Photosensors and Electronics for CTA and Opportunities for Industry. Richard White, University of Leicester CTA Industry Day, Daresbury, March 2014
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1 Photosensors and Electronics for CTA and Opportunities for Industry Richard White, University of Leicester CTA Industry Day, Daresbury, March 2014
2 γ-ray enters the atmosphere Electromagnetic cascade ~ 120 m ~ 100 m 2
3 Signal Cherenkov light: Faint 1 TeV gamma-ray à ~ 10 photons / m 200 m from impact à Big dishes Fast Lasts a few ns à Fast photosensors and electronics Blue Peaks at 350 nm à Blue sensitive photosensors Density [photons m -2 ] " 1000 " 100 " 0.2 TeV" 10 " 1 " 10 TeV" 1 TeV" 0.1 " 0" 200" 400" 600" 800" Core Distance [m]" Adapted from de La Calle Perez, Biller,
4 Background Night Sky Background (NSB) Stars, air-glow, Zodiacal light... Extra-galactic rate ~100 MHz (for 100m 2 dish, 0.15 o pix) à Can reduce using online triggering à Red sensitive photosensors are bad 4
5 Background Cosmic rays Rate dominates gamma-ray rate, even after NSB is reduced ~100 khz for ~100 GeV threshold à Offline image analysis Hadronic Cosmic Ray Gamma Ray 400m Images seen by a telescope from Jamie Holder 5
6 The Camera An example from HESS 960 PMT pixels Angular pixel size: 0.16 Camera diameter: 5 FoV (1.4 m) 6
7 NB: They are BIG
8 The Camera An example from HESS Highly pixelated, fixed (16 ns) exposures 8
9 Photosensor Requirements Efficiency As close to one as possible but historically closer to 0.2 in the blue, and as close to 0 as possible in the red. Speed 0.1 pe/ns Night Sky Background (NSB), typical signal in a pixel ~3 ns FWHM Photosensor (or preamp.) response ~3 10 ns FWHM desirable for triggering (depending on energy range that the camera targets) Dark count rate < NSB Rate of high amplitude pulses Trigger limitation - afterpulsing/optical cross-talk Reliability 15 year life time 9
10 Electronics Three basic tasks: Trigger Flashes of Cherenkov light, random rate O(kHz) Multi-level: threshold, multiple pixel, multiple cameras Digitise Window O(100ns) - digitised only 0.01% of the time Integration window or waveform readout Waveform sampling ASICs or FADCs Read out Transfer data, inform array, synchronisation + slow control and monitoring 10
11 Electronics e.g. HESS Photonis PMT XP 2960 Active base DC-DC converter V HV & current readout Analog Ring Sampler (ARS) Samples PMT signal at 1 GHz 128 samples ring buffer Delays signal until trigger decision High/low gain channels for large dynamic range (> 2000 pe) Multiplexed ADC to digitize signal; FPGA Controls conversion and readout Optionally sums signals over readout window (16 ns) Parallel bus for readout,
12 The CTA Telescope Zoo MST LST SST Option 12 m diameter 5 cm pixel SST Options 4 m diameter primary 6 mm pixel 23 m diameter 5 cm pixel 4 m diameter 2 cm pixel SCT 9.5 m diameter primary 6 mm pixel 12
13 Cameras for CTA There are a range of camera developments From 2 m diameter, down to 40 cm But all contain: 1000s of photosensors Complex electronics MST & LST Options TARGET Module SST Options SCT 6 mm x 6 mm pixel ~2k pixels per camera ~20 mm hexagonal pixel ~1.3k pixels per camera 6 mm x 6 mm pixel ~10k pixels per camera 13
14 PMTs Classical Photomultipliers are still an effective solution for the MST and LST Both use 1.5 PMTs Scale à ~80,000 PMTs for CTA Development in collaboration with Hamamatsu and Electron Tube Enterprises: FWHM < 3 ns QE >40% R CHEC-M is based on MAPMs H10966A: 64 pixels per device, 6 mm x 6 mm pixels 34 purchased from Hamamatsu UK H10966A 14
15 SiPMs Silicon photomultipliers are a cost effective solution for the smallerpixel cameras Hamamatsu, Excelitas and SensL SiPMs SST Scale à ~70, ,000 SiPMs SCT Scale à ~200,000 SiPMs Development work is desirable to optimise SiPMs for CTA Reduce red sensitivity, increase blue sensitivity Reduce optical cross talk Geometry SiPM tiles assembled for ASTRI prototype SiPMs developed with Hamamatsu for the SST single mirror prototype 15
16 Electronics for CTA There are a variety of electronics being developed for the CTA cameras Complex geometries and functionality à All custom PCBs Mass production of PCBs: Many BGA parts such as ASICs and FPGAs Many simpler circuits, such as adapter boards Sub nanosecond time matching, 100s MHz bandwidth High density boards à small components A range of board sizes, up to ~30 x 30 cm High Reliability: Require lifetime of 15yrs for all camera electronics Electronics Scale: ,000 copies of each PCB and several 10 s of different PCBs 16
17 Example: The CHEC M Module 4 x 16 ch preamp 0.4 mv Noise 100 MHz bandwidth 4 x thick ribbon cable Impedance matched to preamp and TARGET Connection to backplane Gbit/s UDP LVDS sub-ns accurate Trigger signals TARGET ASIC Gsaps, 400 MHz bandwidth, mv noise, 100ns readout windows, 16 us buffer, analog sum trigger FPGA ASIC readout and serialisation Control and monitoring HV V 12 bit resolution
18 Opportunities Supply Photosensors, test equipment, auxiliary systems Manufacture PCB fabrication, population Develop For example, layout and routing of complex PCBs Test Electrical, Functional, Performance, Reliability / Environmental Component tests: EG Supply a complete and tested preamp module System tests with camera developers Groups need to provide a working camera to CTA System tests for CTA The consortium will perform independent design verification tests, and then, in mass production, acceptance tests 18
19 Opportunities All large component orders will go a procurement process for mass production Getting involved at the prototype stage (now) will help with successful bids later. 19
20 UK Specific Opportunities The UK is heavily invested in the SST through the development of CHEC Focusing on the SST provides the best opportunity for UK industry to be involved in photosensor and electronics for CTA The scale of a CHEC-based SST camera: Assuming: 70 cameras SiPMs: 145,000 pixels Preamplifiers: 9000 PCBs TARGET Modules: 5000 PCBs with ASICS and FPGAs Backplane: 70 extremely complicated, large PCBs DACQ: 150 extremely complicated, densely packed PCBs Aux: 70 x PSU and Chillers Goal cost: ~ 100,000 per camera 90% is photosensors and electronics 20
21 Time Scales 21
22 Time Scales CHEC-S 70 SSTs CHEC-M Mini-array Upgrades & Maintenance 22
23 Conclusion Many photosensors and electronics will be needed for CTA Reliability is crucial There is an opportunity for UK industry to be involved in supply, manufacture, development and testing CTA-UK have ambitions to produce a significant fraction of the final SST cameras
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