MERCURY. Technical Note Revision: 0 No.: TN- 021

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1 No.: TN- 0 Date: Jan. 0, 00 Crystal manuacturer sine 973 Page o 6 Title: The eect o load capacitor on the crystal Why load capacitor is needed In early days, crystal manuacturer needed the whole equipment or at least the oscillator section o the equipment rom customers in order to correlate the oscillator requency or that particular equipment. Later on, additional crystal parameters such as C (motional capacitance), L (motional inductance), Co (shunt capacitance) were introduced to deine the crystal parameters. Crystal requency is primarily determined by its C and L. Figure shows the equivalent circuit o a crystal. Co is considered as an external load to the crystal. For more discussion o the crystal equivalent circuit please reer to Mercury technical note TN-0. From the equivalent circuit the resonant requency can be expressed as Equation π LC It is clear rom equation that ininite combinations o L and C can yield the same requency. This suggests crystals o same requency do not necessarily yield the same output requency even or the same oscillator circuit. Dierent Co (or example crystals made dierent manuacturers) and/or loading variations rom oscillators to oscillators can cause a wide spread o output requency. To compromise all these variables, Load capacitor was then introduced to better describe a crystal in a circuit. Load capacitor got its name because it is the capacitive load that the oscillator circuit loads onto the crystal or the capacitive load the crystal sees rom the circuit. To ways to use the load capacitors Load capacitor (C L ), connected with crystal either in series or in parallel, is normally used or ine tune the oscillator output requency. As shown in igure 5, and 3 the output requency can be pulled upward rom r (series resonant requency o the crystal) by series load capacitor or downward rom a (anti-resonant requency o the crystal) by parallel load capacitor. The amount o pulling (pull sensitivity) is determined by the C L value and the capacitance ratio (Co/C ) o the crystal. Crystal with series load capacitor In the case o series connection, the reactance part o the crystal is zero and the crystal acts like a pure resistor. Zero reactance means the oscillator loading does not exert much to the crystal. When order crystals or this type o circuit please speciy the loading condition as Series. Mercury part number, use HC-49/U MHz as an example, becomes H S. Advantage o series crystals is good requency correlation between user and the manuacturer and among manuacturers as well. However, stability o an oscillator circuit using parallel resonant crystal (discussed below) seems to be more stable than that o a comparable series oscillator circuit using series crystal.

2 No.: TN- 0 Date: Jan. 0, 00 Crystal manuacturer sine 973 Page o 6 Title: The eect o load capacitor on the crystal L C R r a requency Co Fig. : Crystal without load capacitor L C R r a requency CL Co Fig. : Crystal with series load capacitor L C R Co C L r a requency Fig. 3: Crystal with parallel load capacitor

3 No.: TN- 0 Date: Jan. 0, 00 Crystal manuacturer sine 973 Page 3 o 6 Crystal with parallel load capacitor Title: The eect o load capacitor on the crystal In the case o parallel connection, the reactance part o the crystal becomes inductive. This inductive reactance parallel resonates with crystal s shunt capacitance (Co) and operates the crystal above its r. To calibrate this oset, load capacitance (C L ) must be speciied. Mercury part number, use HC-49/U MHz with 0 pf load capacitance as an example, becomes H P. In the crystal manuacturing processes, manuacturer adjusts the crystal inal requency with a physical load capacitor to simulate the customer s circuit. Customers can predict a reasonable requency tolerance rom the manuacturer i the load capacitance is speciied correctly. The typical load capacitance o modern oscillator circuits ranges rom 8 to 3 pf. Typical values include 0,, 6, 8, 0, 30 and 3 pf. As seen rom igure 4 higher capacitive load makes the crystal requency go lower. CL8 pf CL3 pf Series resonance a requency r Fig. 4: Crystal reactance vs. requency Series crystal does exist but there is no such a thing called parallel crystal. A parallel crystal is a series crystal loaded with external capacitances and pulled away rom its series resonant requency (s). The parallel load resonant requency L is given to a good approximation by { C L S + } Equation ( C + C ) O L Equation 3 can be used to predict the eect o requency change with respect to the change in load capacitances (C L and C L ) or a particular crystal CL CL CL C ( C 0 + C L ) ( C 0 + C L ) Equation 3 Equation 3 suggests that crystals with smaller load capacitance tend to have higher pulling sensitivity (requency change per pf load capacitance change). Thereore, small C L value like 8 pf or smaller is not recommended. Equation 3 can also be expressed graphically as

4 No.: TN- 0 Date: Jan. 0, 00 Crystal manuacturer sine 973 Page 4 o 6 Title: The eect o load capacitor on the crystal I C Z R +jx Amp. X R. X 0 00 Fig. 5: Crystal reactance vs. requency C L (pf) Ra Cx Cx Pierce Oscillator Fig. 6: IC with built-in eedback loop Unlike in the old days one had to build his own crystal oscillators by using vacuum tubes, transistors or even logic gates, recent ASICs i timing signal is required all have integrated ampliier and integrated eedback resistor (R) inside the ICs. They are known as on-chip oscillator. Some ASICs do not have the integrated R. The most common on-chip-oscillator is the positive reactance type oscillator also known as Pierce oscillator as shown in igure 6. It provides economic timing signals or the device because only a ew external components required. C X and C X are two pi-network capacitors in series. The crystal (eectively inductive and to be connected to the X and X pins o the IC) parallel resonates with Cx and Cx in the eedback loop and provides approximately 80 phase shit. The ampliied signals rom the ampliier have 80 out-o-phase with its input signals. Loop gain greater than and 0 (an integer multiple o 360 ) phase shit are required to sustain oscillation. Instead o showing X and X some devices might show OSC and OSC. One example is Motorola MC68HC05JB4 micro controllers. This device can either take a 6 MHz parallel resonant crystal or a CMOS compatible external clock signal input (to OSC). Ra is normally not necessary i the drive level (current lows through the crystal) is kept below actory speciied value. Depends on the crystal requency and holder type, the drive level vary rom uw (or tuning ork crystal khz range in x6 or 3x8 tubular can), 00 uw (or UM- and UM-5 in MHz range), mw (or HC-49/U in MHz range) to mw (or HC-5/U in MHz range). Crystal will be degraded or even damaged i it is overdriven or a period o time. The output requency decreases or becomes unstable when supply voltage increases is an indication o an overdriven crystal. Decrease power supply voltage or increase Ra value will take care o this problem. Also, it is practical in the circuit design stage to have a way to trim the output oscillator requency. This can be achieved by adding series capacitor to each terminal o the crystal.

5 No.: TN- 0 Date: Jan. 0, 00 Crystal manuacturer sine 973 Page 5 o 6 Title: The eect o load capacitor on the crystal To improve the oscillator perormance Most o the IC data book will give detailed crystal speciications. But because o the variations rom layout to layout and applications to applications, using the pre-deined crystals does not guarantee the results. Dierent layout might have dierent stray capacitance. The stray capacitance is another part o the load that crystal sees in the oscillator circuit. Large stray capacitance reduces loop gain and stability. It can be kept to minimum by placing the crystal as close to the IC as possible, keep the trace short and ground the crystal. Most o the metal can crystals can be ordered with ground lead option. Ceramic packaged crystals such as Mercury MQ series have our contact pads and two o them are used or grounding purpose. Depends on the power requirement, the conductor width o the PCBs need to be optimized so that unwanted inductance won t be introduced. To prevent capacitive coupling do not route any digital signal near the X and X pins. Selection o the capacitor values Like Ra, Cx reduces current to the crystal and typically ranges rom 5 to 50 pf. Instead o using a voltage regulator in the system, Cx value can be increased to reduce the supply voltage eect on the requency stability. C X ranges rom 0 to 30 pf assuming the ampliier is an inverter. In some applications Cx is a ixed capacitor while C X is a variable capacitor so that the oscillator requency can be ine tuned to the desired requency mechanically. Higher Cx and Cx values tend to improve the requency stability but the increase o the current consumption, start-up time, propagation delay and narrower trimming range all need to be considered. Normally the crystal load capacitance is selected irst (mid range such as 0 pf is a good start-up) then Cx is chosen and then the Cx can be determined experimentally. Normally C X and C X are equal but not always true. C X and C X values control the voltages across the crystal. Voltage swings at X and X need to be controlled at rated values so that additional phase shit won t be introduced and the gain won t be attenuated at the ampliier section. I one likes to pick C X and C X irst then igure out the crystal load capacitance, the ollowing equations can be used to predict the C L o the crystal. The combined capacitive reactance o the C X and C X equals to the inductance reactance o the crystal. The reactance part o the ampliier, Z (in this case is inductive and X ωl, ωπ), parallel resonates with the series combination o the Cx and Cx. Thereore,, where Cx Equation 4 π LCx Cx Cx Cx + Cx

6 No.: TN- 0 Date: Jan. 0, 00 Crystal manuacturer sine 973 Page 6 o 6 Title: The eect o load capacitor on the crystal For more accurate calculation any stray capacitances in parallel need to be considered. Then, C L Cx Cx + Cx + Cx Cstray Equation 5 the oscillation requency becomes π L C L Equation 6 For a ixed requency, C L can be easily predicted by using equation 4, 5 and 6. Cstray is diicult to measure but 3 pf is a good assumption value. The eective C L value is normally smaller than the calculated C L value due to the ampliier input capacitance. Reerences. RCA CMOS integrated circuit s data book SSD-5C, application note ICAN-6086 Timekeeping Advances Through COS/MOS Technology.. Motorola High Speed CMOS Logic Data Book 3. Eaton, S.S. Micropower Crystal-Controlled Oscillator Design Using RCA COS/MOS Inverters, RCA Application Note ICAN Robert J. Matthys, Crystal Oscillator Circuits, Wiley-Intersciences, Okano Ohotaro, Quartz Crystal Devices, Hang Kuang, 998.

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