Working to Conserve Key Species: EWS-WWF s Marine Turtle Conservation Project. Envirocities emagazine

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1 42 Working to Conserve Key Species: EWS-WWF s Marine Turtle Conservation Project Envirocities emagazine

2 43 Issue 6, Sep 2013 Emirates Wildlife Society - WWF Dubai United Arab Emirates Marine turtles are some of the planet s oldest animals. Today, there are seven species of marine turtles. One of these species is the Hawksbill turtle, which is present in Gulf waters. However, it is critically endangered, and it is the goal of the EWS-WWF Marine Turtle Conservation Project is to research these turtles in order to thoroughly understand their conservation needs. There is little data on marine turtles in the waters surrounding the Arabian Peninsula, and even less is known about their migration patterns and foraging grounds. EWS-WWF s research aims to identify the turtle s migratory patterns and feeding grounds. Knowing the feeding grounds of the turtles can also help identify the areas that are important to the prosperity of marine life in the gulf. This in turn can guide the design of future conservation programmes and measures to help ensure the protection and survival of this species, as well as help to maintain the balance of marine eco-systems. Conserving marine turtles is important because of their role in the intricate marine ecosystem and because they contribute to keeping coral areas and underwater grass areas clean and cropped by feeding on them. Also, by assessing their status and numbers; insights can be gained into the overall environmental health of an area. Over the last three years, EWS-WWF has travelled to a number of known nesting sites in the region (UAE, Oman, Qatar and Iran) to fit satellite transmitters to 75 Hawksbill turtles during the nesting seasons. This feat required camping out and scanning beaches at night, closely watching for female Hawksbills emerging from the sea to find a quiet suitable spot to deposit their precious eggs. Tagging the turtles allows scientists to follow and track their movements via satellite transmitter. Satellite transmitters are fitted to the top of the turtle s shell in a painless process and secured using a combination of fibreglass and resin. The transmitter sends a signal when the turtle surfaces to breathe; giving the location of that turtle on a map and therefore allowing the EWS-WWF conservation team to pinpoint key areas used by the turtles in need of protection. The EWS-WWF conservation team has worked with partners in the UAE, Oman, Qatar and Iran as part of the Marine Turtle Conservation Project. Marine Research Foundation based in Malaysia is the scientific advisor to the Marine Turtle Conservation Programme. EWS- WWF also works with government authorities, as well as environmental and research organisations in the UAE, Oman, Qatar and Iran. These partners are integral to the success of the project. Tagged Turtle: EWS - WWF, photo by Gumasha A Magazine for the Environmental Center for Arab Towns

3 44 EWS-WWF Marine Turtle Conservation Project Team UAE Emirates Marine Environment Group (EMEG) Sharjah EPAA Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi (EAD) Oman Ministry of Environment & Climate Affairs Environment Society of Oman (ESO) Qatar Ministry of Environment Qatar University Ras Laffan Industrial City Iran Wildlife & Aquatic Affairs Bureau of Iran Envirocities emagazine

4 45 Issue 6, Sep 2013 Map of Tagging locations Marine Turtle Conservation Project Lifecycle of Marine Turtles The physiological design and biological adaptations of sea turtles have remained unchanged for millions of years. There are certain aspects of their natural history that set them far apart from most marine inhabitants. When physiologically ready, turtles migrate from their feeding grounds to established nesting areas, where males and females mate. After mating, female turtles take two to four weeks to arrive to a beach to lay their first clutch of eggs. They may return up to eight more times to lay again in the same season, but four or five times is the norm. Each nest contains around 100 eggs, which take about 60 days to incubate. The eggs only hatch after dark, when the sand surface cools. The hatchlings have to find their way up through the sand for two or three day, and then they crawl down the beach, heading straight into the sea. These little turtles use the moonlight, wave direction and the Earth s magnetic fields for guidance. They swim frenziedly for one day to get as far offshore as possible, then for a few more as a safety measure. For several years, they simply float like plankton on the ocean's surface before migrating from oceanic waters to shallow feeding grounds. These years at sea are typically called the lost years because this is when scientists are least able to study them. A Magazine for the Environmental Center for Arab Towns

5 46 Between the ages of five to 10 years, the juvenile turtles grow some cm in length. They remain at their feeding grounds for five to 10 years or more, until they reach sexual maturity when they first migrate as adults to the mating and nesting areas. This final part of the cycle is then repeated. Threats Suffering an 80% global loss of population in just three generations, Hawksbill turtles are listed as critically endangered by the IUCN Red List. Threats to their habitat through coastal development, accidental catch in fisheries, targeted egg harvesting and climate change severely threaten their chances of survival. The Marine Turtle Conservation Project, working with its partners region-wide, is working to stem these losses in the GCC region. Harvesting eggs at nesting beaches, loss of adequate nesting habitats, incidental mortality due to marine fisheries and degradation of marine habitats all contribute to the massive decline in marine turtle populations around the world. Turtle hatchlings face a number of challenges from: predators on land and if they make it to the sea, they face a whole new set of threats such as sharks and dolphins. Survival is already a struggle, and human interference and activities in the last few decades such as placing plastic waste in the ocean, beach development and poaching has made their chances even slimmer. It is estimated only about two out of 1000 hatchlings survive into adulthood and breeding age. Globally Hawksbill turtles have been in demand for the beautiful, intricate designs on their shells, which made them attractive to artisans and jewellers. Thankfully, this trade has been curbed through various conservation efforts and is no longer a threat to these turtles. However, their population numbers have remained severely depleted since then. What can we do to encourage turtles to nest? Artificial light on beaches disturbs and deters adult females who are emerging to lay eggs. Because adult turtles do not like bright lights, they might not emerge from the sea where bright lights are shone and so it is important to reduce lighting used on the beaches, particularly in known nesting areas and during the nesting seasons. Although the research is still ongoing, EWS-WWF review their findings often to see if any patterns are emerging in the turtles migratory paths. The latest progress report, showed some interesting and fresh insights: Although the satellite transmission devices used to track the turtles migratory movements have a lifespan of days, there is still one turtle tagged from 2010, and four from 2011, that are still sending viable signals of their location. The first ever turtle tagged by the EWS-WWF conservation team, Helia, stopped transmitting after around 1125 days in early Turtles living in the Gulf are showing an interesting trend during the warmer months. The data shows a northward migration as the temperatures peaked. It is thought the turtles are moving towards cooler and deeper waters, during this period. Fun Facts 1. Turtles can live up to years old. 2. Temperature determines the sex of developing eggs in the nest. In cases where the eggs are warm, the resulting hatchling will be a female. Where the nests are cool, the offspring will be male. Typically a nest contains warm and cool areas, so each nest can produce males and females. 3. Turtles vision is much stronger underwater than it is on land. 4. A turtle can go without eating for several months! Turtles have a feeding or foraging ground, where they eat. However, when they travel to their nesting grounds, which could be thousands of miles away, they usually do not eat until they return to their foraging grounds. 5. Turtles do not sleep like humans do. They merely slow down and reduce activity to rest mode with their eyes closed. However, they are still awake enough to detect when they need oxygen, and that s when they resurface to breath. Recent Findings from the Marine Turtle Conservation Project Envirocities emagazine

6 47 Issue 6, Sep 2013 Tagged Turtle: EWS-WWF How can you support the project? In addition to minimizing your impact on beaches by avoiding the use of strong lights, refraining from littering and driving on the beach during nesting season, you can purchase symbolic turtle adoption packs to contribute to the project s efforts. These packs include a cuddly turtle toy, a symbolic adoption certificate, fun fact cards and a sticker to show your support. Go to ewswwf.ae to learn where you can purchase these packs. A Magazine for the Environmental Center for Arab Towns

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