7. Roman Imperialism in the East and West

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1 Cf. CHAPTER IX Course: Introduction to Roman History Instructor: Michel Cottier 7. Roman Imperialism in the East and West REMEMBER THAT THE FIRST PART OF THIS SESSION WILL BE DEVOTED TO OUR FIRST IN-CLASS TEST (20% OF THE FINAL MARK) WHICH WILL OCCUPY US FROM 5:10 PM UNTIL 6:00 PLACE NAMES AND OTHER GEOGRAPHICAL DETAILS TO BE ABLE TO LOCALIZE ON A MAP: On map, p. 89 = IMAGE 1: Macedon (kingdom of); Pydna (city of Macedon); Athens, Corinth and Sparta (Greek cities); Byzantium (Greek city on the Bosphorus); Ephesus, Pergamum and Magnesia-by-Sipylum (cities of Asia Minor); island of Rhodes; Apamea (city of northern Syria); Mediolanum (modern Milan) and Pisa (cities of northern Italy); Numantia, New Carthage and Gades (Spaniard cities). CHRONOLOGY (*DATES TO REMEMBER): * BC: Gallic Wars and conquest of northern Italy. * : Second Punic War. * BC: First Macedonian War. The Romans with the help of the Aetolian League fight against the Macedonians BC: The Aetolians conclude a separate peace with Philip V BC: The Romans are therefore forced to do the same (Peace of Phoenice [a town in Epirus]) BC: Philip V's campaign in the Aegean Sea. 200 BC: The Romans and Attalus I of Pergamum defend Athens and the Piraeus against Philip V. * BC: Second Macedonian War, Philip V against a coalition composed of Rome, Egypt, Pergamum (Attalus I), Rhodes, Byzantium and the Aetolian League. - *197 BC: Battle of Cynoscephalae ('Dog's Heads', in Thessaly), Titus Quinctius Flamininus defeats Philip V. - *196 BC: A severe treaty is imposed by Rome on Philip V who is confined within Macedonia, loses its fleet and his possessions in Greece and Asia Minor, and is asked to pay important war indemnity. Flamininus proclaims the freedom and independence of the Greek states at the Isthmian Games (near Corinth) : Colonization of northern Italy, i.e. the region called by the Romans Cisalpine Gaul. 197 BC: Creation of the two Iberian provinces: 'Hispania Citerior' (Nearer Spain = the eastern coastal strip) and 'Hispania Ulterior' (Farther Spain = the south-east coast and the Guadalquivir valley). 195 BC: Rome's war against Nabis, king of Sparta. 194 BC: (Summer) The last Roman troops led by Flamininus leave Greece. 192 BC: Disappointed for not having received no other Greek territory than the city of Phocis and the western part of Thessaly after Cynoscephalae, the Aetolians call upon Antiochus III to 'liberate' Greece. * BC: War of the Romans against Antiochus III BC: Antiochus III is defeated at Thermopylae. The war then moves to the east under the joint command of Lucius Cornelius Scipio and his older brother Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus. - *190 BC: Battle of Magnesia-by-Sipylum (Magnesia ad Sipylum), the Romans defeat Antiochus III. - *188 BC: Peace of Apameia/Apamea, Asia Minor is divided between Rhodes and Pergamum. Rhodes replaces Egypt as the naval power in the Aegean.

2 187 BC: Death of Antiochus III. 183 BC: Death of both Publius Scipio Africanus and Hannibal. 179 BC: Death of Philip V and accession of his son, Perseus. * BC: Third Macedonian War. - *168 BC: Battle of Pydna, Lucius Aemilius Paullus defeats king Perseus (who will die in captivity in Italy in 165 or 162) BC: The Macedonian kingship is abolished and Macedon is split into four republics. The Achaean League is punished for its lukewarm attitude during the war and 1,000 Achaean hostages (including Polybius) are taken to Rome. Seventy towns of Epirus are destroyed and about 150,000 people are sold as slaves. Not only do the Romans deprive Rhodes of its possession on the coast of Asia Minor (in Caria and Lycia), but they also make Delos a tax-free port that they give to Athens BC: Sixth Syrian War. Failed attempt by Ptolemy VI Philometor ('Mother-loving') to recapture Phoenicia. Antiochus IV captures Cyprus and invades the whole of Egypt apart from Alexandria. However, the king is forced to abandon his invasion and to give up Cyprus because of the threats of the delegate of the Roman Senate (Gaius Popilius Laenas) BC: Lusitanian War against Viriathus/Viriatus BC: Celtiberian War BC: Scipio Aemilianus starves, captures and destroys by fire the city of Numantia. For this action he gains the title 'Numantinus'. * BC: Fourth Macedonian War. Macedon becomes the Roman province of Macedonia. * BC: Third Punic War. The city is captured by P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus in the spring of 146 (as a consequence of this success Scipio received the title 'Africanus'). Creation of the Roman province of Africa (north and central Tunisia). *146 BC: Rebellion of the Achaean League against Rome. Lucius Mummius sacks and razes the city of Corinth. The Achaen League is dissolved. *133 BC: Death of Attalus III, king of Pergamum. Having no direct heirs, the king bequeaths his kingdom to the Roman people. A few years later it will be turned into the Roman province of Asia. ROMAN IMPERIALISM IN THE EAST (points to keep in mind): - The three major Hellenistic kingdoms in the third and second century BC were: a. The Antigonid kingdom (= Macedon, Thrace and different parts of Greece). b. The Seleucid kingdom (= Asia Minor, northern Syria, Mesopotamia, Persia and the eastern part of Alexander the Great's ex-empire). c. The Ptolemaic/Lagid kingdom (= Egypt, Cyrenaica, Phoenicia, several islands in the Aegean and some cities along the coast of Asia Minor). - During that same period there were also two minor powers: 1. The Attalid kingdom (the northwest corner of Asia Minor, centered around Pergamum). 2. The island of Rhodes. - In Greece the three major city-states of the past, Athens, Sparta and Thebes, still maintain part of their previous power. However, two leagues played major roles in mainland Greece at that time: in central Greece the Aetolian League and in the Peloponnesus the Achean League.

3 ROMAN IMPERIALISM IN THE WEST (points to keep in mind: - Straight Roman territorial imperialism in northern Italy and Spain. How to explain this? a. Fear to lose control over territories vital for the security of Rome. b. No possibility of indirect control through city-states, monarchies or simply political élite sharing the same set of cultural and political values. Therefore, outright conquest was the only possible solution from the Roman point of view. - In northern Italy, in the region called by the Romans Cisalpine Gaul (= 'Gaul lying this side of the Alpes', i.e., south of the Alps), military action which had been interrupted by the Second Punic War restarted on a larger scale and was completed by the creation of a series of Roman and Latin colonies (see map on the inside cover of your textbook = IMAGE 2): Mediolanum (already captured in 222 BC; refounded in 196 BC), Placentia and Cremona (both in 190 BC), Bononia (modern Bologna; 189 BC), Parma [between Placentia and Mutina but not on the map] and Mutina (both in 183 BC), Aquileia and Pisa (both in 181 BC), Luca (178 BC) and Luna (177 BC). Another option was to re-settle restless populations (Ligurians near Beneventum in Campania). Finally, the creation of a network of roads ensured communications and the diffusion of Roman culture and Latin language; IMAGE 3: cf. in 187 BC the construction of the 'Via Aemilia' linking Ariminum to Placentia. IMAGE 4: Results of this program of colonization: 1. The land south of the Po was occupied by settlers from peninsular Italy. 2. The northern part of the plain remained largely in the hands of its Gallic inhabitants who were thus called by the Romans 'Transpadani' ('those who dwell beyond [from the Roman perspective] the river Po'). - IMAGE 5: In Spain the legendary mineral wealth of the country linked with the fertility of its soil attracted the interest of Roman politicians. To pay the cost of administration the Romans used the produce of the tribute ('stipendium') and of regular taxes. If the tribute was imposed on all tribes and could be extremely heavy for the Spaniard communities => unrest and rebellion, regular taxes were rather low. Moreover, all communities were required to furnish troops to the Roman army. - From 195 to 194 BC, during the governorship of Marcus Porcius Cato (= Cato the Censor or Cato the Elder), the exploitation of the mines of Nearer Spain was contracted out to private contractors ('publicani'/publicans) thus providing new income for the provincial administration and employment for the poorer people living close to the mining districts. - The Third Punic War ( BC). If the Romans used the actions of Masinissa, king of Numidia, against Carthage as a pretext for attacking the Punic city, Masinissa on the other hand used Roman help to realize his territorial ambitions. Motives for the war are not that clear: a. Fear and hatred towards the traditional arch enemy. b. The conquest of Carthage would mean the disappearance of a commercial competitor for the trade in the western part of the Mediterranean. c. Acquisition of a rich agricultural territory at a time when the city of Rome itself may have counted about 400,000 inhabitants. d. In 152 BC Carthage had finished to pay her war indemnity and so time was ripe for her conquest! The conqueror of Carthage = Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Numantinus (185/4-129 BC). Son of Lucius Aemilius Paullus, the victor of Perseus in the Third Macedonian War, and adopted son of Publius Cornelius Scipio, son of Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, victor of Carthage during the Second Punic War. After the capture and destruction of Carthage the Roman province of Africa was created with a large part of its territory converted into 'ager publicus' ('public land') and thus opened to Italian traders and farmers. For his help Masinissa added the rest of Carthage ex-territories to his Numidian kingdom.

4 - Rebellions in Spain were temporarily quelled after the Lusitanian and Celtiberian wars. CONCLUSION: ROMAN IMPERIALISM = 1. A defensive imperialism from 200 to 148 BC. 2. A conscious imperialism from 148 to 133 BC. FOR THE NEXT CLASS (10 OCTOBER): A. '8. Roman Life and Culture from 264 to 133 BC': - Read Chapters X-XI of your textbook. - Sources to read: Nos. 3-6, pp = Cicero, About the Republic / The Digest of Law (Ulpian) / FIRA 2, p. 405 / FIRA 2, p. 407 (All on justice and law). Nos , pp = Columella, On Agriculture , and Pliny the Younger, Letters 2.17 (Farms and vacation villas). No. 128, pp = Polybius, History of the World (Funeral of an important man). No. 164, pp = Plautus, The Pot of Gold (Tradesmen and craftsmen). No. 175, pp = Livy, A History of Rome (War bonds). No. 198, pp = Diodorus Siculus, The History of the World (Captives of war). Nos , pp = Martial, Epigrams 3.94 / Pliny the Elder, Natural History / Juvenal, Satires , , / Tacitus, Annals / CIL / CIL / Petronius, Satyricon , 98.1 / Pliny the Younger, Letters 3.14 / Diodorus Siculus, The History of the World, fragments of book 34:2 (Slavery: cruelty and revolts). No. 335, p. 298 = Livy, A History of Rome , 2, 8-11, 14 (Reaction in 195 BC of some Roman women against the Oppian Law of 215 BC). Nos , pp = Livy, A History of Rome 39.8, 9, 14, 17, 18 and CIL (Bacchic rites and their suppression in 186 BC). Justice and law = nos. 3-6, pp. 9-11: Cicero, About the Republic / The Digest of Law (Ulpian) / FIRA 2, p. 405 / FIRA 2, p Philosophy = nos , pp : Lucretius, About the Nature of the Universe , , / Lucretius, About the Nature of the Universe / Lucretius, About the Nature of the Universe , / Lucretius, About the Nature of the Universe , , / Lucretius, About the Nature of the Universe , , / Lucretius, About the Nature of the Universe , 72-79, / Seneca the Younger, Letters 48.7, 8 / Seneca the Younger, Letters 124.7, 14 / Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Providence 5.4, 6 / Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Anger 1.7.2, 3 / Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Constancy 5.4, 5; 8.3 / Seneca the Younger, Letters 65.21, 22 / Seneca the Younger, Letters 18.1, 3, 5, 6 / Seneca the Younger, An Essay about Providence 2.1-4; 4.1, 3, 6, Education = nos , , , and 238, pp , , , and : Plutarch, The Life of Marcus Cato / Quintilian, The Elements of Oratory , 15-17, 20 / Cicero, Letters to his Brother Quintus / Suetonius, A Book about Schoolteachers 9 / Quintilian, The Elements of Oratory / Tacitus, A Dialogue on Orators / Cicero, About the Orator / Cicero, Correspondence with Family and Friends / Suetonius, A Book about Schoolteachers 13. Religion = nos , 434, and , pp , , and : Martial, Epigrams / Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.2(3).10, 11 / Livy, A History of Rome / Livy, A History of Rome / Lucretius, About the Nature of the Universe , , Leisure activities = nos , 366, 377, and 389, pp , , 331, and : Strabo, Geography / Seneca the Younger, Letters 86.1, 4-6, 8, 11, 12 / Pliny the Younger, Letters 1.6 / Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars: Julius Caesar 10 / Terence, The Mother-in-Law

5 B. '9. The Policies of the Gracchi and their Consequences': - Read Chapters XII-XIII in your textbook. - Read Sources: No. 187, pp : Appian, The Civil Wars 1.1.7, 9, 10, 11 (the 'ager publicus' and Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus' agrarian law). Roman army before Marius' reforms: nos , pp = Polybius, History of the World , 26 (5,7,10), 31 (10-14), 33 (6, 7, 12), 34 (5-11), 37-39, and Livy, A History of Rome Triumph of a Roman general: no. 293, pp = Zonaras, Epitome 7.21.

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