLAN

Central Coast CALIFORNIA MPA MONITORING PLAN Central Coast CALIFORNIA MPA MONITORING PLAN OCTOBER 2014 About this Document This document was developed to guide monitoring inside and outside of marine protected areas (MPAs) in California s Central

More information

The concepts developed in this standard include the following: Oceans cover about 70% of the surface of the Earth.

The concepts developed in this standard include the following: Oceans cover about 70% of the surface of the Earth. Name Date Grade 5 SOL 5.6 Review Oceans Made by SOLpass - www.solpass.org solpass100@comcast.net Reproduction is permitted for SOLpass subscribers only. The concepts developed in this standard include

More information

New York Sea Grant Strategic Plan

New York Sea Grant Strategic Plan New York Sea Grant Strategic Plan Introduction and Process This is the new strategic plan for New York Sea Grant (NYSG) for the years 2010-2013 as requested by the National Sea Grant Office. This plan

More information

NEW YORK SEASCAPE PROGRAM A COMMITMENT TO OCEAN CONSERVATION

NEW YORK SEASCAPE PROGRAM A COMMITMENT TO OCEAN CONSERVATION NEW YORK SEASCAPE PROGRAM A COMMITMENT TO OCEAN CONSERVATION JULY 2012 1 Wildlife Conservation Society The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) saves wildlife and wild places worldwide. We do so through

More information

National Marine Sanctuaries Act

National Marine Sanctuaries Act Please note: This text is from the fourth edition of Federal Historic Preservation Laws, published in 2006 by the National Center for Cultural Resources, National Park Service, Department of the Interior.

More information

Marine Stewardship Council

Marine Stewardship Council Marine Stewardship Council MSC Fishery Standard Principles and Criteria for Sustainable Fishing Version 1.1 1 st May 2010 Committees responsible for this Standard This standard is intended to be used on

More information

AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2006 SCORING GUIDELINES. Question 4

AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2006 SCORING GUIDELINES. Question 4 AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2006 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 4 (a) Identify the five-year period during which the greatest rate of decline in the fish harvest took place. For that five-year period, calculate

More information

5 Year Strategic Plan

5 Year Strategic Plan Mid Atlantic Fishery Management Council 5 Year Strategic Plan 2014 2018 DRAFT 5/31/2013 Table of Contents Table of Contents... 1 Introduction... 2 The Mid Atlantic Fishery Management Council... 2 Rationale

More information

AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS & BIOMES

AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS & BIOMES AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS & BIOMES A) Name three general types of aquatic ecosystems and describe the salinity for each. Give an example for each. 1) 2) 3) B) MATCHING In the space provided, write the letter

More information

Climate Change Impacts in the Asia/Pacific Region

Climate Change Impacts in the Asia/Pacific Region Climate Change Impacts in the Asia/Pacific Region Global CC threat CC in the A/P region The Stern Review and IPCC 4 th Assessment Report both state that climate change will have adverse impact on people

More information

The importance of Lebanon for the migratory soaring birds & the flyway. April 2012. Bassima Khatib SPNL Assistant Director General

The importance of Lebanon for the migratory soaring birds & the flyway. April 2012. Bassima Khatib SPNL Assistant Director General The importance of Lebanon for the migratory soaring birds & the flyway April 2012 Bassima Khatib SPNL Assistant Director General Outline Who is SPNL? IBA programme Importance of Lebanon for migratory soaring

More information

Northern Territory Fisheries Resource Sharing Framework

Northern Territory Fisheries Resource Sharing Framework Northern Territory Fisheries Resource Sharing Framework Page 1 of 11 Introduction Fishing is important in the Northern Territory (Territory). Coastal Aboriginal people recognise sea country out to the

More information

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY DRAFT REVISED NATIONAL FOREST POLICY OF MALAWI

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY DRAFT REVISED NATIONAL FOREST POLICY OF MALAWI DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY DRAFT REVISED NATIONAL FOREST POLICY OF MALAWI July, 2013 1. Foreword 2. Preface 3. Introduction 4. Policy linkages 5. Broad Policy Direction 6. Policy Priority Areas Provides the

More information

Aquatic Biomes, Continued

Aquatic Biomes, Continued Aquatic Biomes, Continued Introduction Extent of Marine biomes Issues & challenges Factors influencing distribution Dynamics in time & space Depth Tour of marine biomes Issues (by biome) Freshwater biomes

More information

RECALLING Paragraph b of Article 13 of the Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area, 1974 (Helsinki Convention),

RECALLING Paragraph b of Article 13 of the Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area, 1974 (Helsinki Convention), CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT OF THE BALTIC SEA AREA HELSINKI COMMISSION - Baltic Marine HELCOM 19/98 Environment Protection Commission 15/1 Annex 3 19th Meeting Helsinki, 23-27

More information

Facts on biodiversity

Facts on biodiversity Facts on biodiversity What is biodiversity? Biological diversity (biodiversity) comprises diversity of species and habitats as well as the genetic diversity within the individual species of fauna and flora.

More information

Marine Protected Areas POLICY

Marine Protected Areas POLICY Marine Protected Areas POLICY Canada March 1999 Published by: Canada Marine Ecosystems Conservation Branch Oceans Directorate Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6 DFO / 5870 Minister of Public Works and Government Service

More information

Therefore, this is a very important question, which encourages consideration of the current management of the resource.

Therefore, this is a very important question, which encourages consideration of the current management of the resource. Aalisarnermut, Piniarnermut Nunalerinermullu Naalakkersuisoqarfik Department of Fisheries, Hunting and Agriculture Finn's speech to NAFMC Climate change in the North Atlantic has become a reality which

More information

1 Overview introducing global issues and legal tools through local case studies. 2 Importance of legal protections for natural areas

1 Overview introducing global issues and legal tools through local case studies. 2 Importance of legal protections for natural areas Warren G. Lavey lavey@illinois.edu University of Illinois (USA) Online Course 2015 Environmental Policy: Legal Protections for Overview of 16 Lessons Lesson Topic Three key messages Sources of case studies

More information

Longboat Dr Noeleen Smyth. Pitcairn 24 21 41 S, 128 18 58 W. UK Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies: 2011 Biodiversity snapshot 87

Longboat Dr Noeleen Smyth. Pitcairn 24 21 41 S, 128 18 58 W. UK Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies: 2011 Biodiversity snapshot 87 Longboat Dr Noeleen Smyth Pitcairn 24 21 41 S, 128 18 58 W 13 UK Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies: 2011 Biodiversity snapshot 87 Pitcairn Author: Michele Christian, Division Manager Natural

More information

Chapter 3 Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems

Chapter 3 Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Section 1: Community Ecology Section 2: Terrestrial Biomes Section 3: Aquatic Ecosystems Click on a lesson name to select. 3.1 Community Ecology Communities A biological

More information

Establishing large-scale trans-boundaries MPA networks: the OSPAR example in North-East Atlantic

Establishing large-scale trans-boundaries MPA networks: the OSPAR example in North-East Atlantic Establishing large-scale trans-boundaries MPA networks: the OSPAR example in North-East Atlantic Introduction A pledge to establish a representative network of marine and coastal protected areas by 2012

More information

Approaches to biogeographic classification of the world s oceans. Marjo Vierros United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies

Approaches to biogeographic classification of the world s oceans. Marjo Vierros United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies Approaches to biogeographic classification of the world s oceans Marjo Vierros United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies This presentation will cover International policy developments of

More information

INTERIM MEASURES ADOPTED BY PARTICIPANTS IN NEGOTIATIONS TO ESTABLISH SOUTH PACIFIC REGIONAL FISHERIES MANAGEMENT ORGANISATION

INTERIM MEASURES ADOPTED BY PARTICIPANTS IN NEGOTIATIONS TO ESTABLISH SOUTH PACIFIC REGIONAL FISHERIES MANAGEMENT ORGANISATION INTERIM MEASURES ADOPTED BY PARTICIPANTS IN NEGOTIATIONS TO ESTABLISH SOUTH PACIFIC REGIONAL FISHERIES MANAGEMENT ORGANISATION Participants in the negotiations to establish a South Pacific Regional Fisheries

More information

Doing Business, Small & Medium Enterprise Support and Information Access

Doing Business, Small & Medium Enterprise Support and Information Access Doing Business, Small & Medium Enterprise Support and Information Access Vietnam, a nation of 92 million people, aspires to be more fully integrated into the global economy and community and an industrialized

More information

Water resources. The main problems of pollution that need to be addressed in the country are the following:

Water resources. The main problems of pollution that need to be addressed in the country are the following: Translated from Spanish Water resources 1. The issue of water resources At the present time, sustainable standards for the development and use of water resources are not maintained in many parts of the

More information

The CLME Project: Governance for Caribbean Living Marine Resources

The CLME Project: Governance for Caribbean Living Marine Resources The CLME Project: Governance for Caribbean Living Marine Resources Lucia Fanning, Robin Mahon, Patrick McConney, Bertha Simmons Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies UWI, Cave Hill Campus,

More information

CHAPTER 2: APPROACH AND METHODS APPROACH

CHAPTER 2: APPROACH AND METHODS APPROACH CHAPTER 2: APPROACH AND METHODS APPROACH Given Hawaii s biological uniqueness on a global scale, the Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy (CWCS) recognizes the importance of protecting all native

More information

3Q2014 Financial Results

3Q2014 Financial Results 3Q2014 Financial Results Perú: leading producer & exporter Leading producer & exporter of fishmeal and fish oil. World fishmeal production (2013) World fishmeal exports (2013) 47% 24% 12% 10% 7% Peru China

More information

Intervention on behalf of Denmark, Norway and Ireland on the occasion of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals meeting on

Intervention on behalf of Denmark, Norway and Ireland on the occasion of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals meeting on Intervention on behalf of Denmark, Norway and Ireland on the occasion of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals meeting on Sustainable Consumption and Production, including Chemicals and

More information

United States-Peru Environmental Cooperation 2011-2014 Work Program

United States-Peru Environmental Cooperation 2011-2014 Work Program United States-Peru Environmental Cooperation 2011-2014 Work Program The Environmental Cooperation Commission (ECC), established pursuant to Article III of the Environmental Cooperation Agreement (ECA)

More information

RESPONSE OF DOMINANT SPECIES IN COASTAL AND OCEANIC REGIONS IN PERU

RESPONSE OF DOMINANT SPECIES IN COASTAL AND OCEANIC REGIONS IN PERU RESPONSE OF DOMINANT SPECIES IN COASTAL AND OCEANIC REGIONS IN PERU Miguel Ñiquen and Cecilia Peña APRIL 28 2010 GOAL Compare responses of 2 dominant species in front of same climate signal Warming Conditions

More information

Marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. Legal and policy framework

Marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. Legal and policy framework Marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction Legal and policy framework 1. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provides the legal framework within which all

More information

CONSERVATION AREAS ACT

CONSERVATION AREAS ACT CONSERVATION AREAS ACT CAP. 30.15 Conservation Areas Act CAP. 30.15 Arrangement of Sections CONSERVATION AREAS ACT Arrangement of Sections Section 1 Short title... 5 2 Interpretation... 5 3 Declaration

More information

Developing a Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in NSW 1 Developing a Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in NSW an Overview N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 1 New South Wales Developing

More information

EUROPEAN WATER RESOURCES AND POLICY

EUROPEAN WATER RESOURCES AND POLICY EUROPEAN WATER RESOURCES AND POLICY What is the current water situation? The current water situation in Europe, according to a European Commission brochure, is described as: 20% of all surface water in

More information

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/oceans narrated by sylvia earle/oceans overview 71% is covered by the Earth's Ocean

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/oceans narrated by sylvia earle/oceans overview 71% is covered by the Earth's Ocean Chapter 13 Exploring the Oceans Section 1 Earth's Ocean List the major divisions of the global ocean. Describe the history of Earth's oceans Identify the properties of ocean water. Describe the interactions

More information

Section 3: Trophic Structures

Section 3: Trophic Structures Marine Conservation Science and Policy Service learning Program Trophic Structure refers to the way in which organisms utilize food resources and hence where energy transfer occurs within an ecosystem.

More information

THE SEVILLE STRATEGY FOR BIOSPHERE RESERVES

THE SEVILLE STRATEGY FOR BIOSPHERE RESERVES THE SEVILLE STRATEGY FOR BIOSPHERE RESERVES BIOSPHERE RESERVES: THE FIRST TWENTY YEARS Biosphere reserves are designed to deal with one of the most important questions the World faces today: How can we

More information

Latin America and COP20

Latin America and COP20 ESSAY cities, Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) increasingly try to engage in global environmental issues, particularly with regards to the challenge of climate change. Latin America and the Caribbean

More information

Global Outlook for Shrimp Markets and Demand. Felix Dent Fishery Industry Officer Fish Products, Trade & Marketing Branch (FIPM)

Global Outlook for Shrimp Markets and Demand. Felix Dent Fishery Industry Officer Fish Products, Trade & Marketing Branch (FIPM) Global Outlook for Shrimp Markets and Demand Felix Dent Fishery Industry Officer Fish Products, Trade & Marketing Branch (FIPM) FAO? What is... Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Established

More information

SLOW ONSET EVENTS. climate change impacts on BIODIVERSITY

SLOW ONSET EVENTS. climate change impacts on BIODIVERSITY Regional Gateway for Technology Transfer and Climate Change Action in Latin America and the Caribbean (ROLAC UNEP) Characterizing and addressing SLOW ONSET EVENTS climate change impacts on BIODIVERSITY

More information

INFRASTRUCTURE: Examples from Brazil

INFRASTRUCTURE: Examples from Brazil INTERNATIONAL APPLICATIONS OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE: Examples from Brazil October 12, 2011 Webinar Conservation Leadership Network The Conservation Fund Denise Levy Denise Levy Environmental Safeguards

More information

Environmental Compliance Questionnaire for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Federal Financial Assistance Applicants

Environmental Compliance Questionnaire for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Federal Financial Assistance Applicants OMB Approval No.: 0648-0538 Environmental Compliance Questionnaire for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Federal Financial Assistance Applicants Instructions The National Environmental Policy

More information

GREAT BARRIER REEF. Climate Change Action Plan

GREAT BARRIER REEF. Climate Change Action Plan GREAT BARRIER REEF Climate Change Action Plan 2007 2011 Climate change is now recognised as the greatest long-term threat to the Great Barrier Reef. The Great Barrier Reef is internationally renowned as

More information

MPA NETWORKS MODULE 2 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO MPA NETWORKS. Advantages of Networks 2.2 TYPES OF MPA NETWORKS. Social Networks. Ecological Networks

MPA NETWORKS MODULE 2 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO MPA NETWORKS. Advantages of Networks 2.2 TYPES OF MPA NETWORKS. Social Networks. Ecological Networks 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO MPA NETWORKS Advantages of Networks 2.2 TYPES OF MPA NETWORKS Social Networks Ecological Networks Management-based Networks Case Study: A Regional Approach to MPA Development in West

More information

RESTORATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LAGOONS

RESTORATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LAGOONS RESTORATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LAGOONS by Hany Elwany, Ph.D. Scripps Institution of Oceanography Headwaters to Oceans Conference 25 October 2003 CE Ref #03-22 San Diego County Lagoons

More information

Biomes An Overview of Ecology Biomes Freshwater Biomes

Biomes An Overview of Ecology Biomes Freshwater Biomes Biomes An Overview of Ecology Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environments. Ecology can be divided into four increasingly comprehensive levels: Organismal

More information

Organisation Strategy for Denmark s Co-operation with International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 2015 2017

Organisation Strategy for Denmark s Co-operation with International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 2015 2017 Concept Note Organisation Strategy for Denmark s Co-operation with International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 2015 2017 1. Introduction The Organisation Strategy for IUCN forms the basis for

More information

Fisheries in Crisis and Conflict in the Coral Triangle

Fisheries in Crisis and Conflict in the Coral Triangle Fisheries in Crisis and Conflict in the Coral Triangle Reflections on the Live Reef Fish Trade and The Coral Triangle Initiative Charles Barber Environmental Advisor Office of Environment and Science Policy

More information

Chapter 1 Key Themes in Environmental Science

Chapter 1 Key Themes in Environmental Science Key Themes in Environmental Science Case Study: Shrimp, Mangroves, and Pickup Trucks This case study highlights the plight of a small farmer in Thailand in the shrimp farming business. He makes his living

More information

PRINCIPLES OF OCEANOGRAPHY AND MARINE ECOLOGY

PRINCIPLES OF OCEANOGRAPHY AND MARINE ECOLOGY BRIEF PREFACE XIV PRINCIPLES OF OCEANOGRAPHY AND MARINE ECOLOGY CHAPTER 1 Sounding the Deep 1 C H A P T E R 2 The Oceanic Environment 13 CHAPTER 3 Ecological and Evolutionary Principles of Marine Biology

More information

COUNTRY NOTE ON NATIONAL FISHERIES MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS -- GERMANY

COUNTRY NOTE ON NATIONAL FISHERIES MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS -- GERMANY COUNTRY NOTE ON NATIONAL FISHERIES MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS -- GERMANY Historical overview 1. There has been an ongoing structural change in the German fleet since the end of World War II. In the 1950s, nearly

More information

Michigan Wetlands. Department of Environmental Quality

Michigan Wetlands. Department of Environmental Quality Department of Environmental Quality Wetlands are a significant component of Michigan s landscape, covering roughly 5.5 million acres, or 15 percent of the land area of the state. This represents about

More information

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IX Response to Comments on the Goleta Sanitary District Draft NPDES Permit and 301(h) TDD

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IX Response to Comments on the Goleta Sanitary District Draft NPDES Permit and 301(h) TDD U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IX Response to Comments on the Goleta Sanitary District Draft NPDES Permit and 301(h) TDD A. Kamil S. Azoury of Goleta Sanitary District provided comments on

More information

9.3.7 Advice December 2014

9.3.7 Advice December 2014 9.3.7 Advice December 2014 ECOREGION STOCK Widely distributed and migratory stocks European eel Advice for 2015 The status of eel remains critical and ICES advises that all anthropogenic mortality (e.g.

More information

MINISTERIAL MEETING OF THE BLUE WEEK 2015

MINISTERIAL MEETING OF THE BLUE WEEK 2015 5 JUNE 2015 MINISTERIAL MEETING OF THE BLUE WEEK 2015 We, Ministers responsible for Ocean/ Fisheries/ Maritime Affairs, having met in Lisbon on June the 5 th, 2015, at the invitation of the Minister of

More information

Brussels in Brief. Natura 2000 A Safety Net for Europe s Nature

Brussels in Brief. Natura 2000 A Safety Net for Europe s Nature Brussels in Brief Brussels in Brief is a regular feature of the IUCN Newsletter produced by the Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) in Brussels. It provides a platform to explain the substance

More information

THE FUTURE OF THE OCEAN ECONOMY: AN OECD/IFP FORESIGHT PROJECT

THE FUTURE OF THE OCEAN ECONOMY: AN OECD/IFP FORESIGHT PROJECT THE FUTURE OF THE OCEAN ECONOMY: EXPLORING THE PROSPECTS FOR EMERGING OCEAN INDUSTRIES TO 2030 AN OECD/IFP FORESIGHT PROJECT BARRIE STEVENS OECD/DSTI Verftskonferansen 2013 Alesund, Norway, 5 th November

More information

Climate Change: A Local Focus on a Global Issue Newfoundland and Labrador Curriculum Links 2010-2011

Climate Change: A Local Focus on a Global Issue Newfoundland and Labrador Curriculum Links 2010-2011 Climate Change: A Local Focus on a Global Issue Newfoundland and Labrador Curriculum Links 2010-2011 HEALTH Kindergarten: Grade 1: Grade 2: Know that litter can spoil the environment. Grade 3: Grade 4:

More information

Laws to promote environmental sustainability of oceans and seas

Laws to promote environmental sustainability of oceans and seas Laws to promote environmental sustainability of oceans and seas Laws regulations and other measures for conservation and sustainable use of living marine resources and biodiversity including those beyond

More information

CBI Trade Statistics: Fish and Seafood

CBI Trade Statistics: Fish and Seafood CBI Trade Statistics: Fish and Seafood Introduction Seafood consumption and production in Europe is relatively stable. The largest seafood consumers live in France, Spain and Italy: the Southern part of

More information

Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Securities

Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Securities 2008/MRCWG/022 Agenda Item: 10 Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Securities Purpose: Information Submitted by: Indonesia 21 st Marine Resource Conservation Working Group

More information

EIGHTH SESSION OF THE OPEN WORKING GROUP ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

EIGHTH SESSION OF THE OPEN WORKING GROUP ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS EIGHTH SESSION OF THE OPEN WORKING GROUP ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS New Zealand intervention in segment on Oceans and Seas Stephanie Lee, Chargé d'affaires a.i. 4 February 2014 Check against delivery

More information

Ecosystems and Food Webs

Ecosystems and Food Webs Ecosystems and Food Webs How do AIS affect our lakes? Background Information All things on the planet both living and nonliving interact. An Ecosystem is defined as the set of elements, living and nonliving,

More information

Green Infrastructure Case Study Template

Green Infrastructure Case Study Template Green Infrastructure Case Study Template The aim of the exercise is to provide information on how the elements of the Green Infrastructure Strategy are implemented at national level and to provide case

More information

Biodiversity Concepts

Biodiversity Concepts Biodiversity Concepts WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth. For any kind of animal or plant each individual is not exactly the same as any other; nor are species or ecosystems.

More information

Different Types of Marine Protected Area

Different Types of Marine Protected Area A protected area is defined by the IUCN as a clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature

More information

Global Water Resources

Global Water Resources Global Water Resources Highlights from assessment activities over the past two decades, which are used to establish present and future water trends, reveal that: 1. Freshwater resources are unevenly distributed,

More information

ARIMNet 2 Call 2014-15

ARIMNet 2 Call 2014-15 Coordination of the Agricultural Research In the Mediterranean Area Call i text ARIMNet 2 Call 2014-15 SUBMISSION Pre-proposal by December 1 st, 2014 Full Proposal by May 11 th 2015 on http://arimnet-call.eu/

More information

Carl-Christian Schmidt

Carl-Christian Schmidt Carl-Christian Schmidt Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development France As head of the Fisheries Policies Division in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development s Directorate

More information

NORWAY 1. THE CONTEXT... Part I POLLUTION CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

NORWAY 1. THE CONTEXT... Part I POLLUTION CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (see next page) OUTLINE OF THE REPORT 1. THE CONTEXT... Part I POLLUTION CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES 2. NATURE CONSERVATION... 3. WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT...

More information

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION THROUGH CULTURE AND HISTORY

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION THROUGH CULTURE AND HISTORY WILDLIFE CONSERVATION THROUGH CULTURE AND HISTORY Tradition of non-violence Animals revered in Indian culture Elephants- Lord Ganesha Lion/Tiger- associated with Goddess Durga Snake- associated with Lord

More information

Projects that promote the conservation and/or sustainable use of endemic species. 3

Projects that promote the conservation and/or sustainable use of endemic species. 3 OPERATIONAL PROGRAM NUMBER 4 MOUNTAIN ECOSYSTEMS 4.1 Mountain ecosystem are among the world s most vulnerable biogeographical domain. From the Andes to the Himalayas, mountain ecosystems are very distinct

More information

Responsible stock enhancement, restocking and sea ranching: rational and terminology

Responsible stock enhancement, restocking and sea ranching: rational and terminology Responsible stock enhancement, restocking and sea ranching: rational and terminology Devin M. Bartley FAO Rome Ecosystem-based Stock Enhancement Workshop: development of a road map to evaluate the potential

More information

The Marine Protected Area Inventory

The Marine Protected Area Inventory The Marine Protected Area Inventory New pictures Jordan Gass, Hugo Selbie and Charlie Wahle ESRI Ocean Forum November 6, 2013 Outline What is the MPA Inventory? Purpose Data How it s used Future directions

More information

Ch. 15-Restoration Ecology

Ch. 15-Restoration Ecology Ch. 15-Restoration Ecology Conservation focuses on protecting and maintaining diversity and ecological processes Restoration emphasizes active management to bring back a former state of an ecosystem (

More information

case study 7: south east queensland healthy waterways partnership

case study 7: south east queensland healthy waterways partnership 2 Australia s National Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities introduction South-east Queensland s marine systems support large populations of dugongs

More information

>> BRIEFING TO THE INCOMING MINISTERS

>> BRIEFING TO THE INCOMING MINISTERS >> BRIEFING TO THE INCOMING MINISTERS Natural Resources Sector 2014 The Natural Resources Sector is made up of the following organisations: Introduction New Zealand s natural resources system is defined

More information

Lesson Overview. Biodiversity. Lesson Overview. 6.3 Biodiversity

Lesson Overview. Biodiversity. Lesson Overview. 6.3 Biodiversity Lesson Overview 6.3 6.3 Objectives Define biodiversity and explain its value. Identify current threats to biodiversity. Describe how biodiversity can be preserved. THINK ABOUT IT From multicolored coral

More information

Alan White The Nature Conservancy

Alan White The Nature Conservancy The Coral Triangle Region, The Coral Triangle Initiative, and the Development of the Six Country Marine Protected Area System Alan White The Nature Conservancy The Coral Triangle Initiative Coral Triangle

More information

CO-MANAGEMENT OF MARINE BENTHIC ARTISAN RESOURCES IN CHILE: COUPLING OR DECOUPLING SUSTAINABILITY? Juan Carlos Castilla D.Sc. jcastilla@bio.puc.

CO-MANAGEMENT OF MARINE BENTHIC ARTISAN RESOURCES IN CHILE: COUPLING OR DECOUPLING SUSTAINABILITY? Juan Carlos Castilla D.Sc. jcastilla@bio.puc. CO-MNGEMENT OF MRINE BENTHIC RTISN RESOURCES IN CHILE: COUPLING OR DECOUPLING SUSTINBILITY? Juan Carlos Castilla D.Sc. jcastilla@bio.puc.cl Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas P. Universidad Católica de Chile

More information

Kermadec. Ocean Sanctuary

Kermadec. Ocean Sanctuary Kermadec Ocean Sanctuary Kermadec Ocean Sanctuary, New Zealand Coral Sea Marine Reserve, Australia Pacific Remote Islands National Marine Monument, United States Proposed Pitcairn Marine Reserve, United

More information

AN INITIATIVE TO IMPROVE

AN INITIATIVE TO IMPROVE L OW E R C A R M E L R I V E R A N D L AG O O N F L O O D P L A I N R E S TO R AT I O N A N D E N H A N C E M E N T P R O J E C T AN INITIATIVE TO IMPROVE FLOOD PROTECTION RESTORE AND PROTECT RIPARIAN

More information

Policy & Management Applications of Blue Carbon. fact SHEET

Policy & Management Applications of Blue Carbon. fact SHEET Policy & Management Applications of Blue Carbon fact SHEET Policy & Management Applications of Blue Carbon Coastal Blue Carbon - An Important Wetland Ecosystem Service Coastal Blue Carbon refers to the

More information

Mangrove loss faster than land-based forests

Mangrove loss faster than land-based forests ESL ENGLISH LESSON (60-120 mins) 10 th August 2010 Mangrove loss faster than land-based forests Mangrove forests are disappearing faster than land-based forests according to a new United Nations report

More information