ISO Speed. Rick Baer. February 10, 2005
|
|
- Gary Randall
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Rick Baer
2 Outline Introduction Understanding ISO speed ISO speed characterization ISO speed and image processing Summary 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 2
3 Introduction ISO speed is useful in still photography because it determines the nominal exposure conditions. The ISO (ASA) speed metric was originally developed to describe the sensitivity of silver-halide film. The relationship between speed and image quality is only implicit. The ISO standard defines an ISO speed metric for digital cameras (and solid-state image sensors) that is explicitly related to image quality. ISO speed does not apply to imaging at non-visible wavelengths ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 3
4 Understanding ISO speed Exposure controls & metering ISO speed of film ISO speed of a solid-state image sensor 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 4
5 Basic exposure controls Exposure ~ number of incident photons shutter (period) sensor aperture (f#) n.d. filter (density) 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 5
6 Why control exposure? Dynamic range Shutter speed control Aperture control depth of field 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 6
7 Underexposure 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 7
8 Correct exposure 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 8
9 Overexposure 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 9
10 Slow shutter 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 10
11 Fast shutter 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 11
12 Wide aperture 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 12
13 Narrow aperture 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 13
14 Exposure index 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 14
15 How exposure is controlled with a lightmeter: 1. Set the exposure index (nominally equal to ISO speed) 2. Select an aperture (f#) and read the shutter speed -or- 2. Select a shutter speed and read the aperture aperture value shutter speed ( f 2 #) EI La = t 15.4 average scene luminance sensor/film exposure index 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 15
16 What is the exposure index? 8 10 EI = H g H a Where: <H g > = geometric mean focal plane exposure <H a > = arithmetic mean focal plane exposure used in electronic imaging systems, ISO E f (focal plane illuminance) [lux] <Ha> = <E f > T e lens sensor [lux-seconds] 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 16
17 Relationship between scene illuminance and focal plane illuminance focal plane illuminance (lux) E scene illuminance (lux) f = 4 Typical scene illuminance levels: Direct sunlight 100,000 lux Indirect sunlight 10,000 Overcast 1,000 Office 300 Pub 10 Full moon 0.1 E s R ( ) 2 f # ( 1+ m ) 2 E E f s E s scene reflectivity (lux) image magnification.006 E f For R = 18%, f# = 2.8, m = 0 (1.8 focal-plane lux with office lighting) 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 17
18 Photopic units y λ photopic units (lux) describe light intensity as perceived by a human observer Φ v = y λ Φ e ( λ) dλ luminous flux (lumens) photopic response function spectral flux (Watts) 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 18
19 How many photons are there? 1 lux = 1 lumen / m 2 ~ photons/sec/um 2 (for a spectrally broad illuminant) Example: office lighting, 10 um 2 pixel, 1/120 second exposure 1500 photons/pixel 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 19
20 ISO speed and exposure index The correct exposure for a particular scene determines the exposure index. exposure compensation The ISO speed is equal to the exposure index for a statistically average scene ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 20
21 High-key scene 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 21
22 Low-key scene 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 22
23 Relationship between ISO speed and (digital) image quality The gain applied to a solid-state sensor can be adjusted to change the ISO speed Image quality (SNR) depends on ISO speed 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 23
24 ISO = ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 24
25 ISO = ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 25
26 ISO speed comparisons are meaningless unless image quality is considered! 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 26
27 ISO speed of film Speed range of commercial film Speed versus quality tradeoff ISO measurement procedure 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 27
28 Color negative film ISO 100 ISO 1600 B&W film ISO ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 28
29 Speed versus quality Film response is nonlinear Film is a threshold detector Grain noise is more important than shot noise Grain size increases with film speed 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 29
30 Scanned film (ISO 100) (ISO 800) 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 30
31 Measurement apparatus variable aperture calibrated lux meter shutter speed control camera body (no lens) Calibrated light source IR filter integrating sphere densitometry processing 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 31
32 Measurement procedure 1. Use aperture and shutter to vary focal plane exposure from frame to frame. 2. Process film for gamma = Measure film density versus focal plane exposure 4. Plot density versus log exposure 5. Determine exposure intercept at (fog + 0.1) density 6. ISO speed = 0.8 / En 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 32
33 (film density plot) ISO = 0.8/En = 0.8/ = ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 33
34 The ISO characterization methods used for film are not applicable to solid-state image sensors, with linear responses and different noise mechanisms ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 34
35 ISO speed of a solid-state image sensor Comparison of film and solid-state sensors ISO methodology Monochrome image sensor model Color image sensor model 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 35
36 Comparison of film and solid-state image sensors camera film film developer may incorporate camera functions (e.g. metering, shutter) may be integrated! camera image sensor image processor Image sensors and digital processing compare with film and developing 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 36
37 ISO methodology Determine focal plane exposure (H) required to obtain a particular SNR value Specify ISO speed range: S noise10 = SNR = 10 (first acceptable image) S noise40 = SNR = 40 (first excellent image) Specify ISO speed at saturation S sat = 78 / saturation 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 37
38 vary illumination, shutter speed to control focal plane exposure H V measure SNR of output signal sensor test camera 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 38
39 SNR H 10 H 40 H sat H S = 10/H S = 78/H 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 39
40 ISO speed model for monochrome image sensors Determine H required to achieve specified SNR ISO speed = 10/ H photopic response x H x QE noise model signal electrons noise electrons SNR read noise, dark current 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 40
41 Photopic quantum efficiency (photopic electrons per lux) focal plane lux signal electrons photopic response function Planckian radiator IR filter pixel array H = y λ Φ e ( λ) dλ Φ e α λ hc / ktλ ( λ) = ( e ) N e = 0 λ IR( λ) QE( λ) h c Φ e ( λ) d λ η p = N e / H 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 41
42 Typical photopic QE for a monochrome image sensor (Panasonic MN3776; peak QE = 50%) Photopic QE kiloelectrons/(lux-µm 2 ) color temperature [K] 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 42
43 Noise model integration time [sec] dark current [e-/sec] x sum of powers of uncorrelated noise sources X 2 signal electrons [e-] = shot noise power x X 2 Σ X 2 r.m.s. noise electrons [e-] PRNU read noise [e-] 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 43
44 Derivation of ISO speed equation (*** neglecting PRNU ***) Photopic QE S N shot noise η p A H = x η A H + Nr p pixel area 2 focal plane exposure read noise S x = 20 η (S/ p N) A 2 x Nr (S/ 2 N) 2 x 1 ISO noise speed increases linearly with QE and pixel area Acceptable noise speed (SNR=10) depends on electronic noise 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 44
45 SNR curves SNR vs. charge Achievable SNR limited by PRNU log10( SNR ) shot noise only NR = 10, PRNU = 0.01 Nr = 10, PRNU = log10( electrons) Read noise only affects acceptable ISO speed 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 45
46 ISO speed curves for a typical sensor (*** neglecting PRNU ***) η P = 3.7 ke, Nr =10 e, N sat = 20 ke Monochrome ISO speed ISO speed acceptable excellent saturation pixel pitch [um] 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 46
47 Effect of IR and UV (wavelengths outside photopic response range) Black body emission 100% 90% 80% Relative photon flux 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% far IR near IR visible UV 20% 10% 0% Temperature [K] 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 47
48 ISO speed ratio for BB source, w & w/o IR filter Photopic response with IRF / photopic response w/o IRF Ratio Color temperature [K] 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 48
49 Effect of dark current In the low-snr, high noise limit: ISO acceptable speed S a 10 η p dark current [e/sec] Nd A Te exposure period ISO speed varies inversely with exposure period: longer integration times don t help! 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 49
50 The high ISO speeds of solid-state image sensors (compared to film) are a consequence of the higher QE of silicon ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 50
51 ISO speed characterization Camera characterization: ISO Sensor characterization: QE and noise 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 51
52 ISO procedures for determining speed Direct focal plane exposure method Indirect scene luminance method 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 52
53 Measurement apparatus (direct focal plane exposure) variable aperture calibrated lux meter shutter speed control camera body (no lens) Calibrated light source (fixed color temperature) integrating sphere IR (& UV) filter baffle raw digital output Measure SNR versus focal plane exposure 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 53
54 Illumination control f# = d/z z The angular spread of illumination must match the lens f#. d Response [rel.] 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% Sony ICX252 angular response F3.5 f2.8 f2.0 f1.4 f0.6 without baffle horz vert 20% 0% Incidence Angle [deg.] 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 54
55 Other requirements Linear data (raw data or linearized) No lossy compression Proper white balance Integration period < 1/30 s (may need aperture control) Consider only central pixels when sensors include microlenses 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 55
56 SNR curve (monochrome CCD) SNR vs. focal plane exposure SNR Focal plane exposure (lux-sec) 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 56
57 ISO speed from SNR curve SNR vs. focal plane exposure SNR Focal plane exposure (lux-sec) S 10 = 10/ = 2300 S 40 = 10/0.046 = ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 57
58 Measurement apparatus (indirect scene luminance: reflection) color meter light source luminance meter scene luminance lux meter (alternative to luminance meter) lens shutter speed control camera diffuse reflection target baffle (used to adjust luminance) variac (used to adjust source color temperature) Measure SNR versus (scene luminance raw digital output exposure time) 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 58
59 variac Measurement apparatus (indirect scene luminance: transmission) color meter luminance meter scene luminance shutter speed control camera light source baffle diffuser transmission target lens raw digital output 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 59
60 Equation relating focal plane exposure to target luminance luminance Integration time H a = 100 ( 65 La t 2 f #) (1 + m ) 2 Calculate speed as SNR = x (as before) 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 60
61 Need for OECF characterization: perform analysis on OECF target 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 61
62 SNR curve from OECF target OECF target method SNR patch number 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 62
63 Sensor characterization: QE and noise QE measurement Noise characterization 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 63
64 ISO speed calculation from QE and noise (monochrome case) spectral measurements QE(λ) IR(λ) noise parameters photopic QE calculation noise model η p Nr ISO speed equation ISO speed range noise measurements operating parameters (gain, temp., etc.) 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 64
65 ISO speed calculation from QE and noise (color case) spectral measurements noise measurements QE(λ) IR(λ) noise parameters photopic QE calculation noise model operating parameters (gain, temp., etc.) color correction matrix calculation η p Nr ISO speed model ISO speed range 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 65
66 QE measurement variable aperture monochrometer reference photodiode calibration photodiode camera body (no lens) reference output shutter speed control baffle light source low-pass filter integrating sphere raw digital output Measure QE versus λ 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 66
67 CC matrix determination From QE curve From Macbeth chart 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 67
68 Noise measurement (see ISO standard) 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 68
69 Example: CCD for a typical consumer digital camera 50% 40% Nr = 8 e QE [%] 30% 20% Nsat = 10 ke 10% 0% Wavelength [nm] Sony ICX202 PRNU = 1% For 3 um pixel pitch: Acceptable quality speed: S A = 285 Speed range: ~ Excellent quality speed: S E = 23 Saturation speed: S sat = ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 69
70 Effect of signal processing on ISO speed Five (coupled) dimensions of image quality Effects of common image processing functions Demosaic Vignetting correction Sharpening Tone mapping Color space conversion Compression 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 70
71 Five (coupled) dimensions of image quality The five R s of image quality Resolution (pixel count, MTF) snr (ISO noise speed) dnr (ISO saturation speed) Reproduction (exposure control, color and tone reproduction) artifacts (demosaic and sampling artifacts, flare) 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 71
72 Coupling between image quality dimensions (high resolution, high-noise) (low resolution, low-noise) 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 72
73 Coupling between ISO speed and other IQ dimensions artifacts Reproduction Resolution DNR SNR (ISO speed) 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 73
74 Coupling between ISO speed and other IQ dimensions artifacts Reproduction Resolution DNR SNR (ISO speed) 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 74
75 Demosaic Bayer mosaic pattern σ R σ R bilinear reconstruction σ G = 9 / 16 σ G R 5/ 8 σ R σ B = 5/ 8 σ B σ = Bilinear reconstruction reduces noise (at the expense of resolution) 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 75
76 Vignetting correction 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 76
77 Sharpening ~ 30% noise increase 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 77
78 Tone mapping 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 78
79 Color space conversion RGB 888 YUV 422, YUV 411 Chrominance down-sampling reduces color noise 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 79
80 Compression original image JPEG compressed 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 80
81 Summary ISO speed is a valuable quality metric for the solid-state sensors used in (visible) photography. Different combinations of measurement and analysis can be used to obtain the ISO speed. Digital processing can improve one dimension of image quality at the expense of others. All dimensions of IQ must be considered together in sensor comparisons. Total IQ: (ISO speed) resolution {also true for DNR} QE (sensor area) Size matters! 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 81
82 Acknowledgements Albert Theuwissen and the organizers of this forum Jack Holm 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 82
83 References 1. ISO 12232: Photography Electronic still-picture cameras Determination of ISO speed (1998) 2. M. Kriss, A model for equivalent ISO CCD camera speeds, SPIE Vol. 3302, pg (1998) 3. J. Holm, The photographic sensitivity of electronic still cameras, J. Soc. Photogr. Sci. Tech. Japan, Vol. 59, No. 1, pg (1996). 4. R. Baer & J. Holm, A model for calculating the potential ISO speeds of digital still cameras based upon CCD characteristics, IS&T PICS Conference, pg (1999). 5. R. Palum, How many photons are there?, IS&T PICS Conference, pg (2002). 6. J. Holm, Challenges and progress in digital photography standards, SPIE Vol (2004) ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 83
84 Appendices ISO speed model for color image sensors 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 84
85 ISO speed model for color image sensors Assumptions: 1. Independent RGB color samples at every pixel location 2. No image processing other than white balance and color correction (e.g. no tone correction, sharpening, compression) 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 85
86 Extension of monochrome model to color photopic response x x QE vector R,G,B signal electrons white balance noise model R,G,B noise electrons color correction white balance RGB to Y color correction H SNR read noise, dark current RGB to Y-cb-cr Y-cb-cr to perceived noise 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 86
87 Spectral response => photopic QE vector IR filter SONY ICX224AQ 5500K black body % 100% % 30% Transm ission QE [%] 20% Relative power 60% 40% % 20% Wavelength [nm] 0% Wavelength [nm] 0% Wavelength [nm] N e = 0 λ IR( λ) QE( λ) h c Φ e ( λ) d λ η p = N e / H [electrons/lux-second] 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 87
88 White balance Calculate coefficients from photopic QE vector R G/R 0 0 R G = G B 0 0 G/B B Apply to noise vector 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 88
89 Color correction and spectral response SONY ICX224AQ 40% 30% QE [%] 20% 10% 0% Wavelength [nm] Compute color correction matrix from spectral response, or Macbeth chart image R a 11 a 12 a 13 R G = a 21 a 22 a 23 G B a 31 a 32 a 33 B 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 89
90 Color noise luminance noise chrominance noise Y R G B = luminance equation σ ( D) = σ 2 Y σ 2 R Y σ 2 B Y total noise 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 90
91 Color versus monochrome sensitivity Monochrome compared to color: Higher peak QE Broader spectral response ISO speed ~ 10 times greater 2005 ISSCC Circuit Design Forum: Characterization of Solid-State Image Sensors Page 91
A Comparison of Primary and Complementary Color Filters for CCD based Digital Photography
A Comparison of Primary and Complementary Color Filters for CCD based Digital Photography Richard L. Baer, William D. Holland, Jack Hoim, Poorvi Vora Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA 94304 ABSTRACT
More informationLecture 16: A Camera s Image Processing Pipeline Part 1. Kayvon Fatahalian CMU 15-869: Graphics and Imaging Architectures (Fall 2011)
Lecture 16: A Camera s Image Processing Pipeline Part 1 Kayvon Fatahalian CMU 15-869: Graphics and Imaging Architectures (Fall 2011) Today (actually all week) Operations that take photons to an image Processing
More informationIntroduction to CCDs and CCD Data Calibration
Introduction to CCDs and CCD Data Calibration Dr. William Welsh San Diego State University CCD: charge coupled devices integrated circuit silicon chips that can record optical (and X-ray) light pixel =
More informationCharacterizing Digital Cameras with the Photon Transfer Curve
Characterizing Digital Cameras with the Photon Transfer Curve By: David Gardner Summit Imaging (All rights reserved) Introduction Purchasing a camera for high performance imaging applications is frequently
More informationInvestigation of Color Aliasing of High Spatial Frequencies and Edges for Bayer-Pattern Sensors and Foveon X3 Direct Image Sensors
Investigation of Color Aliasing of High Spatial Frequencies and Edges for Bayer-Pattern Sensors and Foveon X3 Direct Image Sensors Rudolph J. Guttosch Foveon, Inc. Santa Clara, CA Abstract The reproduction
More informationEVIDENCE PHOTOGRAPHY TEST SPECIFICATIONS MODULE 1: CAMERA SYSTEMS & LIGHT THEORY (37)
EVIDENCE PHOTOGRAPHY TEST SPECIFICATIONS The exam will cover evidence photography involving crime scenes, fire scenes, accident scenes, aircraft incident scenes, surveillances and hazardous materials scenes.
More informationChoosing a digital camera for your microscope John C. Russ, Materials Science and Engineering Dept., North Carolina State Univ.
Choosing a digital camera for your microscope John C. Russ, Materials Science and Engineering Dept., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC One vital step is to choose a transfer lens matched to your
More informationResolution for Color photography
Resolution for Color photography Paul M. Hubel a and Markus Bautsch b a Foveon, Inc., 282 San Tomas Expressway, Santa Clara, CA, USA 955; b Stiftung Warentest, Luetzowplatz -3, D-785 Berlin-Tiergarten,
More informationVideo Camera Image Quality in Physical Electronic Security Systems
Video Camera Image Quality in Physical Electronic Security Systems Video Camera Image Quality in Physical Electronic Security Systems In the second decade of the 21st century, annual revenue for the global
More informationHigh-resolution Imaging System for Omnidirectional Illuminant Estimation
High-resolution Imaging System for Omnidirectional Illuminant Estimation Shoji Tominaga*, Tsuyoshi Fukuda**, and Akira Kimachi** *Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, Chiba
More informationPDF Created with deskpdf PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com
CCTV Lens Calculator For a quick 1/3" CCD Camera you can work out the lens required using this simple method: Distance from object multiplied by 4.8, divided by horizontal or vertical area equals the lens
More informationproduct overview pco.edge family the most versatile scmos camera portfolio on the market pioneer in scmos image sensor technology
product overview family the most versatile scmos camera portfolio on the market pioneer in scmos image sensor technology scmos knowledge base scmos General Information PCO scmos cameras are a breakthrough
More informationBasic Manual Control of a DSLR Camera
Basic Manual Control of a DSLR Camera Naixn 2008 Photographers don t just take photographs - they make them! Produced by Yon Ankersmit for curious-eye.com 2009 Digital Single Lens Reflex Camera The basic
More informationUsing visible SNR (vsnr) to compare image quality of pixel binning and digital resizing
Using visible SNR (vsnr) to compare image quality of pixel binning and digital resizing Joyce Farrell a, Mike Okincha b, Manu Parmar ac, and Brian Wandell ac a Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Stanford
More informationFundamentals of modern UV-visible spectroscopy. Presentation Materials
Fundamentals of modern UV-visible spectroscopy Presentation Materials The Electromagnetic Spectrum E = hν ν = c / λ 1 Electronic Transitions in Formaldehyde 2 Electronic Transitions and Spectra of Atoms
More informationAssessment of Camera Phone Distortion and Implications for Watermarking
Assessment of Camera Phone Distortion and Implications for Watermarking Aparna Gurijala, Alastair Reed and Eric Evans Digimarc Corporation, 9405 SW Gemini Drive, Beaverton, OR 97008, USA 1. INTRODUCTION
More informationGrasshopper3 U3. Point Grey Research Inc. 12051 Riverside Way Richmond, BC Canada V6W 1K7 T (604) 242-9937 www.ptgrey.com
Grasshopper3 U3 USB 3.0 Camera Imaging Performance Specification Version 12.0 Point Grey Research Inc. 12051 Riverside Way Richmond, BC Canada V6W 1K7 T (604) 242-9937 www.ptgrey.com Copyright 2012-2015
More informationWHITE PAPER. Are More Pixels Better? www.basler-ipcam.com. Resolution Does it Really Matter?
WHITE PAPER www.basler-ipcam.com Are More Pixels Better? The most frequently asked question when buying a new digital security camera is, What resolution does the camera provide? The resolution is indeed
More informationReprint (R22) Avoiding Errors in UV Radiation Measurements. By Thomas C. Larason July 2001. Reprinted from Photonics Spectra, Laurin Publishing
Reprint (R22) Avoiding Errors in UV Radiation Measurements By Thomas C. Larason July 2001 Reprinted from Photonics Spectra, Laurin Publishing Gooch & Housego 4632 36 th Street, Orlando, FL 32811 Tel: 1
More informationCMOS Image Sensor Noise Reduction Method for Image Signal Processor in Digital Cameras and Camera Phones
CMOS Image Sensor Noise Reduction Method for Image Signal Processor in Digital Cameras and Camera Phones Youngjin Yoo, SeongDeok Lee, Wonhee Choe and Chang-Yong Kim Display and Image Processing Laboratory,
More informationImplementing and Using the EMVA1288 Standard
Implementing and Using the EMVA1288 Standard A. Darmont *, J. Chahiba, J.-F. Lemaitre, M. Pirson, D. Dethier Aphesa, Rue de Lorcé, 39, 4920 Harzé, Belgium ABSTRACT The European Machine Vision Association
More informationThe Digital Dog. Exposing for raw (original published in Digital Photo Pro) Exposing for Raw
Exposing for raw (original published in Digital Photo Pro) The Digital Dog Exposing for Raw You wouldn t think changing image capture from film to digital photography would require a new way to think about
More information15-meter Infrared Camera
15-meter Infrared Camera Camera 1/3 Sony 960H Super HAD II High Resolution CCD Sensor Employs Sony Enhanced Effio-E Digital Signal Processor (DSP) chip-set Board Lens 3.6mm / F2.0 0.01 Lux with built-in
More informationFig.1. The DAWN spacecraft
Introduction Optical calibration of the DAWN framing cameras G. Abraham,G. Kovacs, B. Nagy Department of Mechatronics, Optics and Engineering Informatics Budapest University of Technology and Economics
More informationCalibration of a High Dynamic Range, Low Light Level Visible Source
Calibration of a High Dynamic Range, Low Light Level Visible Source Joe LaVeigne a, Todd Szarlan a, Nate Radtke a a Santa Barbara Infrared, Inc., 30 S. Calle Cesar Chavez, #D, Santa Barbara, CA 93103 ABSTRACT
More informationSENSITOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EOS C300 DIGITAL CINE CAMERA
WHITE PAPER SENSITOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EOS C300 DIGITAL CINE CAMERA Updated June 19, 2012 Written by Larry Thorpe Professional Engineering & Solutions Division, Canon U.S.A., Inc. For more info:
More informationExperimental Evaluation of Museum Case Study Digital Camera Systems
Experimental Evaluation of Museum Case Study Digital Camera Systems Erin P. M. Smoyer, Lawrence A. Taplin, and Roy S. Berns Munsell Color Science Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester,
More informationDigital Camera Imaging Evaluation
Digital Camera Imaging Evaluation Presenter/Author J Mazzetta, Electro Optical Industries Coauthors Dennis Caudle, Electro Optical Industries Bob Wageneck, Electro Optical Industries Contact Information
More informationChapter 6 Telescopes: Portals of Discovery. How does your eye form an image? Refraction. Example: Refraction at Sunset.
Chapter 6 Telescopes: Portals of Discovery 6.1 Eyes and Cameras: Everyday Light Sensors Our goals for learning:! How does your eye form an image?! How do we record images? How does your eye form an image?
More informationA Proposal for OpenEXR Color Management
A Proposal for OpenEXR Color Management Florian Kainz, Industrial Light & Magic Revision 5, 08/05/2004 Abstract We propose a practical color management scheme for the OpenEXR image file format as used
More informationFilters for Digital Photography
Filters for Digital Photography LICHTFILTER Whether for analog or Digital Photography: The best results are achieved by using correction filters - not by digitally enhancing in a software program as once
More informationISSCC 2003 / SESSION 9 / TD: DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE AND SYSTEMS / PAPER 9.3
ISSCC 2003 / SESSION 9 / TD: DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE AND SYSTEMS / PAPER 9.3 9.3 Ultra-High Resolution Image Capturing and Processing for Digital Cinematography Albert Theuwissen 1, John Coghill, Lucian Ion,
More informationWe bring quality to light. MAS 40 Mini-Array Spectrometer. light measurement
MAS 40 Mini-Array Spectrometer light measurement Features at a glance Cost-effective and robust CCD spectrometer technology Standard USB interface Compatible with all Instrument Systems measuring adapters
More informationMYSTERIUM-X. A new sensor to REDOne camera. By Alfonso Parra AEC
MYSTERIUM-X. A new sensor to REDOne camera. By Alfonso Parra AEC Two years have passed since we published our REDone camera version 17 in this Cameraman magazine. Only two years! And now we are going back
More informationZEISS Axiocam 506 color Your Microscope Camera for Imaging of Large Sample Areas Fast, in True Color, and High Resolution
Product Information Version 1.0 ZEISS Axiocam 506 color Your Microscope Camera for Imaging of Large Sample Areas Fast, in True Color, and High Resolution ZEISS Axiocam 506 color Sensor Model Sensor Pixel
More informationThe Array Scanner as Microdensitometer Surrogate: A Deal with the Devil or... a Great Deal?
The Array Scanner as Microdensitometer Surrogate: A Deal with the Devil or... a Great Deal? Don Williams Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY, USA, 14650-1925 ABSTRACT Inexpensive and easy-to-use linear
More informationComputer Vision. Image acquisition. 25 August 2014. Copyright 2001 2014 by NHL Hogeschool and Van de Loosdrecht Machine Vision BV All rights reserved
Computer Vision Image acquisition 25 August 2014 Copyright 2001 2014 by NHL Hogeschool and Van de Loosdrecht Machine Vision BV All rights reserved j.van.de.loosdrecht@nhl.nl, jaap@vdlmv.nl Image acquisition
More informationUnderstanding Network Video Security Systems
Understanding Network Video Security Systems Chris Adesanya Panasonic System Solutions Company adesanyac@us.panasonic.com Introduction and Overview This session will provide vendor neutral introduction
More informationEfficiency of a Light Emitting Diode
PHYSICS THROUGH TEACHING LABORATORY VII Efficiency of a Light Emitting Diode RAJESH B. KHAPARDE AND SMITHA PUTHIYADAN Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education Tata Institute of Fundamental Research V.
More informationPersonal Identity Verification (PIV) IMAGE QUALITY SPECIFICATIONS FOR SINGLE FINGER CAPTURE DEVICES
Personal Identity Verification (PIV) IMAGE QUALITY SPECIFICATIONS FOR SINGLE FINGER CAPTURE DEVICES 1.0 SCOPE AND PURPOSE These specifications apply to fingerprint capture devices which scan and capture
More informationImproved predictive modeling of white LEDs with accurate luminescence simulation and practical inputs
Improved predictive modeling of white LEDs with accurate luminescence simulation and practical inputs TracePro Opto-Mechanical Design Software s Fluorescence Property Utility TracePro s Fluorescence Property
More informationDesign of Prototype Scientific CMOS Image Sensors
PRE-PRINT: SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, 23-28 June 2008, Marseille, France Paper #7021-2 to be published in Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 7021 Design of Prototype Scientific CMOS Image
More information50-meter Infrared Vari-focal Camera
50-meter Infrared Vari-focal Camera Camera 1/3 Sony 960H Super HAD II High Resolution CCD Sensor Employs Digital Signal Processor (DSP) chip-set 2.8~12mm Board Lens 0 lux Minimum Illumination at F1.4 Maximum
More informationApplications: X-ray Microtomography, Streak Tube and CRT Readout, Industrial & Medical Imaging X-RAY GROUP
Now Powered by LightField FEATURES BENEFITS Back Illuminated CCD (248B) For highest sensitivity Front illuminated CCD (248F) Affordable technology for moderate light level applications Ultra low noise
More informationSpectroscopy Using the Tracker Video Analysis Program
Spectroscopy Using the Tracker Video Analysis Program Douglas Brown Cabrillo College Aptos CA 95003 dobrown@cabrillo.edu Spectroscopy has important applications in many fields and deserves more attention
More informationAF3-151E COLOR NEGATIVE FILMS (A) 1. FEATURES AND USES 2. SPEED
AF3-11E COLOR NEGATIVE FILMS [CH] (A) 1. FEATURES AND USES FUJICOLOR SUPERIA X-TRA 400 [CH] is a daylighttype ISO 400 color negative film that incorporates 4th Color and the newly developed Super Fine-
More informationHigh Definition Imaging
High Definition Imaging Scientific CMOS Camera Photon Technology International www.pti-nj.com Scientific CMOS Camera The new HDI camera is a breakthrough in scientific imaging cameras, due to its distinctive
More informationBASIC EXPOSURE APERTURES, SHUTTER SPEEDS AND PHOTO TERMINOLOGY
BASIC EXPOSURE APERTURES, SHUTTER SPEEDS AND PHOTO TERMINOLOGY EXPOSURE Exposure is the response of a photographic emulsion to light. The emulsion is made of a material (silver) that is sensitive to light.
More informationWhite paper. In the best of light The challenges of minimum illumination
White paper In the best of light The challenges of minimum illumination Table of contents 1. Introduction 3 2. The puzzle of light sensitivity 3 3. Do not be fooled! 5 4. Making the smarter choice 6 1.
More informationLecture 14. Point Spread Function (PSF)
Lecture 14 Point Spread Function (PSF), Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), Signal-to-noise Ratio (SNR), Contrast-to-noise Ratio (CNR), and Receiver Operating Curves (ROC) Point Spread Function (PSF) Recollect
More informationSpectroscopy. Biogeochemical Methods OCN 633. Rebecca Briggs
Spectroscopy Biogeochemical Methods OCN 633 Rebecca Briggs Definitions of Spectrometry Defined by the method used to prepare the sample 1. Optical spectrometry Elements are converted to gaseous atoms or
More information7 MEGAPIXEL 180 DEGREE IP VIDEO CAMERA
Scallop Imaging is focused on developing, marketing and manufacturing its proprietary video imaging technology. All our activities are still proudly accomplished in Boston. We do product development, marketing
More informationDigital Image Requirements for New Online US Visa Application
Digital Image Requirements for New Online US Visa Application As part of the electronic submission of your DS-160 application, you will be asked to provide an electronic copy of your photo. The photo must
More informationHow an electronic shutter works in a CMOS camera. First, let s review how shutters work in film cameras.
How an electronic shutter works in a CMOS camera I have been asked many times how an electronic shutter works in a CMOS camera and how it affects the camera s performance. Here s a description of the way
More informationDirect Measurements of Minimum Detectable Vapor Concentrations Using Passive Infrared Optical Imaging Systems
Direct Measurements of Minimum Detectable Vapor Concentrations Using Passive Infrared Optical Imaging Systems Paper # 25 Robert G. Benson a, Jeffrey A. Panek b, Paul Drayton b a Flir Systems Inc, 25 Esquire
More informationAperture, Shutter speed and iso
Aperture, Shutter speed and iso These are the building blocks of good photography and making good choices on the combination of these 3 controls will give superior results than you will get by using the
More informationTHE NATURE OF LIGHT AND COLOR
THE NATURE OF LIGHT AND COLOR THE PHYSICS OF LIGHT Electromagnetic radiation travels through space as electric energy and magnetic energy. At times the energy acts like a wave and at other times it acts
More informationFrom Pixel to Info-Cloud News at Leica Geosystems JACIE Denver, 31 March 2011 Ruedi Wagner Hexagon Geosystems, Geospatial Solutions Division.
From Pixel to Info-Cloud News at Leica Geosystems JACIE Denver, 31 March 2011 Ruedi Wagner Hexagon Geosystems, Geospatial Solutions Division What else can I do with my sensor/data? Earth to Image Image
More informationNederland België / Belgique
Cronus Brochure 2 Introduction Cronus: The first spectrometer and colorimeter in one The Cronus is world s first spectrocolorimeter combining a high en VIS spectrometer with a high speed XYZ colorimeter.
More informationscmos discover new ways of seeing andor.com Features and Benefits Scientific CMOS - Fast, sensitive, compact and light. Specifications Summary
Ultra Sensitive Imaging Low Light Imaging Features and Benefits Compact and light Ideal for integration into space restrictive set-ups 1.2 e - read noise Lower detection limit than any CCD 5.5 megapixel
More informationKODAK EKTACHROME 100 Professional Film
KODAK EKTACHROME 100 Professional Film TECHNICAL DATA / COLOR REVERSAL FILM July 2007 E-27 KODAK EKTACHROME 100 Professional Film is a daylight-balanced color transparency film designed to meet the special
More informationSolar Cell Parameters and Equivalent Circuit
9 Solar Cell Parameters and Equivalent Circuit 9.1 External solar cell parameters The main parameters that are used to characterise the performance of solar cells are the peak power P max, the short-circuit
More informationHigh Resolution Spatial Electroluminescence Imaging of Photovoltaic Modules
High Resolution Spatial Electroluminescence Imaging of Photovoltaic Modules Abstract J.L. Crozier, E.E. van Dyk, F.J. Vorster Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Electroluminescence (EL) is a useful
More information2 Absorbing Solar Energy
2 Absorbing Solar Energy 2.1 Air Mass and the Solar Spectrum Now that we have introduced the solar cell, it is time to introduce the source of the energy the sun. The sun has many properties that could
More informationMultispectral stereo acquisition using 2 RGB cameras and color filters: color and disparity accuracy
Multispectral stereo acquisition using 2 RGB cameras and color filters: color and disparity accuracy (a) and Bernhard Hill (b) (a) Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision (b) Research Group Color and
More informationWhite paper. CCD and CMOS sensor technology Technical white paper
White paper CCD and CMOS sensor technology Technical white paper Table of contents 1. Introduction to image sensors 3 2. CCD technology 4 3. CMOS technology 5 4. HDTV and megapixel sensors 6 5. Main differences
More informationLBS-300 Beam Sampler for C-mount Cameras. YAG Focal Spot Analysis Adapter. User Notes
LBS-300 Beam Sampler for C-mount Cameras P/N SP90183, SP90184, SP90185 and SP90186 YAG Focal Spot Analysis Adapter P/N SP90187, SP90188, SP90189, SP90190, SP90191 User Notes Ophir-Spiricon Inc. 60 West
More informationD/N VANDAL RES. VARI-FOCAL IR DOME CAMERA
D/N VANDAL RES. VARI-FOCAL IR DOME CAMERA PIH-0746XW/0746XS INSTRUCTION MANUAL IMPORTANT SAFEGUARDS CAUTION RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK DO NOT OPEN CAUTION TO REDUCE THE RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT REMOVE
More informationKODAK PLUS-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2402
AS-45 KODAK PLUS-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2402 KODAK PLUS-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2402 is a panchromatic, negative camera film with medium speed, medium-high contrast, and extended red sensitivity for the reduction
More informationIXOLAR TM High Efficiency SolarMD.
IXOLAR TM High Efficiency SolarMD. Description IXOLAR TM SolarMD is an IXYS product line of Solar Module made of monocrystalline, high efficiency solar cells. The IXOLAR TM SolarMD is an ideal for charging
More informationOptical Communications
Optical Communications Telecommunication Engineering School of Engineering University of Rome La Sapienza Rome, Italy 2005-2006 Lecture #2, May 2 2006 The Optical Communication System BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
More informationpco.edge 4.2 LT 0.8 electrons 2048 x 2048 pixel 40 fps 37 500:1 > 70 % pco. low noise high resolution high speed high dynamic range
edge 4.2 LT scientific CMOS camera high resolution 2048 x 2048 pixel low noise 0.8 electrons USB 3.0 small form factor high dynamic range 37 500:1 high speed 40 fps high quantum efficiency > 70 % edge
More informationHow to Choose the Right Network Cameras. for Your Surveillance Project. Surveon Whitepaper
How to Choose the Right Network Cameras for Your Surveillance Project Surveon Whitepaper From CCTV to Network, surveillance has changed from single professional-orientated technology to one integrated
More information16 th IOCCG Committee annual meeting. Plymouth, UK 15 17 February 2011. mission: Present status and near future
16 th IOCCG Committee annual meeting Plymouth, UK 15 17 February 2011 The Meteor 3M Mt satellite mission: Present status and near future plans MISSION AIMS Satellites of the series METEOR M M are purposed
More informationHow To Use An Edge 3.1 Scientific Cmmos Camera
edge 3.1 scientific CMOS camera high resolution 2048 x 1536 pixel low noise 1.1 electrons global shutter USB 3.0 small form factor high dynamic range 27 000:1 high speed 50 fps high quantum efficiency
More informationColor Accurate Digital Photography of Artworks
Color Accurate Digital Photography of Artworks Robin D. Myers Better Light, Inc. 30 October 2000 2000 Better Light, Inc., all rights reserved. Introduction In the world of photography, some colors are
More informationWHITE PAPER. Methods for Measuring Flat Panel Display Defects and Mura as Correlated to Human Visual Perception
Methods for Measuring Flat Panel Display Defects and Mura as Correlated to Human Visual Perception Methods for Measuring Flat Panel Display Defects and Mura as Correlated to Human Visual Perception Abstract
More informationACTION AND PEOPLE PHOTOGRAPHY
ACTION AND PEOPLE PHOTOGRAPHY These notes are written to complement the material presented in the Nikon School of Photography Action and People Photography class. Helpful websites: Nikon USA Nikon Learn
More informationRealization of a UV fisheye hyperspectral camera
Realization of a UV fisheye hyperspectral camera Valentina Caricato, Andrea Egidi, Marco Pisani and Massimo Zucco, INRIM Outline Purpose of the instrument Required specs Hyperspectral technique Optical
More informationFUJICOLOR CRYSTAL ARCHIVE DIGITAL PAPER TYPE DPII
AF3-212E COLOR NEGATIVE PAPERS FUJICOLOR CRYSTAL ARCHIVE DIGITAL PAPER TYPE DPII 1. FEATURES AND USES FUJICOLOR CRYSTAL ARCHIVE DIGTAL PAPER TYPE DPII is a silver halide color paper designed exclusively
More informationSynthetic Sensing: Proximity / Distance Sensors
Synthetic Sensing: Proximity / Distance Sensors MediaRobotics Lab, February 2010 Proximity detection is dependent on the object of interest. One size does not fit all For non-contact distance measurement,
More informationhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.906346
Stephanie Fullerton ; Keith Bennett ; Eiji Toda and Teruo Takahashi "Camera simulation engine enables efficient system optimization for super-resolution imaging", Proc. SPIE 8228, Single Molecule Spectroscopy
More informationA high accuracy, small field of view star guider with application to SNAP.
A high accuracy, small field of view star guider with application to SNAP. Aurélia Secroun and Michael Lampton Space Sciences Laboratory, U.C. Berkeley Michael Levi Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
More informationQuality Control of Full Field Digital Mammography Units
Quality Control of Full Field Digital Mammography Units Melissa C. Martin, M.S., FACMP, FACR, FAAPM Melissa@TherapyPhysics.com 310-612-8127 ACMP Annual Meeting Virginia Beach, VA May 2, 2009 History of
More informationAssessments of LEDs IESNA LM-79, LM-80 & LM-82
Assessments of LEDs IESNA LM-79, LM-80 & LM-82 by Rolf S. Bergman Consultant 4/30/2012 1 ALA M Outline of Presentation Background Information EPA Energy Star specifications NVLAP Accreditation IESNA Technical
More informationNEW 35MM CMOS IMAGE SENSOR FOR DIGITAL CINE MOTION IMAGING
WHITE PAPER NEW 35MM CMOS IMAGE SENSOR FOR DIGITAL CINE MOTION IMAGING Written by Larry Thorpe Professional Engineering & Solutions Division, Canon U.S.A., Inc. For more info: cinemaeos.usa.canon.com !
More informationColor holographic 3D display unit with aperture field division
Color holographic 3D display unit with aperture field division Weronika Zaperty, Tomasz Kozacki, Malgorzata Kujawinska, Grzegorz Finke Photonics Engineering Division, Faculty of Mechatronics Warsaw University
More informationKODAK PANATOMIC-X AEROGRAPHIC II Film 2412 KODAK PANATOMIC-X AERECON II Film 3412
AS-112 KODAK PANATOMIC-X AERECON II Film 3412 and KODAK PANATOMIC-X AERECON II Film 3412 are panchromatic, black-and-white aerial camera films with extended red sensitivity and intermediate speed. Both
More informationIntegration of a passive micro-mechanical infrared sensor package with a commercial smartphone camera system
1 Integration of a passive micro-mechanical infrared sensor package with a commercial smartphone camera system Nathan Eigenfeld Abstract This report presents an integration plan for a passive micro-mechanical
More informationS-Log: A new LUT for digital production mastering and interchange applications
S-Log: A new LUT for digital production mastering and interchange applications Hugo Gaggioni, Patel Dhanendra, Jin Yamashita (Sony Broadcast and Production Systems) N. Kawada, K. Endo ( Sony B2B Company)
More informationDigital Image Basics. Introduction. Pixels and Bitmaps. Written by Jonathan Sachs Copyright 1996-1999 Digital Light & Color
Written by Jonathan Sachs Copyright 1996-1999 Digital Light & Color Introduction When using digital equipment to capture, store, modify and view photographic images, they must first be converted to a set
More informationHoneywell Night Vision Security. The Night Hawk Advantage
Honeywell Night Vision Security The Night Hawk Advantage What is Night Vision Security? Most crimes happen at night the challenge to the security professional is to ensure the video footage is effective
More informationStudy of the Human Eye Working Principle: An impressive high angular resolution system with simple array detectors
Study of the Human Eye Working Principle: An impressive high angular resolution system with simple array detectors Diego Betancourt and Carlos del Río Antenna Group, Public University of Navarra, Campus
More informationAxioCam MR The All-round Camera for Biology, Medicine and Materials Analysis Digital Documentation in Microscopy
Microscopy from Carl Zeiss AxioCam MR The All-round Camera for Biology, Medicine and Materials Analysis Digital Documentation in Microscopy New Dimensions in Performance AxioCam MR from Carl Zeiss Both
More informationGE Medical Systems Training in Partnership. Module 8: IQ: Acquisition Time
Module 8: IQ: Acquisition Time IQ : Acquisition Time Objectives...Describe types of data acquisition modes....compute acquisition times for 2D and 3D scans. 2D Acquisitions The 2D mode acquires and reconstructs
More informationSelecting the Right CCTV Camera
Introduction Regardless of the technologies you use to design and implement a CCTV security system, there are a number of issues that must be addressed in all situations. First, what information do you
More informationOutline. Quantizing Intensities. Achromatic Light. Optical Illusion. Quantizing Intensities. CS 430/585 Computer Graphics I
CS 430/585 Computer Graphics I Week 8, Lecture 15 Outline Light Physical Properties of Light and Color Eye Mechanism for Color Systems to Define Light and Color David Breen, William Regli and Maxim Peysakhov
More informationAPPLICATION NOTE. Basler racer Migration Guide. Mechanics. www.baslerweb.com. Flexible Mount Concept. Housing
62 62 APPLICATION NOTE www.baslerweb.com Basler racer Migration Guide This paper describes what to consider when replacing the Basler L100 Camera Link or the Basler runner Gigabit Ethernet (GigE) line
More informationD/N VARI-FOCAL IR CAMERA
D/N VARI-FOCAL IR CAMERA PIH-0364X/0368X/0384X/0388X W/S INSTRUCTION MANUAL IMPORTANT SAFEGUARDS 1. Read Instructions All the safety and operating instructions should be read before the unit is operated.
More informationIntroduction to Digital Resolution
Introduction to Digital Resolution 2011 Copyright Les Walkling 2011 Adobe Photoshop screen shots reprinted with permission from Adobe Systems Incorporated. Version 2011:02 CONTENTS Pixels of Resolution
More information