An acoustic analysis of voicing in American English dental fricatives

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "An acoustic analysis of voicing in American English dental fricatives"

Transcription

1 An acoustic analysis of voicing in American English dental fricatives Bridget Smith Ohio State University In this study, an acoustic analysis of the dental fricatives as produced by American English speakers from the Buckeye Corpus (Pitt et al. 2006) reveals that the dental fricatives are subject to variation in voicing based on phonetic environment, much more than is usual for discrete phonemes whose phonological distinction is based on voicing. A comparison with the voicing of /f/ and /v/ confirms this. The results of the study show that while voicing (presence or absence of glottal pulses) is apparently not contrastive, much more variability is observed for the voiced phoneme than the voiceless. This may be related to the fact that the environments in which the voiceless phoneme are found are relatively unchanged from those which caused voicelessness in Old English. It may also be explained by the much lower token frequency of the voiceless fricative compared to the voiced. The very high token frequency of the voiced dental fricative, due to its presence in several very high frequency function words, allows for a much greater range of variation. It may be that the enlarged acoustic space brought about by this variation in place, manner, and voicing in these function words, was the cause of this phonemic split. The question may be asked, how do we classify sounds that are distinguished more by their ranges of variation rather than having a unique acoustic space? Further study in production and perception may reveal whether we should continue to consider the voiced and voiceless dental fricatives in American English as two phonemes, possibly with a different distinctive feature than voicing, or begin to look at them as two allophones (out of the many allophones found) of one dental fricative phoneme. 1. Introduction The Modern English digraph <th> actually represents two dental fricatives, which are classified as distinct phonemes differing in voicing. The voiceless dental fricative (IPA /θ/) can occur word-initially or word-finally, and medially in loanwords and certain compounds. The voiced dental fricative (IPA /ð/) occurs word-initially only in function words such as articles and demonstratives. /ð/ occurs medially in most words that have it, though it can also occur word-finally in certain derivational words such as bathe or teethe. There are a few minimal pairs, such as thigh and thy, either and ether, teeth and teethe, and some near-minimal pairs such as breath and breathe. Despite the existence of minimal pairs in all positions, these phonemes carry little, if any, functional load. Minimal pairs cannot generally be used in the same position in a sentence, belonging generally to different classes of words. This distribution is easily explained through the historical development of these sounds. In Old English, the thorn <þ> and edh <ð> characters interchangeably represented both the voiced and voiceless variant, which were at that time in complementary distribution. It is generally assumed that thorn or edh in initial and final position was voiceless, while between voiced sounds, it was voiced. /f/ and /v/ (and /s/ and /z/) had a similar distribution. Early on in Middle English, /f/ and /v/ (and /s/ and /z/) became phonemic, due to a confluence of factors, not least of which was the introduction of large numbers of loanwords containing these sounds in contrastive positions. Late during the Middle English period, it was noticed that there were two <th> variants, presumably a voiced and a voiceless phoneme

2 (Bullokar 1580). Function words such as the, that, this, then, etc., are assumed to have begun with a voiceless dental fricative in Old English, but their Modern English counterparts have become voiced. Because they are often unstressed and not discrete from adjacent words, they are more likely to assimilate to surrounding voiced sounds. Another possible contributing factor is that the high frequency of these function words may have allowed a large amount of variation, which became generalized as a voicing contrast. Note that the phonologization of these sounds occurred after the paradigm leveling that reduced the number of different forms of these function words. For example, the definite article, the, is inflected for case, gender, and number in Old English, yielding approximately 12 distinct forms of this word. The increased frequency of single forms of certain types of words may have created the situation that allowed reduction and variation of these high frequency words that now carry much less grammatical information. Word-final /ð/ appeared shortly thereafter, with the loss of verb endings stranding the medially-voiced fricative at the end of the verb. The greatest number of instances of /θ/ that occur outside of the original conditioning environment are in more recent loanwords such as author, arithmetic, and arthritis, and in forms that have undergone some kind of analogy or reanalysis, such as Arthur or anthem. The dental fricatives are relatively understudied, in comparison to other sounds. They are difficult to measure acoustically, and are perceptually weak and easily confusable with /f/ and /v/. Because the voiced phoneme /ð/ appears word-initially in function words and word-finally in verbs (where the voiceless phoneme /θ/ does not appear), psycholinguistic tasks are difficult to conceive, and because /θ/ and /ð/ may vary along multiple dimensions at once, forced choice tasks along a single dimension would not be particularly informative. Categorical replacement of /θ/ and /ð/ by /f/ and /v/ or /t/ and /d/ in certain dialects and sociolects has been studied, such as in AAVE (Wolfram 1970, 1974, among others) or London Cockney English (Wells 1982; Hughes, Trudgill & Watt 2005, among others). Polka, Colantonio & Sundara (2001) found that English-speaking infants were less able to distinguish between /d/ and /ð/ than between /b/ and /v/, which suggests that the variation in production of the dental fricative which the infants are exposed to overlaps to some extent with the alveolar (dental) stop, so that they are unable to interpret a phonemic pattern until they are much older. A number of studies have looked at acoustic measurements to distinguish place of articulation among various groups of fricatives, and have either avoided /θ/ and /ð/ (for example, Hughes and Halle, 1956), or were least successful in distinguishing /θ/ from /f/. While spectral characteristics are effective at sorting /s/ from /ʃ/, F2 transition may be more effective for /f/ and θ/ because their spectral characteristics are so similar, and vary by speaker (Heinz and Stevens, 1961), though, this also is disputed (Jongman, 1989;

3 Jongman et al, 1998). Behrens and Blumstein (1988) proved greater amplitude and longer duration for sibilants than non-sibilants (voiceless), which has been confirmed in other studies. Voicing distinctions have not been given as much attention as place distinctions. In the early literature on fricatives, emphasis was placed on puzzling out the distinctions in place of articulation, possibly because it was assumed that presence or absence of phonation, or regular glottal pulses, was sufficient to distinguish between voiced and voiceless fricatives. Even in some modern literature, it is considered the acoustic parameter that seems to be most salient (Pirello, Blumstein, and Kurowski, 1997:3754, though they are by no means alone in this judgment). Denes (1955), however, noted that duration of a word-final fricative, and comparatively, the duration of the preceding vowel, could be manipulated to give the impression of voicing for longer vowels and shorter fricatives, and of voicelessness for shorter vowels and longer fricatives. Raphael (1971) confirmed these findings, and noted that when the voicing characteristic is cued by vowel duration, perception is continuous rather than categorical (1296). The idea of voicing being a continuous variable is echoed by Pirello, Blumstein, and Kurowski (1997), when referring to the production results of Stevens et al. (1992), in that the feature voicing in fricatives is manifested in a continuous way and as such cannot be characterized in terms of a binary distinction relating to the presence or absence of glottal excitation (3754). Coarticulation Whereas Stevens et al (1992) used voiced and voiceless fricatives to condition partial voicing of a following fricative, Pirello, Blumstein, and Kurowski (1997) elicited fricative+vowel syllables following a voiced and voiceless velar stop. They believed that the difficulty of categorization found by Stevens et al (1992) was due to difficulty with producing and/or analyzing the fricative+fricative formulations, and argued that presence of glottal excitation present in at least 30 ms of either the beginning or the end of the fricative was enough to correctly classify voiced from voiceless fricatives. These fricatives were measured for duration and amplitude of the first harmonic of the fricative as compared to the following vowel. In this way, they were categorized as voiced and voiceless, using Stevens et al s (1992) rubric. In this way, word-initial /s/ and /z/, and /f/ and /v/ from read speech were classified with 93% accuracy. Previous studies have relied upon lab-produced read speech. While this allows researchers to exert some measure of control over variation, and creates tokens that can be easily compared across speakers, it does not give us a real picture of what these fricatives look like in everyday speech. Accumulated anecdotal evidence led this researcher to wonder just how strong the voicing distinction between /ð/ and /θ/ is in conversational speech, and whether it is based on phonation or if, in conversational speech, duration and intensity play a greater role. This study attempts to answer these questions: What constitutes voicing? When does voicing occur? What phonetic factors may be related

4 to voicing? Does the phonological description of phoneme match up with the phonetic realizations of /ð/ and /θ/? A parallel examination of /f/ and /v/ was conducted to find out what measures might be significant in distinguishing the voiced from the voiceless segments, and to provide a control group for comparison. 2. Methods Eight speakers (4 men, 4 women) were selected from the Buckeye Corpus (Pitt et al. 2006), which is a body of 40 sociolinguistic interviews of Ohio residents. One of the male subjects data was excluded from this analysis because of speech differences possibly resulting from a head injury. From approximately 15 minutes of conversational speech per speaker, around 400 /ð/ and /θ/ and 300 /v/ and /f/ tokens were measured altogether. Between 15 and 25 /θ/ tokens were collected from each speaker, /ð/ tokens, /f/ tokens, and /v/ tokens. An additional 71 /ð/, 5 /θ/, 2 /f/, and 31 /v/ tokens total were not included for measurement because they were deleted, assimilated, or realized as an entirely different sound. /ð/ following /n/ or /l/ was most the most frequent case of complete assimilation. Most of the alternate realizations occurred in an unstressed environment. Although no acoustic measurements were taken of these tokens, the surrounding environments and stress patterns were noted. 2.1 Measurement procedures In Praat (Boersma & Weenink 2007), an acoustical analysis software, intervals were measured for the duration of frication of /θ/, /ð/, /f/, and /v/. Because of the variability of conversational speech, no uniform cue existed for determining the beginning or end of the fricative. Obvious frication was used as a marker, where it was present. Reduced amplitude of formants as compared to surrounding vowels was a reliable marker for those tokens displaying little or no frication, but sometimes these markers were not available, and a judgment call using perception and examination of the waveform and spectrogram had to be made. In those cases in which the sound was unable to be differentiated from surrounding sounds, it was marked as assimilated or deleted. The beginning and ending of periods of voicing within the fricative were also measured. Intervals were marked as voiced if periodicity in the waveform or presence of a voice bar in the spectrogram indicated regular glottal pulses. To minimize confusion with the phonological feature [+voice], these are described as having voice bar. The immediately preceding and following segments adjacent to each fricative, and their voicing status, were marked and noted. Absolute intensity and intensity relative to surrounding sounds were measured. Duration and percentage of voicing were the other measurements recorded.

5 3. Results Though disappointing, it was not surprising that, due to the variation found in conversational speech, duration was not a conclusive measurement of voicing in either the labiodental or dental fricatives. Intensity, likewise, did not pattern in any way that aligned with phoneme or voicing. This was most likely due to the range of sonority found in the fricatives, as well as the greater degree of environmental voicing found in conversational speech. Some tokens were approximant-like, while others were stop-like, and intensity varied greatly among them all. Voicing, as found by Pirello et al. (1997), was more determinative of phoneme for /f/ and /v/, as shown in Fig. 1. Here, tokens were not categorized by whether or not voicing was present for an arbitrary period of time, such as the 30 ms suggested by Stevens et al. (1992) or Pirello et al. (1997). Rather, it is shown as a percentage of the duration of the fricative that voice bar was present. The amount of voice bar evidenced by /f/ is generally less than 40%, with 75% of the tokens having less than 20%. /v/ has more variation, but the median value is 100% voiced, and 75% of tokens have greater than 40% voicing. While the conversational speech does exhibit greater variation in voicing than lab speech, the amount of voicing is generally phonemically dependable, though perhaps not entirely predictable by this method. Figure 1. Percentage of voice bar found in /f/ and /v/. When /θ/ and /ð/ were analyzed for percentage of voice bar, the results were much less clear. Figure 2 shows that there is much greater variation in both /θ/ and /ð/. The two box plots overlap to such a degree that predicting phoneme based on voicing in this case would not be much better than chance.

6 The median values are different, with /θ/ at about 20% voiced, and /ð/ at about 45%. But the range of maximum and minimum values, excluding outliers, overlaps from 0% to about 65%. This is much greater than the variation for /f/ and /v/, and certainly not what we expect for a phonemic distribution based on voicing, even if voicing is continuous and variable. Figure 2. Percentage of voice bar found in /θ/ and /ð/. When only the voicing of immediately adjacent segments is taken into account, suggestive of voicing assimilation, the percentage of voice bar accounted for in this way is significantly better than that accounted for by phoneme. Figure 3a shows percentage of voice bar divided into two groups, based on 1) whether there was a voiceless segment, including a pause, immediately adjacent to the dental fricative (either /θ/ or /ð/), or 2) if the dental fricative was surrounded only by voiced sounds. These are the smaller white boxes, overlaid on the same gray box plot as in Figure 2, to illustrate the differences. The amount of variation in the voiceless column, which was less to begin with, is further reduced. The more drastic change can be seen in the voiced column, which looks more like the phonemic pattern found for /v/, with a median value of 100% voiced, and the variation much more contained, with 75% of tokens being 60% or more voiced. There is much less overlap between these two groups. In comparison, when this procedure is applied to /f/ and /v/, the amount of variation is drastically increased. Figure 3b illustrates how /f/ and /v/ are better sorted for voicing according to phoneme.

7 Figures 3a and b. Comparison of percent voicing for environmental conditions (1 = adjacent voiceless segment, including a pause, 2 = surrounded by voiced segments) compared with phonemic distribution as in Figs. 1 and 2, for a) /θ/ and /ð/, and b) /f/ and /v/. Because it is likely that the categories of phoneme and of environmental voicing overlap to some degree, a partial correlation statistic was run on each of these data sets in order to determine how much variation was accounted for by phoneme, excluding that accounted for by environmental condition, and how much was accounted for by environmental condition, excluding that accounted for by phoneme. r 2 (% accounted for) by phoneme, partialling out environment r 2 (% accounted for) by environment, partialling out phoneme dental fricative labio-dental fricative Table 1. Partial r 2 comparing percentage of variation accounted for by phoneme and environment, partialling out the variation accounted for by the other factor (environment and phoneme, respectively). As is evident from the box plots above, the percentage of voice bar evident in the labio-dental fricatives is much better accounted for by phonemic description of voicing. Even though in /f/ and /v/, 20% of the variance is accounted for by environment alone, /f/ is primarily voiceless, and /v/ is primarily voiced, with phoneme alone accounting for 52% of the variance (that is not coincident with environment). In contrast, the percentage of voice bar in the dental fricative seems to be accounted for better by sorting for environment. 59% of the variance is accounted for by a voiced or voiceless environment (not

8 coincident with phoneme). When phoneme alone is the distinguishing factor, and environment is partialled out, only 22% of the variance in voicing is accounted for. 4. Discussion The results of this investigation seem to indicate that the voicing contrast between the dental fricatives is not dependent on actual phonation, at least not in conversational speech. Duration and intensity are also not reliable measures of phonemic voicing in conversational speech. In fact, the very environments which conditioned voicing of the Old English dental fricative are more or less the same environments that predict voice bar in the modern dental fricatives. Even the voiced phonemes in function words can be voiceless, although these are the same words that we assume caused the phonologization with their voicing. We should not immediately jump to the conclusion that there is no phonemic distinction, but it does call into question whether the distinguishing feature between the two phonemes is voicing. Other continua along which these sounds vary, that is place and manner of articulation, may be more distinctive in differentiating between the two phonemes. If we continue to think of voicing as the distinctive feature (and possibly even if we look to manner of articulation), the variation of /ð/ occupies a much larger acoustic space, and encompasses that of /θ/. This raises a couple of interesting questions. One is whether one phonemic category can contain another, and if so, are they still distinct phonemes? Another is whether the term phoneme may be gradiently applied. Perhaps /θ/ is more phonemic than /ð/, that is, it is more specific, while /ð/ may be an underspecified category which consists of a number of allophones, varying in place, manner, and voicing. This investigation has raised more questions than it has answered. Further work must be done to replicate these findings and then try to answer the questions it has created. 5. References Boersma, Paul & David Weenink Praat: Doing phonetics by computer (Version ) [Computer program]. Retrieved February 2007, from [ Bybee, Joan, and Paul Hopper Editors. Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Campbell, Ruth & Derek Besner This and THAP -- constraints on the pronunciation of new, written words. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, Section A. Vol 33:4, Edwards, Harold T Applied Phonetics: The sounds of American English. 3rd ed. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson-Delmar Learning. Frauenfelder, Uli, Mark Scholten, Alain Content Bottom-up inhibition in lexical selection: Phonological mismatch effects in spoken word recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes. 16, (5/6), Hughes, Arthur, Peter Trudgill & Dominic Watt English Accents and Dialects: An introduction

9 to social and regional varieties in the British Isles. 4 th ed. London: Trans-Atlantic Publications, Inc. Johnson, Keith Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell. Labov, William Principles of Linguistic Change: Internal Factors. Oxford: Blackwell. Ladefoged, Peter Vowels and Consonants. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell. Ladefoged, Peter & Ian Maddieson The Sounds of the World s Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. Maddieson, Ian, & Kristin Precoda UPSID-PC The UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database. (Data on the phonological systems of 451 languages, with programs to access it.) Accessed from [ /sales/software.htm] Miller, Joann Mapping from acoustic signal to phonetic category: Internal category structure, context effects, and speeded categorization. Language and Cognitive Processes. 16(5/6): Mitchell, Bruce & Fred C. Robinson A Guide to Old English. 6th ed. Oxford: Blackwell. Norris, Dennis, James McQueen, & Anne Cutler (2003). Perceptual learning in speech. Cognitive Psychology. 47: Ohala, John J What s Cognitive, What s Not, in Sound Change. Lingua E Stile. 27: Ohala, John J The Phonetics of Sound Change. Historical Linguistics: Problems and Perspectives ed. by Charles Jones, London: Longman. Pierrehumbert, Janet Exemplar Dynamics: Word Frequency, Lenition, and Contrast. In Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure. Ed. by Joan Bybee and Paul Hopper. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pirello, Karen, Sheila E. Blumstein & Kathleen Kurowski The Characteristics of Voicing in Syllable-Initial Fricatives in American English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Pitt, Mark A., Laura Dilley, Keith Johnson, Scott Kiesling, William Raymond, Elizabeth Hume, & Eric Fosler-Lussier, comps Buckeye Corpus of Conversational Speech. (1st release) [ Columbus, Ohio: Department of Psychology, Ohio State University (Distributor). Polka, Linda, Connie Colantonio, & Megha Sundara A cross-language comparison of /d/ - /ð/ perception: Evidence for a new developmental pattern. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 109(5): Repp, Bruno & Alvin Libermann Phonetic Category Boundaries are Flexible. In Categorical Perception: The Groundwork of Cognition. Ed. by Steven Harnad. Cambridge University Press Stevens, Kenneth N.; Sheila E. Blumstein, Laura Glicksman, Martha Burton, Kathleen Kurowski Acoustic and Perceptual Characteristics of Voicing in Fricatives and Fricative Clusters. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

Quarterly Progress and Status Report. Preaspiration in Southern Swedish dialects

Quarterly Progress and Status Report. Preaspiration in Southern Swedish dialects Dept. for Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report Preaspiration in Southern Swedish dialects Tronnier, M. journal: Proceedings of Fonetik, TMH-QPSR volume: 44 number: 1 year: 2002

More information

The sound patterns of language

The sound patterns of language The sound patterns of language Phonology Chapter 5 Alaa Mohammadi- Fall 2009 1 This lecture There are systematic differences between: What speakers memorize about the sounds of words. The speech sounds

More information

The Pronunciation of the Aspirated Consonants P, T, and K in English by Native Speakers of Spanish and French

The Pronunciation of the Aspirated Consonants P, T, and K in English by Native Speakers of Spanish and French 144 The Pronunciation of the Aspirated Consonants P, T, and K in English by Native Speakers of Spanish and French Philip Suarez Florida International University, USA Abstract: This study examines whether

More information

Bachelors of Science Program in Communication Disorders and Sciences:

Bachelors of Science Program in Communication Disorders and Sciences: Bachelors of Science Program in Communication Disorders and Sciences: Mission: The SIUC CDS program is committed to multiple complimentary missions. We provide support for, and align with, the university,

More information

SWING: A tool for modelling intonational varieties of Swedish Beskow, Jonas; Bruce, Gösta; Enflo, Laura; Granström, Björn; Schötz, Susanne

SWING: A tool for modelling intonational varieties of Swedish Beskow, Jonas; Bruce, Gösta; Enflo, Laura; Granström, Björn; Schötz, Susanne SWING: A tool for modelling intonational varieties of Swedish Beskow, Jonas; Bruce, Gösta; Enflo, Laura; Granström, Björn; Schötz, Susanne Published in: Proceedings of Fonetik 2008 Published: 2008-01-01

More information

Author's Name: Stuart Davis Article Contract Number: 17106A/0180 Article Serial Number: 09-005 Article Title: Loanwords, Phonological Treatment of

Author's Name: Stuart Davis Article Contract Number: 17106A/0180 Article Serial Number: 09-005 Article Title: Loanwords, Phonological Treatment of 1 Author's Name: Stuart Davis Article Contract Number: 17106A/0180 Article Serial Number: 09-005 Article Title: Loanwords, Phonological Treatment of Loanwords, Phonological Treatment of The term loanword

More information

Workshop Perceptual Effects of Filtering and Masking Introduction to Filtering and Masking

Workshop Perceptual Effects of Filtering and Masking Introduction to Filtering and Masking Workshop Perceptual Effects of Filtering and Masking Introduction to Filtering and Masking The perception and correct identification of speech sounds as phonemes depends on the listener extracting various

More information

English Phonetics: Consonants (i)

English Phonetics: Consonants (i) 1 English Phonetics: Consonants (i) 1.1 Airstream and Articulation Speech sounds are made by modifying an airstream. The airstream we will be concerned with in this book involves the passage of air from

More information

MATTHEW K. GORDON (University of California, Los Angeles) THE NEUTRAL VOWELS OF FINNISH: HOW NEUTRAL ARE THEY? *

MATTHEW K. GORDON (University of California, Los Angeles) THE NEUTRAL VOWELS OF FINNISH: HOW NEUTRAL ARE THEY? * Linguistica Uralica 35:1 (1999), pp. 17-21 MATTHEW K. GORDON (University of California, Los Angeles) THE NEUTRAL VOWELS OF FINNISH: HOW NEUTRAL ARE THEY? * Finnish is well known for possessing a front-back

More information

Office Phone/E-mail: 963-1598 / lix@cwu.edu Office Hours: MW 3:50-4:50, TR 12:00-12:30

Office Phone/E-mail: 963-1598 / lix@cwu.edu Office Hours: MW 3:50-4:50, TR 12:00-12:30 ENG 432/532: Phonetics and Phonology (Fall 2010) Course credits: Four (4) Time/classroom: MW2:00-3:40 p.m./ LL243 Instructor: Charles X. Li, Ph.D. Office location: LL403H Office Phone/E-mail: 963-1598

More information

The Role of Gestalt in Language Processing

The Role of Gestalt in Language Processing 378 Abstracts HILKE ELSEN The Role of Gestalt in Language Processing This article discusses gestalt phenomena in language processing, compiling data from three empirical studies that analyze language acquisition,

More information

Points of Interference in Learning English as a Second Language

Points of Interference in Learning English as a Second Language Points of Interference in Learning English as a Second Language Tone Spanish: In both English and Spanish there are four tone levels, but Spanish speaker use only the three lower pitch tones, except when

More information

Prelinguistic vocal behaviors. Stage 1 (birth-1 month) Stage 2 (2-3 months) Stage 4 (7-9 months) Stage 3 (4-6 months)

Prelinguistic vocal behaviors. Stage 1 (birth-1 month) Stage 2 (2-3 months) Stage 4 (7-9 months) Stage 3 (4-6 months) 3 stages of phonological development 1. Prelinguistic vocal behaviors 2. Phonology of the first 50 words 3. Emergence of rules Prelinguistic vocal behaviors Reflexive/vegetative sounds (birth-1 month)

More information

Spanish-influenced English: Typical phonological patterns in the English language learner

Spanish-influenced English: Typical phonological patterns in the English language learner Spanish-influenced English: Typical phonological patterns in the English language learner Brenda K. Gorman and Ellen Stubbe Kester This course is offered by Bilinguistics, an ASHA Approved CE Provider.

More information

ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CLEARLY SPOKEN ENGLISH TENSE AND LAX VOWELS

ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CLEARLY SPOKEN ENGLISH TENSE AND LAX VOWELS ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CLEARLY SPOKEN ENGLISH TENSE AND LAX VOWELS Keith King Wui Leung 1, Allard Jongman 2, Yue Wang 1, Joan A. Sereno 2 1. Language and Brain Lab, Department of Linguistics, Simon

More information

Mother Tongue Influence on Spoken English

Mother Tongue Influence on Spoken English Mother Tongue Influence on Spoken English Shruti Pal Central Institute of Education (India) palshruti27@gmail.com Abstract Pronunciation is not a major problem in a language classroom until it hinders

More information

Thirukkural - A Text-to-Speech Synthesis System

Thirukkural - A Text-to-Speech Synthesis System Thirukkural - A Text-to-Speech Synthesis System G. L. Jayavardhana Rama, A. G. Ramakrishnan, M Vijay Venkatesh, R. Murali Shankar Department of Electrical Engg, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012,

More information

A Comparative Analysis of Standard American English and British English. with respect to the Auxiliary Verbs

A Comparative Analysis of Standard American English and British English. with respect to the Auxiliary Verbs A Comparative Analysis of Standard American English and British English with respect to the Auxiliary Verbs Andrea Muru Texas Tech University 1. Introduction Within any given language variations exist

More information

An Arabic Text-To-Speech System Based on Artificial Neural Networks

An Arabic Text-To-Speech System Based on Artificial Neural Networks Journal of Computer Science 5 (3): 207-213, 2009 ISSN 1549-3636 2009 Science Publications An Arabic Text-To-Speech System Based on Artificial Neural Networks Ghadeer Al-Said and Moussa Abdallah Department

More information

Pronunciation Difficulties of Japanese Speakers of English: Predictions Based on a Contrastive Analysis Steven W. Carruthers

Pronunciation Difficulties of Japanese Speakers of English: Predictions Based on a Contrastive Analysis Steven W. Carruthers 17 Pronunciation Difficulties of Japanese Speakers of English: Predictions Based on a Contrastive Analysis Steven W. Carruthers Abstract A contrastive analysis of English and Japanese phonology can help

More information

Phonetic Perception and Pronunciation Difficulties of Russian Language (From a Canadian Perspective) Alyssa Marren

Phonetic Perception and Pronunciation Difficulties of Russian Language (From a Canadian Perspective) Alyssa Marren The Arbutus Review, Vol. 2, No. 1 (2011) 75 Phonetic Perception and Pronunciation Difficulties of Russian Language (From a Canadian Perspective) Alyssa Marren Abstract: This study looked at the most important

More information

L2 EXPERIENCE MODULATES LEARNERS USE OF CUES IN THE PERCEPTION OF L3 TONES

L2 EXPERIENCE MODULATES LEARNERS USE OF CUES IN THE PERCEPTION OF L3 TONES L2 EXPERIENCE MODULATES LEARNERS USE OF CUES IN THE PERCEPTION OF L3 TONES Zhen Qin, Allard Jongman Department of Linguistics, University of Kansas, United States qinzhenquentin2@ku.edu, ajongman@ku.edu

More information

THE ASYMMETRY OF C/V COARTICULATION IN CV AND VC

THE ASYMMETRY OF C/V COARTICULATION IN CV AND VC Studies in the Linguistic Sciences Volume 27, Number 1 (Spring 1997) THE ASYMMETRY OF C/V COARTICULATION IN CV AND VC STRUCTURES AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN PHONOLOGY * Joo-Kyeong Lee University of Illinois

More information

THE VOICE OF LOVE. Trisha Belanger, Caroline Menezes, Claire Barboa, Mofida Helo, Kimia Shirazifard

THE VOICE OF LOVE. Trisha Belanger, Caroline Menezes, Claire Barboa, Mofida Helo, Kimia Shirazifard THE VOICE OF LOVE Trisha Belanger, Caroline Menezes, Claire Barboa, Mofida Helo, Kimia Shirazifard University of Toledo, United States tbelanger@rockets.utoledo.edu, Caroline.Menezes@utoledo.edu, Claire.Barbao@rockets.utoledo.edu,

More information

Speech Production 2. Paper 9: Foundations of Speech Communication Lent Term: Week 4. Katharine Barden

Speech Production 2. Paper 9: Foundations of Speech Communication Lent Term: Week 4. Katharine Barden Speech Production 2 Paper 9: Foundations of Speech Communication Lent Term: Week 4 Katharine Barden Today s lecture Prosodic-segmental interdependencies Models of speech production Articulatory phonology

More information

ERP indices of lab-learned phonotactics

ERP indices of lab-learned phonotactics ERP indices of lab-learned phonotactics Claire Moore-Cantwell, Joe Pater, Robert Staubs, Benjamin Zobel and Lisa Sanders RUMMIT UMass Amherst, April 6th 2013 Introduction: learning phonology in the lab

More information

Language Meaning and Use

Language Meaning and Use Language Meaning and Use Raymond Hickey, English Linguistics Website: www.uni-due.de/ele Types of meaning There are four recognisable types of meaning: lexical meaning, grammatical meaning, sentence meaning

More information

L3: Organization of speech sounds

L3: Organization of speech sounds L3: Organization of speech sounds Phonemes, phones, and allophones Taxonomies of phoneme classes Articulatory phonetics Acoustic phonetics Speech perception Prosody Introduction to Speech Processing Ricardo

More information

An analysis of coding consistency in the transcription of spontaneous. speech from the Buckeye corpus

An analysis of coding consistency in the transcription of spontaneous. speech from the Buckeye corpus An analysis of coding consistency in the transcription of spontaneous speech from the Buckeye corpus William D. Raymond Ohio State University 1. Introduction Large corpora of speech that have been supplemented

More information

Establishing the Uniqueness of the Human Voice for Security Applications

Establishing the Uniqueness of the Human Voice for Security Applications Proceedings of Student/Faculty Research Day, CSIS, Pace University, May 7th, 2004 Establishing the Uniqueness of the Human Voice for Security Applications Naresh P. Trilok, Sung-Hyuk Cha, and Charles C.

More information

OCPS Curriculum, Instruction, Assessment Alignment

OCPS Curriculum, Instruction, Assessment Alignment OCPS Curriculum, Instruction, Assessment Alignment Subject Area: Grade: Strand 1: Standard 1: Reading and Language Arts Kindergarten Reading Process The student demonstrates knowledge of the concept of

More information

Acoustics and perception of emphasis in Urban Jordanian Arabic

Acoustics and perception of emphasis in Urban Jordanian Arabic Acoustics and perception of emphasis in Urban Jordanian Arabic Allard Jongman a *, Wendy Herd a, Mohammad Al-Masri a, Joan Sereno a, and Sonja Combest a *Corresponding author: jongman@ku.edu, Tel: 785-864-2384,

More information

The use of Praat in corpus research

The use of Praat in corpus research The use of Praat in corpus research Paul Boersma Praat is a computer program for analysing, synthesizing and manipulating speech and other sounds, and for creating publication-quality graphics. It is open

More information

Online experiments with the Percy software framework experiences and some early results

Online experiments with the Percy software framework experiences and some early results Online experiments with the Percy software framework experiences and some early results Christoph Draxler BAS Bavarian Archive of Speech Signals Institute of Phonetics and Speech Processing Ludwig-Maximilian

More information

COURSE SYLLABUS ESU 561 ASPECTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Fall 2014

COURSE SYLLABUS ESU 561 ASPECTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Fall 2014 COURSE SYLLABUS ESU 561 ASPECTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Fall 2014 EDU 561 (85515) Instructor: Bart Weyand Classroom: Online TEL: (207) 985-7140 E-Mail: weyand@maine.edu COURSE DESCRIPTION: This is a practical

More information

Common Phonological processes - There are several kinds of familiar processes that are found in many many languages.

Common Phonological processes - There are several kinds of familiar processes that are found in many many languages. Common Phonological processes - There are several kinds of familiar processes that are found in many many languages. 1. Uncommon processes DO exist. Of course, through the vagaries of history languages

More information

Running head: PROCESSING REDUCED WORD FORMS. Processing reduced word forms: the suffix restoration effect. Rachèl J.J.K. Kemps, Mirjam Ernestus

Running head: PROCESSING REDUCED WORD FORMS. Processing reduced word forms: the suffix restoration effect. Rachèl J.J.K. Kemps, Mirjam Ernestus Running head: PROCESSING REDUCED WORD FORMS Processing reduced word forms: the suffix restoration effect Rachèl J.J.K. Kemps, Mirjam Ernestus Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics Nijmegen, The Netherlands

More information

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. At the completion of this study there are many people that I need to thank. Foremost of

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. At the completion of this study there are many people that I need to thank. Foremost of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At the completion of this study there are many people that I need to thank. Foremost of these are John McCarthy. He has been a wonderful mentor and advisor. I also owe much to the other

More information

Lecture 1-10: Spectrograms

Lecture 1-10: Spectrograms Lecture 1-10: Spectrograms Overview 1. Spectra of dynamic signals: like many real world signals, speech changes in quality with time. But so far the only spectral analysis we have performed has assumed

More information

Reading Competencies

Reading Competencies Reading Competencies The Third Grade Reading Guarantee legislation within Senate Bill 21 requires reading competencies to be adopted by the State Board no later than January 31, 2014. Reading competencies

More information

Contemporary Linguistics

Contemporary Linguistics Contemporary Linguistics An Introduction Editedby WILLIAM O'GRADY MICHAEL DOBROVOLSKY FRANCIS KATAMBA LONGMAN London and New York Table of contents Dedication Epigraph Series list Acknowledgements Preface

More information

Reading/Fluency Standards Based Annual Goals

Reading/Fluency Standards Based Annual Goals Reading/Fluency First grade (1.5.1) The student will establish letter-naming fluency at a rate of 40-plus letters per minute by the First grade (1.5.3) When given a first grade passage, the student will

More information

English Speech Timing: A Domain and Locus Approach. Laurence White

English Speech Timing: A Domain and Locus Approach. Laurence White English Speech Timing: A Domain and Locus Approach Laurence White PhD The University of Edinburgh 2002 Abstract This dissertation presents a descriptive framework for suprasyllabic processes in speech

More information

Week 1. Phonemic analysis

Week 1. Phonemic analysis Linguistics 107 Winter 2014 Week 1. Phonemic analysis I. Introduction 1. What is phonology? Phonology is the system of rules, representations, and principles governing the distribution of sounds 2. Why

More information

Quarterly Progress and Status Report. Word stress and duration in Finnish

Quarterly Progress and Status Report. Word stress and duration in Finnish Dept. for Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report Word stress and duration in Finnish Suomi, K. journal: Proceedings of Fonetik, TMH-QPSR volume: 44 number: 1 year: 2002 pages: 073-076

More information

Stricture and Nasal Place Assimilation. Jaye Padgett

Stricture and Nasal Place Assimilation. Jaye Padgett Stricture and Nasal Place Assimilation Jaye Padgett Stricture Stricture features determine the degree of constriction in the vocal tract; [son], [ cons], [cont] [-cont]: Verschluss im mediosagittalen Bereich

More information

Artificial Neural Network for Speech Recognition

Artificial Neural Network for Speech Recognition Artificial Neural Network for Speech Recognition Austin Marshall March 3, 2005 2nd Annual Student Research Showcase Overview Presenting an Artificial Neural Network to recognize and classify speech Spoken

More information

SPEECH OR LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT EARLY CHILDHOOD SPECIAL EDUCATION

SPEECH OR LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT EARLY CHILDHOOD SPECIAL EDUCATION I. DEFINITION Speech or language impairment means a communication disorder, such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment (comprehension and/or expression), or a voice impairment, that

More information

Carla Simões, t-carlas@microsoft.com. Speech Analysis and Transcription Software

Carla Simões, t-carlas@microsoft.com. Speech Analysis and Transcription Software Carla Simões, t-carlas@microsoft.com Speech Analysis and Transcription Software 1 Overview Methods for Speech Acoustic Analysis Why Speech Acoustic Analysis? Annotation Segmentation Alignment Speech Analysis

More information

PUBLICATIONS IN DISCIPLINE

PUBLICATIONS IN DISCIPLINE Mehmet Yavas PUBLICATIONS IN DISCIPLINE Books Yavaş, M., Kehoe, M. W. & Cardoso, W. (Eds) (Forthcoming) Romance-Germanic Bilingual Phonology. Equinox Yavaş, M. (ed) 2015. Unusual Productions in Phonology:

More information

Vernacular Language Loyalty and Social Network

Vernacular Language Loyalty and Social Network Lesley Milroy & Sue Margrain Vernacular Language Loyalty and Social Network (1980) 1 I. Introduction Overview 1. Sociolinguistics & Vernacular 2. Social Network 3. Interaction of Network and Language II.

More information

The syllable as emerging unit of information, processing, production

The syllable as emerging unit of information, processing, production The syllable as emerging unit of information, processing, production September 27-29, 2012 Dartmouth College, Hanover NH Neukom Institute for Computational Science; Linguistics and Cognitive Science Program

More information

Articulatory Phonetics. and the International Phonetic Alphabet. Readings and Other Materials. Introduction. The Articulatory System

Articulatory Phonetics. and the International Phonetic Alphabet. Readings and Other Materials. Introduction. The Articulatory System Supplementary Readings Supplementary Readings Handouts Online Tutorials The following readings have been posted to the Moodle course site: Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 2 (pp. 15-33) Handouts for This

More information

Lecture 12: An Overview of Speech Recognition

Lecture 12: An Overview of Speech Recognition Lecture : An Overview of peech Recognition. Introduction We can classify speech recognition tasks and systems along a set of dimensions that produce various tradeoffs in applicability and robustness. Isolated

More information

Historical Linguistics. Diachronic Analysis. Two Approaches to the Study of Language. Kinds of Language Change. What is Historical Linguistics?

Historical Linguistics. Diachronic Analysis. Two Approaches to the Study of Language. Kinds of Language Change. What is Historical Linguistics? Historical Linguistics Diachronic Analysis What is Historical Linguistics? Historical linguistics is the study of how languages change over time and of their relationships with other languages. All languages

More information

The Phonological Role in English Pronunciation Instruction

The Phonological Role in English Pronunciation Instruction The Phonological Role in English Pronunciation Instruction Kwan-Young Oh Yosu National University The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a more effective way for improving Korean students pronunciation

More information

INCREASE YOUR PRODUCTIVITY WITH CELF 4 SOFTWARE! SAMPLE REPORTS. To order, call 1-800-211-8378, or visit our Web site at www.pearsonassess.

INCREASE YOUR PRODUCTIVITY WITH CELF 4 SOFTWARE! SAMPLE REPORTS. To order, call 1-800-211-8378, or visit our Web site at www.pearsonassess. INCREASE YOUR PRODUCTIVITY WITH CELF 4 SOFTWARE! Report Assistant SAMPLE REPORTS To order, call 1-800-211-8378, or visit our Web site at www.pearsonassess.com In Canada, call 1-800-387-7278 In United Kingdom,

More information

Ohio Early Learning and Development Standards Domain: Language and Literacy Development

Ohio Early Learning and Development Standards Domain: Language and Literacy Development Ohio Early Learning and Development Standards Domain: Language and Literacy Development Strand: Listening and Speaking Topic: Receptive Language and Comprehension Infants Young Toddlers (Birth - 8 months)

More information

Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics

Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics Volume 19, 2013 http://acousticalsociety.org/ ICA 2013 Montreal Montreal, Canada 2-7 June 2013 Speech Communication Session 2aSC: Linking Perception and Production

More information

LABORATORY ACTIVITIES FOR LARGE AND ONLINE PHONETICS CLASSES

LABORATORY ACTIVITIES FOR LARGE AND ONLINE PHONETICS CLASSES LABORATORY ACTIVITIES FOR LARGE AND ONLINE PHONETICS CLASSES Timothy Mills 1, Karen Pollock 2, and Benjamin V. Tucker 1 1 Department of Linguistics, 2 Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders,

More information

Praat Tutorial. Pauline Welby and Kiwako Ito The Ohio State University. welby,ito@ling.ohio-state.edu. January 13, 2002

Praat Tutorial. Pauline Welby and Kiwako Ito The Ohio State University. welby,ito@ling.ohio-state.edu. January 13, 2002 Praat Tutorial Pauline Welby and Kiwako Ito The Ohio State University welby,ito@ling.ohio-state.edu January 13, 2002 1 What is Praat and how do I get it? Praat is a program for doing phonetic analyses

More information

A Cross-Language Approach to Voice, Quantity and Aspiration. An East-Bengali and German Production Study.

A Cross-Language Approach to Voice, Quantity and Aspiration. An East-Bengali and German Production Study. Simone Mikuteit A Cross-Language Approach to Voice, Quantity and Aspiration. An East-Bengali and German Production Study. 2009 Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades des Doktors der Philosophie

More information

Pronunciation in English

Pronunciation in English The Electronic Journal for English as a Second Language Pronunciation in English March 2013 Volume 16, Number 4 Title Level Publisher Type of product Minimum Hardware Requirements Software Requirements

More information

A Segmentation Algorithm for Zebra Finch Song at the Note Level. Ping Du and Todd W. Troyer

A Segmentation Algorithm for Zebra Finch Song at the Note Level. Ping Du and Todd W. Troyer A Segmentation Algorithm for Zebra Finch Song at the Note Level Ping Du and Todd W. Troyer Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, Dept. of Psychology University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742

More information

Unit 2 Title: Word Work Grade Level: 1 st Grade Timeframe: 6 Weeks

Unit 2 Title: Word Work Grade Level: 1 st Grade Timeframe: 6 Weeks Unit 2 Title: Grade Level: 1 st Grade Timeframe: 6 Weeks Unit Overview: This unit of word work will focus on the student s ability to identify and pronounce the initial, medial vowel, and final sounds.

More information

Keywords academic writing phraseology dissertations online support international students

Keywords academic writing phraseology dissertations online support international students Phrasebank: a University-wide Online Writing Resource John Morley, Director of Academic Support Programmes, School of Languages, Linguistics and Cultures, The University of Manchester Summary A salient

More information

2013 2015 M.A. Hispanic Linguistics. University of Arizona: Tucson, AZ.

2013 2015 M.A. Hispanic Linguistics. University of Arizona: Tucson, AZ. M I G U E L L L O M PA R T G A R C I A University of Arizona Department of Spanish and portuguese Modern Languages 550 Tucson, AZ 85721 Phone: +34 639068540 Fax: Email: mllompart@email.arizona.edu Homepage:

More information

Functional Auditory Performance Indicators (FAPI)

Functional Auditory Performance Indicators (FAPI) Functional Performance Indicators (FAPI) An Integrated Approach to Skill FAPI Overview The Functional (FAPI) assesses the functional auditory skills of children with hearing loss. It can be used by parents,

More information

Intonation difficulties in non-native languages.

Intonation difficulties in non-native languages. Intonation difficulties in non-native languages. Irma Rusadze Akaki Tsereteli State University, Assistant Professor, Kutaisi, Georgia Sopio Kipiani Akaki Tsereteli State University, Assistant Professor,

More information

Understanding Pronunciation Variations Facing ESL Students

Understanding Pronunciation Variations Facing ESL Students Understanding Pronunciation Variations Facing ESL Students Liang-Chen Lin Texas A&M University-Kingsville MSC 196, 700 University Blvd, Kingsville, TX 78363-8202, U.S.A. Abstract Today s teachers encounter

More information

Comparative Analysis on the Armenian and Korean Languages

Comparative Analysis on the Armenian and Korean Languages Comparative Analysis on the Armenian and Korean Languages Syuzanna Mejlumyan Yerevan State Linguistic University Abstract It has been five years since the Korean language has been taught at Yerevan State

More information

Aspects of North Swedish intonational phonology. Bruce, Gösta

Aspects of North Swedish intonational phonology. Bruce, Gösta Aspects of North Swedish intonational phonology. Bruce, Gösta Published in: Proceedings from Fonetik 3 ; Phonum 9 Published: 3-01-01 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Bruce, G.

More information

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Paul Kay & Willett Kempton (1984) Based on a powerpoint presentation by NT Rusiyanadi Outline Introduction Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Study done by Kay & Kempton Conclusions

More information

Author Gender Identification of English Novels

Author Gender Identification of English Novels Author Gender Identification of English Novels Joseph Baena and Catherine Chen December 13, 2013 1 Introduction Machine learning algorithms have long been used in studies of authorship, particularly in

More information

A perceptual study of difficulties met by native speakers of English in the production of the durational patterns of Finnish disyllabic word

A perceptual study of difficulties met by native speakers of English in the production of the durational patterns of Finnish disyllabic word A perceptual study of difficulties met by native speakers of English in the production of the durational patterns of Finnish disyllabic word structures Janne Rissanen Pro Gradu Thesis English Philology

More information

Indiana Department of Education

Indiana Department of Education GRADE 1 READING Guiding Principle: Students read a wide range of fiction, nonfiction, classic, and contemporary works, to build an understanding of texts, of themselves, and of the cultures of the United

More information

Reading IV Grade Level 4

Reading IV Grade Level 4 Reading IV Reading IV introduces students to a variety of topics to enrich their reading experience including: a review of consonant and vowel sounds using phonetic clues and diacritical marks to identify

More information

Fairfield Public Schools

Fairfield Public Schools Mathematics Fairfield Public Schools AP Statistics AP Statistics BOE Approved 04/08/2014 1 AP STATISTICS Critical Areas of Focus AP Statistics is a rigorous course that offers advanced students an opportunity

More information

INTEGRATING THE COMMON CORE STANDARDS INTO INTERACTIVE, ONLINE EARLY LITERACY PROGRAMS

INTEGRATING THE COMMON CORE STANDARDS INTO INTERACTIVE, ONLINE EARLY LITERACY PROGRAMS INTEGRATING THE COMMON CORE STANDARDS INTO INTERACTIVE, ONLINE EARLY LITERACY PROGRAMS By Dr. Kay MacPhee President/Founder Ooka Island, Inc. 1 Integrating the Common Core Standards into Interactive, Online

More information

Discourse Markers in English Writing

Discourse Markers in English Writing Discourse Markers in English Writing Li FENG Abstract Many devices, such as reference, substitution, ellipsis, and discourse marker, contribute to a discourse s cohesion and coherence. This paper focuses

More information

Myanmar Continuous Speech Recognition System Based on DTW and HMM

Myanmar Continuous Speech Recognition System Based on DTW and HMM Myanmar Continuous Speech Recognition System Based on DTW and HMM Ingyin Khaing Department of Information and Technology University of Technology (Yatanarpon Cyber City),near Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar Abstract-

More information

CONSONANTS (ordered by manner of articulation) Chapters 4, 6, 7. The larynx s structure is made of cartilage.

CONSONANTS (ordered by manner of articulation) Chapters 4, 6, 7. The larynx s structure is made of cartilage. Chapters 4, 6, 7 The larynx s structure is made of cartilage. Inside it are the vocal folds (or vocal cords). The glottis is the opening between the vocal folds. http://www.uwyo.edu/reallearning/linguistics/larynx.html

More information

PERCENTAGE ARTICULATION LOSS OF CONSONANTS IN THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CLASSROOMS

PERCENTAGE ARTICULATION LOSS OF CONSONANTS IN THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CLASSROOMS The 21 st International Congress on Sound and Vibration 13-17 July, 2014, Beijing/China PERCENTAGE ARTICULATION LOSS OF CONSONANTS IN THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CLASSROOMS Dan Wang, Nanjie Yan and Jianxin Peng*

More information

Prosodic focus marking in Bai

Prosodic focus marking in Bai Prosodic focus marking in Bai Zenghui Liu 1, Aoju Chen 1,2 & Hans Van de Velde 1 Utrecht University 1, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics 2 l.z.h.liu@uu.nl, aoju.chen@uu.nl, h.vandevelde@uu.nl

More information

Phonetic and phonological properties of the final pitch accent in Catalan declaratives

Phonetic and phonological properties of the final pitch accent in Catalan declaratives Abstract Phonetic and phonological properties of the final pitch accent in Catalan declaratives Eva Estebas-Vilaplana * This paper examines the phonetic and phonological properties of the last pitch accent

More information

WMS III to WMS IV: Rationale for Change

WMS III to WMS IV: Rationale for Change Pearson Clinical Assessment 19500 Bulverde Rd San Antonio, TX, 28759 Telephone: 800 627 7271 www.pearsonassessments.com WMS III to WMS IV: Rationale for Change Since the publication of the Wechsler Memory

More information

Grade 1 LA. 1. 1. 1. 1. Subject Grade Strand Standard Benchmark. Florida K-12 Reading and Language Arts Standards 27

Grade 1 LA. 1. 1. 1. 1. Subject Grade Strand Standard Benchmark. Florida K-12 Reading and Language Arts Standards 27 Grade 1 LA. 1. 1. 1. 1 Subject Grade Strand Standard Benchmark Florida K-12 Reading and Language Arts Standards 27 Grade 1: Reading Process Concepts of Print Standard: The student demonstrates knowledge

More information

SEDAT ERDOĞAN. Ses, Dil, Edebiyat, Öğrenim... TEMEL İNGİLİZCE. Ses dilin temelidir, özüdür... Türkiye de ses öğrenimi

SEDAT ERDOĞAN. Ses, Dil, Edebiyat, Öğrenim... TEMEL İNGİLİZCE. Ses dilin temelidir, özüdür... Türkiye de ses öğrenimi SEDAT ERDOĞAN Ses, Dil, Edebiyat, Öğrenim... TEMEL İNGİLİZCE Ses dilin temelidir, özüdür... Türkiye de ses öğrenimi olmadığından dil öğrenimi zayıftır, kötüdür... PRONUNCIATION HINTS */a/ vowel sound is

More information

Ph.D in Speech-Language Pathology

Ph.D in Speech-Language Pathology UNIT 1 SPEECH LANGUAGE PRODUCTION Physiology of speech production. Physiology of speech (a) Respiration: methods of respiratory analysis (b) Laryngeal function: Laryngeal movements, vocal resonance (c)

More information

Convention Paper Presented at the 118th Convention 2005 May 28 31 Barcelona, Spain

Convention Paper Presented at the 118th Convention 2005 May 28 31 Barcelona, Spain Audio Engineering Society Convention Paper Presented at the 118th Convention 25 May 28 31 Barcelona, Spain 6431 This convention paper has been reproduced from the author s advance manuscript, without editing,

More information

Turkish Radiology Dictation System

Turkish Radiology Dictation System Turkish Radiology Dictation System Ebru Arısoy, Levent M. Arslan Boaziçi University, Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, 34342, Bebek, stanbul, Turkey arisoyeb@boun.edu.tr, arslanle@boun.edu.tr

More information

Study Plan for Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics

Study Plan for Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics Study Plan for Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics is awarded by the Faculty of Graduate Studies at Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) upon the fulfillment

More information

Morphemes, roots and affixes. 28 October 2011

Morphemes, roots and affixes. 28 October 2011 Morphemes, roots and affixes 28 October 2011 Previously said We think of words as being the most basic, the most fundamental, units through which meaning is represented in language. Words are the smallest

More information

. Niparko, J. K. (2006). Speech Recognition at 1-Year Follow-Up in the Childhood

. Niparko, J. K. (2006). Speech Recognition at 1-Year Follow-Up in the Childhood Psychology 230: Research Methods Lab A Katie Berg, Brandon Geary, Gina Scharenbroch, Haley Schmidt, & Elizabeth Stevens Introduction: Overview: A training program, under the lead of Professor Jeremy Loebach,

More information

A discourse approach to teaching modal verbs of deduction. Michael Howard, London Metropolitan University. Background

A discourse approach to teaching modal verbs of deduction. Michael Howard, London Metropolitan University. Background A discourse approach to teaching modal verbs of deduction Michael Howard, London Metropolitan University Background Despite the current emphasis on Communicative Language Teaching, many recently published

More information

The puzzle-puddle-pickle problem and the Duke-of-York gambit in acquisition 1

The puzzle-puddle-pickle problem and the Duke-of-York gambit in acquisition 1 J. Linguistics 37 (2001), 503 525. 2001 Cambridge University Press DOI: 10.1017 S0022226701001062 Printed in the United Kingdom The puzzle-puddle-pickle problem and the Duke-of-York gambit in acquisition

More information

Interpreting areading Scaled Scores for Instruction

Interpreting areading Scaled Scores for Instruction Interpreting areading Scaled Scores for Instruction Individual scaled scores do not have natural meaning associated to them. The descriptions below provide information for how each scaled score range should

More information

SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITY

SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITY I. DEFINITION "Specific learning disability" means a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself

More information

First-year Statistics for Psychology Students Through Worked Examples

First-year Statistics for Psychology Students Through Worked Examples First-year Statistics for Psychology Students Through Worked Examples 1. THE CHI-SQUARE TEST A test of association between categorical variables by Charles McCreery, D.Phil Formerly Lecturer in Experimental

More information

«A SCOUSE VOICE? HARSH AND UNFRIENDLY!» PHONETIC CLUES TO THE PERCEPTION OF VOICE QUALITY IN LIVERPOOL ENGLISH

«A SCOUSE VOICE? HARSH AND UNFRIENDLY!» PHONETIC CLUES TO THE PERCEPTION OF VOICE QUALITY IN LIVERPOOL ENGLISH «A SCOUSE VOICE? HARSH AND UNFRIENDLY!» PHONETIC CLUES TO THE PERCEPTION OF VOICE QUALITY IN LIVERPOOL ENGLISH MASSIMILIANO BARBERA & MARLEN BARTH * 1. THE SCOUSE 1.1 Historical and linguistic aspects

More information