Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps A Program of the U.S. DOE

Transcription

1 Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2010

2 Prepared for: U.S. Department of Energy Prepared by: D&R International, Ltd Spring Street, Suite 500 Silver Spring, MD Authors: Jason West Marci Sanders

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Lighting Facts : A Tool to Track the LED Replacement Lamp Market 2 LED Replacement Lamps: An Overview 3 EISA Overview: Omnidirectional Lamps 4 Omnidirectional Lamps, Omnidirectional Lamps, DOE Energy Conservation Standard: Incandescent Reflector Lamps 8 Reflector Lamps, DOE Energy Conservation Standard: General Service Fluorescent Lamps 10 Four-Foot Linear Fluorescent Lamps, Other Important Considerations 11 Moving Forward: Navigating the Decade of Change 14

4 Executive Summary Higher minimum required efficacy levels for several types of common lamps (light bulbs) are on the horizon: On January 1, 2012, the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) will begin setting maximum allowed wattage levels from 2012 to 2014 for medium screw-base, general service lamps (referred to here as omnidirectional lamps ), which will effectively eliminate 40W, 60W, 75W, and 100W incandescent lamps. On July 14, 2012, the U.S. Department of Energy s (DOE) Energy Conservation Standard will go into effect, raising minimum required efficacy levels for incandescent/halogen reflector lamps and general service fluorescent lamps. On January 1, 2020, the second tier of EISA will go into effect, raising the minimum required efficacy levels for medium screw-base, general service lamps of all wattage levels. How do LED replacements for each of the lamp types affected by the legislation fare compared to the required performance levels and the incumbent technology? Many available LED replacement lamps are at least as efficient as the incandescent, halogen, and fluorescent products they re intended to replace, and they produce desirable light output levels. However, most LED replacement lamps do not produce enough light to match the light output of the incumbent technologies, especially high-wattage lamps. Additionally, many LED replacement lamps do not meet other product performance equivalency metrics, such as color rendering index (CRI), correlated color temperature (CCT), and light distribution. Omnidirectional lamps: LED replacements currently meet the upcoming standard efficacy levels, but most products on the market can only match the light output of 40W incandescent lamps and lower. Only a handful of LED products can match the light output of 60W incandescent lamps, but the number will likely increase as LED technology advances. Reflector lamps: LED replacements are available for a higher range of light output than omnidirectional LEDs, but are still missing for the highest levels (e.g., 90W halogen PAR38 replacements). Linear fluorescent lamps: LED replacements produce, on average, approximately half the total light of the T8 fluorescent products they are designed to replace. The efficacy of most LED replacements falls below the efficacy of T8 fluorescents. Evaluating light output and efficacy alone is not enough to compare LED products to other lighting technologies accurately. Rapidly developing technology: Despite the relative lack of high-performance LED replacement lamps available today, LED technology is rapidly developing and improved products are continually appearing on the market. DOE projections 1 show that the light output of LED packages (the light sources that LED replacement lamps are designed around) has been exhibiting and will continue to exhibit exponential growth, with much of the potential LED technology still untapped. Retailers, distributors, and lighting professionals should exercise due diligence when evaluating LED products. In 2008, DOE created the Lighting Facts program to ensure the accuracy of LED manufacturer performance claims and to enable an apples-toapples comparison of LED products. This snapshot uses data from over 800 products the total number of approved Lighting Facts products as of July This data is publicly available. All lighting stakeholders, including government and industry organizations, should focus on consumer education to avoid consumer disappointment and delayed market adoption of LEDs. As common incandescent lamps are essentially phased out by the upcoming legislation, the alternative products will cover a range of light output and wattage values that are not standardized or easily defined by equivalency metrics. Consumers will need to understand the meaning of lumens to accurately select lighting products that meet their needs. 1 DOE projections above are based on the Solid-State Lighting R&D Multi-Year Program Plan, available at www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/ techroadmaps.html. Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps

5 Introduction The lighting industry will undergo major changes in the next decade. Provisions of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) take effect in 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2020, raising the minimum efficacy standards for common lamps. At the same time, manufacturers are introducing products based on solid-state lighting (which primarily refers to LED products) and other more efficient technologies. This Product Snapshot presents up-to-date, independently verified performance data for LED replacement lamps in the context of the upcoming legislative requirements. This snapshot is designed to help readers gauge whether LED products will constitute a significant part of the replacement market for incandescent, halogen, and fluorescent lamps in the coming decade. Lighting Facts: A Tool to Track the LED Replacement Lamp Market To answer the question of how LED replacement lamp performance compares to the required performance levels mandated by the legislation and to the performance of incumbent technology, this snapshot draws from the database of Lighting Facts-approved products (available at Lighting Facts is a DOE-administered truth-in-advertising program for LED products. Here are some quick facts about the program: Five key performance metrics (light output in lumens, power consumption in watts, efficacy in lumens per watt, color rendering index (CRI), and correlated color temperature (CCT) in kelvin) are reported on the label and the online approved product list. A variety of product types are included, from manufacturers small and large, ranging from lighting industry veterans to entirely new companies. A majority of the LED industry has partnered with the program, including more than 100 organizations of each partner type (manufacturers, retailers/distributors, and lighting professionals). It is the largest database of its kind in existence, and more than 800 products were approved as of July Organizations interested in partnering with the program may sign up at The combination of these factors makes Lighting Facts a valuable source of information on the state of the LED replacement lamp market. The Lighting Facts database is rapidly growing, and to capture the most current and accurate information possible, DOE plans to update this Product Snapshot twice a year. To list a product on the approved product list, a manufacturer must first test the product in accordance with the industry-accepted test method for electrical and photometric measurements of solid-state lighting, IES LM , at an approved laboratory, then submit the test results and performance claims for independent verification by DOE. 2 2 As of September 2010, all product data on Lighting Facts is based on products that have been selected for testing by manufacturers. Lighting Facts has begun administering a quality assurance program that includes random, off-the-shelf product procurement; future versions of this snapshot may include such data. 2 Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2010

6 Figure 1A. Lighting Facts Approved Replacement Lamps vs. Luminaires Figure 1B. Lighting Facts Approved Replacement Lamps, by Type LED Replacement Lamps: An Overview LED replacement lamps make up almost half of all products approved by Lighting Facts (as shown in Figure 1A), while luminaires (i.e., LED fixtures) represent the remainder. Figure 1B shows further detail of replacement lamp types. Directional replacement lamps (replacements for reflector lamps like MR-16s, Rs, and PARs) make up almost three-quarters of the approved replacement lamps on Lighting Facts. Why are most LED replacement lamps directional? LED technology is inherently directional (light is emitted in a specific direction), in contrast to incandescent, halogen, and fluorescent lamps, which are omnidirectional (light is emitted in all directions). Manufacturers are investing in products that take advantage of the inherent directionality of LEDs. Also, transforming directional light into omnidirectional light is challenging from a technical standpoint, and almost always results in lower efficacy in the final product. Despite the prevalence of directional lamps approved by Lighting Facts, LED omnidirectional lamp replacements and LED replacements for linear T8 fluorescent lamps represent a significant segment of approved products, and will likely play an important role in the overall omnidirectional replacement lamp market. Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps

7 Table 1. EISA Standards for Omnidirectional Lamps Typical Lamp Wattage Rated Lumen Ranges Maximum Allowed Wattage after EISA Lamp Efficacy after EISA (lm/w) Effective Date 100 1,490 2, /12/ ,050 1, /1/ , /1/ /1/2014 All Lamps All Lamps 45 1/1/2020 Omnidirectional lamps approved by Lighting Facts may not in practice be true omnidirectional products, as their incandescent counterparts are. Manufacturers select product types from a drop-down list to better characterize their products and ensure that they can be compared to similar products. Lighting Facts does not currently verify product equivalency based on these types, including whether the light distribution matches the target incumbent product. Lighting Facts has started tracking light distribution data; future versions of this snapshot will include that information. EISA Overview: Omnidirectional Lamps Table 1 shows a summary of the EISA requirements for general service lamps by affected lamp wattage. From 2012 to 2014, new power consumption standards for general service lamps with light output from 310-2,600 lumens will take effect. Lamps with light output in the ranges of what are now 100W, 75W, 60W, and 40W incandescent products will not be allowed to consume more than 72W, 53W, 43W, and 29W, respectively. During this period, EISA requirements will apply to the manufacture and import, and not the sales, of general service lamps. Starting on January 1, 2020, lamps of all lumen values will be held to a single efficacy requirement of 45 lumens per watt. At this point, enforcement of the legislation will shift from manufacture and import to sales. In 2014, DOE will revisit the 2020 lamp efficacy requirement and will increase the requirement if necessary. EISA does not ban incandescent lamps; it increases the minimum efficacy levels for all general service lamps. Omnidirectional Lamps, Figure 2 shows the EISA requirements and replacement lamp product performance. Lamps with performance that falls in the gray areas will not comply with the EISA requirements and cannot be manufactured or imported starting on the effective dates set by the legislation. Common incandescent lamps, shown in orange, will not meet the requirements. 4 Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2010

8 Figure 2. Omnidirectional Lamp Performance Compared to EISA, Sources: Incandescent: Areas shown represent generally accepted performance values and are not generated by actual test data. Halogen: D&R International, 2010 ENERGY STAR CFL Market Profile, in press, to be posted at cfm?fuseaction=products_for_partners.showcfls via Ecos Consulting, CFL: ENERGY STAR Qualified Products List, LED: DOE Lighting Facts Approved Products List, July 2010, Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps

9 Which products will meet the EISA requirements? Halogen lamps, which are currently manufactured and marketed by all of the major lighting industry players as efficient alternatives to incandescent lamps, currently meet the EISA requirements. They will likely be a significant part of the lamp market well after the EISA provisions take effect. CFLs, which are already widely available as more efficient alternatives to incandescent lamps, meet the EISA requirements with a comfortable margin. LED replacement lamps, which have just started to become commercially available in the past two years, meet the EISA requirements for those products that fall within the applicable lumen ranges (based on the 32 omnidirectional replacement lamps approved by Lighting Facts). Other important considerations: The light output of most LED replacement lamps is only enough to meet the light output of 40W incandescent lamps, 3 though there are LED replacement lamps that do not even meet that level. Products that meet 60W incandescent light output equivalency are coming to market the three products in Figure 2 that meet this equivalency 4 were all approved in 2010, within months of the analysis for this report. The efficacy of LEDs is increasing rapidly, so there is tremendous potential for energy savings if the light output can match the levels consumers expect. 3 Consistent with ENERGY STAR s CFL requirements, 40W incandescent light output equivalency is generally accepted to be 450 lumens, but actual incandescent lamp light output may be lower, in some cases as low as 300 lumens. 4 For the purpose of this report, 60W incandescent light output equivalency is determined to be 800 lumens, consistent with the ENERGY STAR CFL equivalency level. Retailers, distributors, and lighting professionals need to verify the performance of LED replacement lamps to make informed product decisions. Omnidirectional Lamps, 2020 Figure 3 presents the EISA requirement for omnidirectional lamps in 2020, as well as the current performance values for LED, CFL, and halogen lamps. The sloped line shows the single efficacy requirement of 45 lumens per watt for all omnidirectional lamps. Which products will meet the EISA 2020 requirement? Current halogen products will not meet the EISA 2020 efficacy level. Most CFLs will meet the EISA 2020 efficacy level; approximately 90 percent of currently available CFLs already do so. Most LEDs will meet the EISA 2020 efficacy level; approximately 90 percent of currently available LED replacement lamps already do so. Other important considerations: LED technology is advancing rapidly. DOE projections show that the light output and efficacy of LED packages (the light sources used in LED replacement lamps and other LED products) are increasing rapidly. Both metrics are expected to double between 2010 and CFLs that meet the light output levels of the four common lamp wattages affected by EISA are already available. After the EISA provisions take effect, consumers will not be able to rely on the traditional 40W/60W/75W/100W wattage indicators to purchase light bulbs. Even if LEDs catch up to the light output levels of CFLs and the higher-wattage incandescent and halogen products they are designed to 6 Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2010

10 Figure 3. Omnidirectional Lamp Performance Compared to EISA, 2020 Sources: Halogen: D&R International, 2010 ENERGY STAR CFL Market Profile, in press, to be posted at via Ecos Consulting, CFL: ENERGY STAR Qualified Products List, LED: DOE Lighting Facts Approved Products List, July 2010, Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps

11 Table 2. DOE Energy Conservation Standards, Incandescent Reflector Lamps Lamp Wattage Lamp Type Diameter (inches) Voltage Lamp Efficacy (lm/w) (P = power) 40W - 205W Standard Spectrum >2.5 <2.5 > *P (0.27) < *P (0.27) > *P (0.27) < *P (0.27) 40W - 205W Medium Spectrum >2.5 <2.5 > *P (0.27) < *P (0.27) > *P (0.27) < *P (0.27) replace, there will be a range of wattages corresponding to any given light output by Stakeholders in the lighting industry should help educate consumers about lumens to help them make informed decisions when replacing their old incandescent lamps. DOE Energy Conservation Standard: Incandescent Reflector Lamps The DOE Energy Conservation Standard will take effect on July 14, 2012, setting minimum efficacy standards for general service fluorescent lamps and incandescent reflector lamps. Table 2 presents the efficacy requirements for incandescent reflector lamps. Lamp efficacy is determined by several factors, including the lamp s input power, spectrum, voltage, and diameter. of the reflector lamp market, it is useful to examine LED performance in the context of the incandescent efficacy requirements. Reflector Lamps, 2012 Figure 4 shows the DOE Energy Conservation Standard for reflector lamps compared to a sample of incandescent reflector lamps on the market and LED replacements approved by Lighting Facts. Will incandescent reflector lamps be able to meet the new standard? Yes. The standard for reflector lamps was written with the understanding that products would be on the market that would be able to meet the new requirements. Unlike EISA, the DOE Energy Conservation Standard affects only incandescent lamps, not LED lamps or CFLs. However, as LED replacement products may constitute a significant portion 8 Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2010

12 Figure 4. Performance of Incandescent Reflector and LED Replacement Lamps Sources: LED: DOE Lighting Facts Approved Products List, July 2010, Halogen MR16: DOE CALiPER Program, July 2010, www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/caliper.html. All other types: Online, publicly available manufacturer-reported data. Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps

13 The Lighting Prize The L-Prize ( is the first government-sponsored technology competition designed to spur lighting manufacturers to develop high-quality, highefficiency solid-state lighting products to replace the common light bulb. There are no products on the market that meet the strict requirements of the competition. How do LED replacement lamps compare to incandescent/halogen reflector lamps? In contrast with omnidirectional LED replacement lamps, which currently produce about 800 lumens or less, some directional LED replacement lamps on the market exceed 1,000 lumens. LED replacement lamp products that can match the lumen output of many incandescent reflector lamp types, including MR-16s, R20/ PAR20s, R30/PAR30s, and R38/PAR38s, are available. However, no currently available LED replacement lamps can meet the light output levels of high-wattage (e.g., 90W) PAR38s. The LED PAR38 replacement lamps on the market all fall below 1,100 lumens, while the incandescent lamps on the market exceed 1,500 lumens. (See Figure 4.) While not a precise indicator of LED replacement lamp performance, DOE predictions for LED package light output (growth at >20x per decade 5 ) suggests that this performance level may be attainable in the near future. Despite the gap at high lumen levels, there are significantly more directional than omnidirectional products on the market that meet existing light output levels. DOE Energy Conservation Standard: General Service Fluorescent Lamps Table 3 shows an overview of the DOE Energy Conservation Standard requirements for general service fluorescent lamps. Lamp efficacy for general service fluorescent lamps depends on the lamp type and CCT. This report focuses on 4-foot medium bipin fluorescent lamps because of the recent proliferation of LED replacements for this product type. 6 However, the DOE Energy Conservation Standard does not affect LED replacement lamps it pertains only to the fluorescent lamps they re designed to replace. Four-Foot Linear Fluorescent Lamps, 2012 Figure 5 shows the DOE Energy Conservation Standard compared to current T8 fluorescent products and LED replacement lamps. 5 DOE Solid-State Lighting Research and Development: Multi-Year Program Plan, March 2010, 6 For more information on LED replacements for 4-foot linear fluorescent lamps, see DOE s LED Application Series: LED Replacements for Four-Foot Linear Fluorescent Lamps Fact Sheet at apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/led-t8-flourescent-replacement.pdf. 10 Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2010

14 Table 3. DOE Energy Conservation Standards for General Service Fluorescent Lamps Lamp Type CCT (K) Lamp Efficacy (lm/w) 4-ft. Medium Bi-Pin 2-ft. U-Shaped 8-ft. Slimline 8-ft. High Output 4-ft. Mini Bi-Pin Standard Output 4-ft. Mini Bi-Pin High Output <4,500 >4,500 <7,000 <4,500 >4,500 <7,000 <4,500 >4,500 <7,000 <4,500 >4,500 <7,000 <4,500 >4,500 <7,000 <4,500 >4,500 <7, Will fluorescent lamps meet the new requirements? Yes. T8 fluorescent lamps already on the market meet the new DOE standard. How do LED replacement lamps compare to 4-foot linear fluorescent T8 lamps? Most LED replacement lamps do not exceed the efficacy level of the DOE 2012 fluorescent efficacy standard. The standard does not apply to LED lamps and is shown here for reference only. Most LED replacement lamps produce only about half of the light output of fluorescents. Based on light output and efficacy, LED replacement lamps for 4-foot T8 fluorescent lamps do not appear to be competitive with 4-foot T8 fluorescent lamps. Additional information on LED replacements for T8 fluorescent lamps is available in multiple DOE fact sheets, available at Other Important Considerations Evaluating light output and efficacy alone is not enough to accurately compare LED products to other lighting technologies. Stakeholders should consider other metrics such as CRI, CCT, light distribution, and lifetime before making a decision. This snapshot does not examine those metrics in detail, but an example is presented below to illustrate the importance of a comprehensive performance review. Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps

15 Figure 5. Performance of Four-Foot Linear Fluorescent and LED Replacement Lamps Sources: LED: DOE Lighting Facts Approved Products List, July 2010, Fluorescent: DOE CALiPER Program, July 2010, www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/caliper.html. Figure 6 shows the CRI and CCT of the same 32 LED omnidirectional replacement lamps shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. The three CCT descriptions that Lighting Facts uses warm white, bright white, and daylight are overlaid for reference. A CRI of 80 (considered acceptable for most indoor applications where color quality is important) is also overlaid. If a product buyer is interested only in warm white products with a CRI of 80 or above, the field of products shrinks by approximately half. This example shows that although all 32 of these products meet the EISA efficacy levels (as shown in Figure 2), they may not meet buyers other requirements (e.g., CRI, CCT, light distribution, and lifetime). All of these metrics must be considered when evaluating the performance of LED replacement lamps. 7 7 Lighting Facts has started tracking light distribution data, including zonal lumen density, beam angle, and center beam candlepower. Future versions of this report will examine these data. Lighting Facts does not currently track or verify product lifetime, but DOE has released recommendations on how the program may accomplish this. 12 Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2010

16 Figure 6. Color Performance of LED Omnidirectional Replacement Lamps Source: DOE Lighting Facts Approved Products List, July 2010, Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps

17 Moving Forward: Navigating the Decade of Change The next ten years will be marked by major changes in the lighting world, including the phasing out of incandescent lamps, and the simultaneous rapid improvement and market introduction of LED replacement lamps. There is potential for consumer confusion as the methods they have used to compare light bulbs for the past 100 years no longer work. To avoid this confusion, and to respond to requests from its Lighting Facts retail partners, DOE recently launched a consumer education program focused on lumens and the legislative provisions ahead. The Lighting Facts Product Snapshot will track the rapid changes in LED lighting technology, and assess which applications are appropriate for LED products as the technology develops and EISA s lighting provisions take effect. To receive updates to this snapshot and other news about Lighting Facts, visit 14 Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2010

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