America s History Eighth Edi(on America: A Concise History Sixth Edi(on

Transcription

1 James A. Henretta! Eric Hinderaker! Rebecca Edwards! Robert O. Self! America s History Eighth Edi(on America: A Concise History Sixth Edi(on CHAPTER 27 Walking into Freedom Land: The Civil Rights Movement, Copyright 2014 by Bedford/St. Martin s

2

3 I. The Emerging Civil Rights Struggle, A. Life Under Jim Crow 1. South =Legalized Segregation for 15 million AA in South =Menial Jobs =Voting rights severely restricted 2. North =Greater Freedom but still marginalized and societal racism in communities

4 social reality Poll Taxes: Before you could vote, you had to pay taxes to vote. Most poor Blacks could not pay the tax so they didn t vote. Literacy Test: You had to prove you could read and write before you could vote. Once again, most poor Blacks were not literate. Grandfather clause: If your grandfather voted in the 1864 election than you could vote..most Blacks did not vote in 1864, so you couldn t vote.

5 The Struggle for African American Suffrage African American Vote After Slavery 1865 Civil War ends Reconstruction begins 1900s-1940s Jim Crow laws prevent African Americans from voting 1950s-1960s Civil Rights movement begins. 1870s Reconstruction ends. 15 th Amendment Plessy vs Ferguson effected social equality for Black Americans from 1896 to 1960 s

6 social reality Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896 Supreme Court legalized segregation throughout the nation. Separate but Equal as long as public facilities were equal Problem: Black facilities never equal to White facilities

7 civil rights

8

9 I. The Emerging Civil Rights Struggle, B. Origins of the Civil Rights Movement 1. World War II =Blacks getting closer to freedom and the realization of need and hope arises 2. Urban middle class =Jobs- Lawyers, ministers, labor leaders, teachers =Will be leaders of movement =Television will play huge role

10 I. The Emerging Civil Rights Struggle, C. World War II: The Beginnings 1. Executive Order 8802 =Threat of giant march creates opp in war time industries 2. The Double V Campaign =V in War and V in Civil Rights =CORE Congress of Racial Equality formed

11 I. The Emerging Civil Rights Struggle, D. Cold War Civil Rights 1. Civil Rights and the New Deal Coalition =Truman understands need for AA votes =Desegregates Military in 1948 =Splits party- Dixiecrats 2. Race and Anticommunism a) Seen as divisive at home b) Rationalized as way to discredit movement

12

13 I. The Emerging Civil Rights Struggle, E. Mexican and Japanese Americans 1. Mexican Americans =Similar- Barrios, segregated communities, schools 2. Japanese Americans =Have to recover from Internment and years of no immigration

14 I. The Emerging Civil Rights Struggle, F. Fighting for Equality Before the Law 1. Thurgood Marshall =Head lawyer for NAACP =Opens Maryland Law School to AA 2. Brown v. Board of Education =Marshall argues she was denied equal protection =Overturns Plessy v Ferguson =South responds with Southern Manifesto =Huge obstruction in South =Ike doesn t want to enforce until Little Rock 9

15

16

17 Brown vs. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas ü May 1954, the Supreme Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and the "separate but equal" doctrine. ü Segregation of children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional and discrimination. ü States ordered to integrate their schools. Brown vs. board

18

19 little rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas was the first high school in the South to integrate. 1958, President Eisenhower sent Federal troops to accompany the nine black students attending an all white high school...

20 II. Forging a Protest Movement, A. Nonviolent Direct Action Montgomery Bus Boycott= 1955 =Rosa Parks =Martin Luther King and the Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC) 2. Greensboro Sit-Ins= 1960 =NC Woolworths Lunch Counter =Desegregates

21 Martin Luther King, Jr. Leader for Black Civil Rights End Jim Crow Promote integration Increase voting rights Bring about a true democracy Rights deprived since Civil War Rosa parks Rosa Parks case led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott against segregation on public buses. Led by Martin Luther King, Jr. Montgomery City Government ended segregation.

22 Civil Disobedience In 1957 King helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). A group that used the authority and power of Black churches to organize non-violent protest to support the Civil Rights Movement. King believed in the philosophy used by Gandhi in India known as nonviolent civil disobedience. He applied this philosophy to protest organized by the SCLC. The civil disobedience led to media coverage of the daily inequities suffered by Southern Blacks. The televised segregation violence led to mass public sympathy. The Civil Rights Movement became the most important political topic during the early 60 s.

23 ! 1960, Greensboro, NC sit in at a Woolworth s lunch counter! Blacks were not allowed to sit a the counter because of Jim Crow laws.! Feel empowered and movement spreads

24 II. Forging a Protest Movement, A. Nonviolent Direct Action (cont.) 3. Ella Baker and SNCC =Student Non Violent Coordinating Committee =Students using nonviolence 4. Freedom Rides= CORE and SNCC =Looking to desegregate travel in South =Meet huge resistance; violence =JFK treads lightly until TV forces action

25

26 FREEDOM SUMMERS AND RIDERS During the summers of 1961 to 1964, groups of Civil Rights activists boarded buses bound for the South to register African Americans to vote. civil rights

27 civil rights

28 II. Forging a Protest Movement, B. Legislating Civil Rights, The Battle for Birmingham= Most Segregated City in America =Protests meet terrible violence (televised) =King jailed and writes Letter from B Jail 2. Pushes JFK to look at Civil Rights Bill -Medgar Evans (Pres of Miss NAACP) killed same night

29 Bull Connor

30 Southern White Response

31 Southern White Response

32

33 Letter From a Birmingham Jail King, wrote the leier ajer being arrested at a peaceful protest in Birmingham, Alabama. The leier was in response to a leier sent to him by eight Alabama Clergymen called, A Call For Unity. The men recognized that injusvces were occurring in Birmingham but believed that the bailes for freedom should be fought in the courtroom in not in the streets. In the leier, LeIer from Birmingham Jail, King jusvfied civil disobedience by saying that without forceful acvon, true civil rights would never be achieved. Direct acvon is jusvfied in the face of unjust laws.

34 Letters From a Birmingham Jail (cont.) In the letter King justifies civil disobedience in the town of Birmingham. I cannot sit idly in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. There can be no gain saying the fact that racial injustice engulfs this community. Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States. Its ugly record of brutality is widely known. Negroes have experienced grossly unjust treatment in the courts.

35 II. Forging a Protest Movement, B. Legislating Civil Rights, March on Washington and the Civil Rights Act =Aug of 1963, 250,000+ arrive at Lincoln Memorial =Key Speech is King s I Have a Dream =After JFK s death, LBJ pushes for Civil Rights Bill =June 1964= =outlaws employment discrimination =Fed gov can intervene in civil rights cases

36 II. Forging a Protest Movement, B. Legislating Civil Rights, (cont.) 3. Freedom Summer =Push= VOTING REGISTRATION =Volunteers from all walks of life in South =Mississippi Burning Case

37 Civil Rights Workers Andrew Goodman James Chaney Michael Schwerner Defendants Cecil Price Lawrence Rainey Wayne Roberts Edgar Ray Killen Sam Bowers FBI INVESTIGATORS Joseph Sullivan John Proctor

38

39 II. Forging a Protest Movement, B. Legislating Civil Rights, (cont.) 4. Selma and the Voting Rights Act =SCLC plans march from Selma to Montgomery =Reaction to slain Voting Rights Activist =Edmund Pettus Bridge= Met by State Troopers =Bloody Sunday shown on TV =Pushes LBJ on Voting Rights Act =Outlaws Literacy Tests =Allows Fed Gov to investigate voter registration issues

40 March from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery, Alabama to register to vote.. Two marches: March 3, 1965, 1 st march was unsuccessful. March 15, 1965, President Johnson introduced the Voting Rights Act.

41 March 21, 1965, MLK led a 2 nd march from Selma to Montgomery. President Johnson sent in the National Guard to protect marchers. Successful in registering 3200 African Americans. August 1965, President Johnson signed into law the Voting Rights Act.

42 African-American Civil Rights Law LBJ= Civil Rights President All are attempts to increase the accessibility of Voting Rights. Civil Rights Act of th Amend ment (1964) Voting Rights Act of 1965 Abolished the use of voter registration or a literacy requirement to discriminate against any voter. Banned the poll tax. Banned literacy tests in counties where over half of eligible voters had been disenfranchised. civil rights

43 civil rights

44 III. Beyond Civil Rights, A. Black Nationalism 1. Malcolm X= Charismatic Black Muslim member of Nation of Islam =Preaches militant separatism and violence in self defense =Black Community is more important than changing whites =Moderates views after trip to Mecca and breaks with NI =Assassinated by Nation of Islam in 1965

45 Segregation of Black people not integration was Malcolm X's message. Believed MLK was moving too slow. Nation of Islam Extremely personable; great speaker; becomes face of this phase of the movement.

46 Malcolm X X Born in Omaha Nebraska, Malcolm Little was the son of a Baptist preacher who urged Blacks to stand up for their rights. X His father was killed by White Supremacist in Michigan, in X After time, Malcolm moved to Harlem where he became involved in gambling, drug dealing and robbery. X Malcolm Was Arrested at the age of 20 for armed robbery. In jail he studied the teaching of the Elijah Muhammad.

47 Malcolm X Speaks, 1965 X Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone puts his hand on you, send him to the cemetery. X Nobody can give you freedom. Nobody can give you equality or justice or anything. If you're a man, you take it. X You can't separate peace from freedom because no one can be at peace unless he has his freedom.

48 Tension In The Nation Of Islam X X X X By the start of the 60 s Tension was growing in The Nation of Islam. Malcolm X was exposed to rumors that Elijah Muhammad had indulged in extramarital affairs. Ø Adultery is shunned in the Muslim doctrine. Malcolm Believed that Elijah Muhammad was jealous of his increasing popularity. The Nation of Islam blamed Malcolm X for his controversial remarks regarding John F. Kennedy Jr. His Chickens have come to Roost

49

50 III. Beyond Civil Rights, A. Black Nationalism 2. Black Power= CORE and SNCC want more =Black control of institutions and business in communities =Change in focus to poverty and social justice in urban areas =Racial Pride changes self-identity

51 Black Power! Black Power is a term that emphasizes racial pride and the desire for African Americans to achieve equality.! The term promotes the creation of Black political and social institutions. (MILITANT SEPARATION)! The term was popularized by Stokely Carmichael during The Civil Rights Movement.! Many SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) members were becoming critical of leaders that articulated non-violent responses to racism. Stokely Carmichael

52 Tommie Smith and John Carlos! Tommie Smith and John Carlos give the Black Power salute at the 1968 Summer Olympics.! The two men were suspended by the United States team and banned from Olympic village.! The action is considered a milestone of The Civil Rights Movement.

53

54 III. Beyond Civil Rights, A. Black Nationalism 3. Black Panther Party =1966 in Oakland, Ca by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale -Self Defense organization to protect blacks from white society and police =Oppose Vietnam War =Community projects overshadowed by violence =10 Point Plan

55

56

57 The Violent Panthers In the late 60 s party leaders got involved in violent confrontations with the police. The results was death on both sides. Huey Newton was tried in 1967 for killing a police officer. Black Panther activist Bobby Seale, was a member of the Chicago Eight. A group of eight people who disrupted the 1968 Democratic convention.

58 = Civil Rights turns militant with the creation of the Black Panther Party in 1965 Below is their 10 Point Plan 1. WE WANT FREEDOM. WE WANT POWER TO DETERMINE THE DESTINY OF OUR BLACK AND OPPRESSED COMMUNITIES. 2. WE WANT FULL EMPLOYMENT FOR OUR PEOPLE. 3. WE WANT AN END TO THE ROBBERY BY THE CAPITALISTS OF OUR BLACK AND OPPRESSED COMMUNITIES. 4. WE WANT DECENT HOUSING, FIT FOR THE SHELTER OF HUMAN BEINGS. 5. WE WANT DECENT EDUCATION FOR OUR PEOPLE THAT EXPOSES THE TRUE NATURE OF THIS DECADENT AMERICAN SOCIETY. WE WANT EDUCATION THAT TEACHES US OUR TRUE HISTORY AND OUR ROLE IN THE PRESENT-DAY SOCIETY.

59 6. WE WANT COMPLETELY FREE HEALTH CARE FOR All BLACK AND OPPRESSED PEOPLE. 7. WE WANT AN IMMEDIATE END TO POLICE BRUTALITY AND MURDER OF BLACK PEOPLE, OTHER PEOPLE OF COLOR, All OPPRESSED PEOPLE INSIDE THE UNITED STATES. 8. WE WANT AN IMMEDIATE END TO ALL WARS OF AGGRESSION. 9. WE WANT FREEDOM FOR ALL BLACK AND OPPRESSED PEOPLE NOW HELD IN U. S. FEDERAL, STATE, COUNTY, CITY AND MILITARY PRISONS AND JAILS. WE WANT TRIALS BY A JURY OF PEERS FOR All PERSONS CHARGED WITH SO-CALLED CRIMES UNDER THE LAWS OF THIS COUNTRY. 10. WE WANT LAND, BREAD, HOUSING, EDUCATION, CLOTHING, JUSTICE, PEACE AND PEOPLE'S COMMUNITY CONTROL OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY.

60 III. Beyond Civil Rights, A. Black Nationalism (cont.) 5. The New Urban Politics =AA slowly join political system, especially in urban areas where there numbers are large =Work within Democratic party =Numerous Mayors, legislators, etc and constantly increasing

61 civil rights

62 civil rights

63 III. Beyond Civil Rights, B. Poverty and Urban Violence 1. Urban violence =Riots, looting, protests =Harlem (64), Watts (65), Detroit (67) 2. Kerner Commission Report= Look at society = Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white separate and unequal. =Leads MLK to Poor People s Campaign and protesting of Vietnam and LBJ

64 Tragedy Strikes in 1968 Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King was fatally shot on April 4, 1968, by James Earl Ray while mobilizing support for the Poor People s Campaign, an effort to reduce economic injustice. King s death provoked violent riots in more than 120 cities. Following his death, many Americans lost faith in the idea of nonviolent change.

65 III. Beyond Civil Rights, C. Rise of the Chicano Movement 1. Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta =1962 organize United Farm Workers for Mexican Americans in California =Through strikes and Boycotts (Grapes) gain strength 2. Chicano= Organization of Mexican American/ Hispanic =Poverty, use of Spanish is schools, immigration policy

66

67 III. Beyond Civil Rights, D. The American Indian Movement 1. National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) =Looking at Poverty and discrimination, formed to see Native Americans as a single entity 2. Indians of All Tribes (IAT) and the American Indian Movement (AIM) =Alcatraz and Wounded Knee =Bring focus on issues

68