Urban Research Symposium 2007

Transcription

1 Urban Research Symposium 2007 World Bank Washington D C May 14-16, 2007 Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara, MEXICO USA MEXICO Part VI. Session 1. MC 4-800: Understanding the Slums Guadalajara Dr. Edith Jimenez and Dr. Maria Luisa Garcia University of Guadalajara Population: Area: 400 km 2 Rate of Growth: 1.9 % Source: INEGI, 2005 & own estimates, 2007

2 Aim Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara, MEXICO Irregular Settlements Explores the potential of applying to policy making: ZAPOPAN GUADALAJARA A Participative Method As an alternative to the TONALA Top Down Method TLAQUEPAQUE Source: Adriana Fausto Brito, 2005 Irregular Settlements Began: Public Policies Began: 1960s 1970s

3 Design of the Study To have a common departure point Participants were given: The 3 stages of the Workshop 1. Evaluation of 12 Past Policies Marked level of Acceptance: 1-10 Chose an option for each policy: 2. & 3. Evaluation of 9 Future Policies Actions: for the policy to work An initial Diagnosis A list of 12 Past Policies A list of 9 Future Policies a. Unchanged b. Modified c. Discarded & Why Advantages: circumstances in favour Obstacles: hindrances to success Priority: Order of what should be done Feasibility: Possibilities of success (i.e. what can be done)

4 Design of the Study 1. Stage Evaluation of 12 Past Policies 2. & 3. Stages Evaluation of 9 Future Policies Discussion and consensus in 5 Groups Results handed in written on forms Individual interactive work Each policy was pinned to a polystyrene board on a wall Participants were asked to write: Actions (for the policy to work) (Use white cards) Advantages (circumstances in favour) (Use green cards) Obstacles (hindrances to success) (Use red cards) (Marked from 1-10) (Marked from 1-10) Priority (What should be done) Feasibility (What can be done) 2 Stage 3 Stage

5 Main Results: 12 Past Policies Evaluation of public policies applied during the years POLICIES EVALUATION MADE BY THE TEAMS GROUPS I II III IV V Mark given Acceptance 1. Construction of housing, urbanizing land and providing credits from federal organizations High 2. Creation of territorial reserves High 3. Regularization of land tenure on communal property High 4. Regularization of land tenure on private property High 5. Planning High 6. Control of irregular settlements High 7. Imprisonment of illegal developers Moderate 8. Forcible eviction Moderate 9. Relocation of inhabitants Moderate 10. Laxity Rejected 11. Corruption Rejected 12. Demolition Rejected Source: Own elaboration on the basis of answers from those attending seminar in Note: 0 = Policy not evaluated, 1 = Policy completely rejected 2 = Policy should continue but with modifications 3 = Policy should continue unchanged

6 Main Results: 12 Past Policies ( ) Degrees of Acceptance & Suggested Changes 1. Level of acceptance High: 6 Moderate: 3 Rejected: 3 Not all policies had same level of acceptance Creation of land reserves, Land titling, Building housing Imprisonment of illegal developers, Forcible eviction & Relocation Laxity, Corruption and Demolition 2. Suggested changes Institutional changes Development of skills Budget If policies are to work ALL polices needed changes Local, not federal management of housing programmes For titling land, for public consultation, for citizen planning A fixed % of the National GDP to be allocated to housing programmes

7 Priority & Feasibility Main Results: 9 Future Policies Trying to reach an agreement on policies related to land Highly Conflictive a) High Priority Policies were judged to have only Slight Chances of being applied Example: Continuity of policies through successive administrations b) Polices that were given High Priority by some were given Low Priority by others Example: Apply a regulation for the creation of Territorial Reserves c) Optimistic view Very important Chances of being applied 5 policies None Pessimistic view Very important Any chance of being applied 1 policy None

8 Main Results: 9 Future Policies Evaluation of practices and policies proposed for future application (relative importance and chances of success) Policies Optimistic view* Pessimistic view** Priority Feasibility Priority Feasibility 1. Legislate for governments to continue with policies and planning introduced before the start of each new administration Systematic punishment for those who sell or settle in dangerous areas Provide secure land tenure to all irregular settlements not located in risky or protected areas on private property Regularization of land tenure by means of direct negotiations between the municipality and communal land owners Apply the regulation for expropriating private and communal land designated for Territorial Reserves in the Urban Development Plans of the municipalities Facilitate the participation of organized civil society in the acquisition of cheap land Create a State Institute of Land and Housing to make proposals, provide continuity and monitor the policies of all the municipalities Guarantee security of tenure in all irregular settlements on communal land that are not located in risky places Managing irregular land as a valid alternative for gaining access to land Source: Own elaboration based on answers given by those attending seminar in * Simple average. Does not take into account the divergence of opinions. ** Average with standard deviation. Takes the divergence of opinions into account.

9 Divergence of opinions: Relevance & Consequences Participatory Method: By consensus for policies directed to irregular settlements Analysis of 12 past policies: Level of Acceptance & Suggested changes Pinpoints: Particular changes need to be taken to improve the application of policies The order in which they should be worked on Analysis of 9 future policies: Actions + Advantages + Obstacles / Priority + Feasibility Proposed Actions, considering: Favourable circumstances Obstacles to be overcome More realistic None of the policies has any chance of being applied The participatory method tried and tested in Guadalajara Urban planning of Jalisco, but also Has potential for general application in: Other areas of policymaking Other places IMPLICATIONS Partly explains why irregular settlements continue to develop RECOMMENDATIONS Change method of Design & Evaluation: From: Top Down to Participatory, to reach CONSENSUS