Cellular Respiration. Sylvia S. Mader BIOLOGY. Chapter 8: pp Insert figure 8.2 here. 10th Edition
|
|
|
- Gertrude Ramsey
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 8: pp BIOLOGY 10th Edition Cellular Respiration Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Insert figure 8. here and Cytoplasm e F ADH Mitochondrion Sylvia S. Mader glucose Glycolysis pyruvate Preparatory reaction Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis ADP ADP 4 ADP 4 total net gain ADP 3 ADP 3 or 34 or 34 PowerPoint Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 1 Copyright The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
2 Outline Cellular Respiration NAD+ and FAD Phases of Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Fermentation Preparatory Reaction Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport System Metabolic Pool Catabolism Anabolism
3 Cellular Respiration A cellular process that breaks down carbohydrates and other metabolites with the concomitant buildup of Consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide (CO ) Cellular respiration is aerobic process. Usually involves breakdown of glucose to CO and water Energy extracted from glucose molecule: Released step-wise Allows to be produced efficiently Oxidation-reduction enzymes include NAD + and FAD as coenzymes 3
4 Glucose Breakdown: Summary Reaction Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Oxidation C 6 H 1 O 6 + 6O 6CO + 6HCO + energy glucose Reduction Electrons are removed from substrates and received by oxygen, which combines with H+ to become water. Glucose is oxidized and O is reduced 4
5 NAD + and FAD NAD + (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) Called a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction. It can: Oxidize a metabolite by accepting electrons Reduce a metabolite by giving up electrons Each NAD + molecule used over and over again FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) Also a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction Sometimes used instead of NAD + Accepts two electrons and two hydrogen ions (H + ) to become FADH 5
6 Cellular Respiration Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. H O O and glucose enter cells, which release H O and CO. CO intermembrane space cristae Mitochondria use energy from glucose to form from ADP + P. ADP + P E. & P. Bauer/ zefa/ Corbis; (Bread, wine, cheese, p. 139): The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./ John Thoeming, photographer; (Yogurt, p. 139): The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./ Bruce M. Johnson, photographer 6
7 Phases of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration includes four phases: Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate Occurs in cytoplasm is formed Does not utilize oxygen Transition (preparatory) reaction Both pyruvates are oxidized and enter mitochondria Electron energy is stored in Two carbons are released as CO (one from each pyruvate) 7
8 Phases of Cellular Respiration Citric acid cycle Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion and produces and FADH In series of reaction releases 4 carbons as CO Turns twice (once for each pyruvate) Produces two immediate molecules per glucose molecule Electron transport chain Extracts energy from & FADH Passes electrons from higher to lower energy states Produces 3 or 34 molecules of 8
9 Glucose Breakdown: Overview of 4 Phases Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Cytoplasm and FADH Mitochondrion glucose Glycolysis pyruvate Preparatory reaction Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis 4 ADP 4 total net gain AD P 3 ADP 3 or 34 or 34 9
10 Glucose Breakdown: Glycolysis Occurs in cytoplasm outside mitochondria Energy Investment Steps: Two are used to activate glucose Glucose splits into two G3P molecules Energy Harvesting Steps: Oxidation of G3P occurs by removal of electrons and hydrogen ions Two electrons and one hydrogen ion are accepted by NAD + resulting two Four produced by substrate-level phosphorylation Net gain of two Both G3Ps converted to pyruvates 10
11 Glycolysis: Inputs and Outputs Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display inputs glucose NAD + Glycolysis outputs pyruvate ADP 4 ADP + 4 P 4 total net gain 11
12 Substrate-level Synthesis Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. enzyme ADP BPG 3PG 1
13 Glycolysis Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. and FADH glucose Glycolysis pyruvate Preparatory reaction Matrix Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis 4 ADP 4 total net ADP 3 ADP 3 or 34 or 34 NAD + 1. The cycle begins when an acetyl group carried by CoA combines with a C 4 molecule to form citrate. acetyl CoA Co A oxaloacetate C 4 citrate C 6 Citric acid cycle ketoglutarate C5 CO NAD +. Twice over, substrates are oxidized as NAD + is reduced to, and CO is released. 5. Once again a substrate is oxidized, and NAD + is reduced to. NAD + fumarate C4 succinate C4 FAD CO 4. Again a substrate is oxidized, but this time FAD is reduced to FADH. FADH 3. is produced as an energized phosphate is transferred from a substrate to ADP. 13
14 Glycolysis Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. enzyme ADP BPG 3PG 14
15 Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the Normal or Slide Sorter views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at 15
16 Pyruvate Pyruvate is a pivotal metabolite in cellular respiration If O is not available to the cell, fermentation, an anaerobic process, occurs in the cytoplasm. During fermentation, glucose is incompletely metabolized to lactate, or to CO and alcohol (depending on the organism). If O is available to the cell, pyruvate enters mitochondria by aerobic process. 16
17 Fermentation An anaerobic process that reduces pyruvate to either lactate or alcohol and CO passes its electrons to pyruvate Alcoholic fermentation, carried out by yeasts, produces carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol Used in the production of alcoholic spirits and breads. Lactic acid fermentation, carried out by certain bacteria and fungi, produces lactic acid (lactate) Used commercially in the production of cheese, yogurt, and sauerkraut. Other bacteria produce chemicals anaerobically, including isopropanol, butyric acid, proprionic acid, and acetic acid. 17
18 Fermentation Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. glucose A T P ADP G3P NAD + 4 ADP BPG +4 4 pyruvate or (net gain) CO lactate or alcohol 18
19 Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the Normal or Slide Sorter views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at 19
20 Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the Normal or Slide Sorter views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at
21 Fermentation Advantages Provides a quick burst of energy for muscular activity. Disadvantages Lactate is toxic to cells. Lactate changes ph and causes muscles to fatigue. Oxygen debt and cramping Efficiency of Fermentation Two produced per glucose of molecule during fermentation is equivalent to 14.6 kcal. 1
22 Products of Fermentation Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer
23 Products of Fermentation Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer 3
24 Products of Fermentation Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer 4
25 Efficiency of Fermentation Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. inputs glucose Fermentation outputs lactate or alcohol and CO ADP + P net gain 5
26 The Preparatory (Prep) Reaction Connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle End product of glycolysis, pyruvate, enters the mitochondrial matrix Pyruvate converted to -carbon acetyl group Attached to Coenzyme A to form acetyl-coa Electron picked up (as hydrogen atom) by NAD + CO released, and transported out of mitochondria into the cytoplasm 6
27 Preparatory Reaction Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. NAD + O OH C CoA C O + CoA C O + CO CH pyruvate 3 CH 3 acetyl CoA carbon dioxide pyruvate + CoA acetyl CoA + carbon dioxide 7
28 Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the Normal or Slide Sorter views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at 8
29 Mitochondrion: Structure & Function Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cristae: location of the electron transport chain (ETC) outer membrane inner membrane Matrix: location of the prep reaction and the citric acid cycle intermembrane space matrix cristae 45,000 Dr. Donald Fawcett and Dr. Porter/Visuals Unlimited 9
30 Glucose Breakdown: The Citric Acid Cycle A.K.A. Krebs cycle Occurs in matrix of mitochondria Begins by the addition of a two-carbon acetyl group to a four-carbon molecule (oxaloacetate), forming a six-carbon molecule (citric acid), FADH capture energy rich electrons formed by substrate-level phosphorylation Turns twice for one glucose molecule. Produces 4 CO,, 6 and FADH (per glucose molecule) 30
31 The Citric Acid Cycle Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. and FADH Glycolysis Preparatory reaction glucose pyruvate Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis ADP 4 ADP 4 total net 3 ADP ADP 3 or 34 or 34 NAD + 1. The cycle begins when an acetyl group carried by CoA combines with a C 4 molecule to form citrate. acetyl CoA CoA oxaloacetate C 4 citrate C 6 Citric acid cycle ketoglutarate C 5 CO NAD +. Twice over, substrates are oxidized as NAD + is reduced to, and CO is released. 5. Once again a substrate is oxidized, and NAD + is reduced to. NAD + fumarate C 4 succinate C 4 CO FAD 4. Again a substrate is oxidized, but this time FAD is reduced to FADH. FADH 3. is produced as an energized phosphate is transferred from a substrate to ADP.
32 Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the Normal or Slide Sorter views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at 3
33 Citric Acid Cycle: Balance Sheet Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. inputs acetyl groups 6 NAD + FAD ADP + P Citric acid cycle outputs 4 CO6 FADH
34 Electron Transport Chain Location: Eukaryotes: cristae of the mitochondria Aerobic Prokaryotes: plasma membrane Series of carrier molecules: Pass energy rich electrons successively from one to another Complex arrays of protein and cytochromes Cytochromes are respiratory molecules Complex carbon rings with metal atoms in center Receives electrons from & FADH Produce by oxidative phosphorylation Oxygen serves as a final electron acceptor Oxygen ion combines with hydrogen ions to form water 34
35 Electron Transport Chain The fate of the hydrogens: Hydrogens from deliver enough energy to make 3 s Those from FADH have only enough for s Spent hydrogens combine with oxygen Recycling of coenzymes increases efficiency Once delivers hydrogens, it returns (as NAD + ) to pick up more hydrogens However, hydrogens must be combined with oxygen to make water If O not present, cannot release H No longer recycled back to NAD + 35
36 Electron Transport Chain Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. e e e and e FADH e Glycolysis Preparatory reaction glucose pyruvate Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis 4 ADP 4 ADP total ADP net ADP ADP 3 or ADP 3 or ADP H + e - NAD + + H + -Q reductase P e - made by chemiosmosis coenzyme Q e - FADH e - FAD + H + cytochrome reductase e - cytochrome c ADP + P made by chemiosmosis e - cytochrome oxidase e - H + ADP + P made by chemiosmosis 1 / O H O 36
37 Organization of Cristae Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. and FADH glucose Glycolysis pyruvate Preparatory reaction Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis ADP 4 ADP 4 total net ADP 3 or ADP 3 or34 34 Electron transport chain -Q reductase H + cytochrome reductase coenzyme Q H + cytochrome c cytochrome oxidase H + FADH FAD H + + NAD + H + H + H + H + H + ADP + P H O 1 / O H + Matrix H + H + channel protein H + synthase complex H + H + Chemiosmosis Intermembrane space 37
38 Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the Normal or Slide Sorter views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at 38
39 Glucose Catabolism: Overall Energy Yield Net yield per glucose: From glycolysis From citric acid cycl From electron transport chain 3 Energy content: Reactant (glucose) 686 kcal Energy yield (36 ) 63 kcal Efficiency 39%; balance is waste heat 39
40 Overall Energy Yielded per Glucose Molecule Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Electron transport chain Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. glucose net A T P pyruvate glycolysis 4 or 6 acetyl CoA 6 CO 6 18 Citric acid cycle 4 CO FADH 4 P subtotal 4 6 O 6 H O subtotal 3 or or 38 total 40
41 Metabolic Pool: Catabolism Foods: Sources of energy rich molecules Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins Degradative reactions (Catabolism) break down molecules Tend to be exergonic (release energy) Synthetic reactions (anabolism) build molecules Tend to be endergonic (consume energy) 41
42 The Metabolic Pool Concept Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. proteins carbohydrates fats amino acids glucose glycerol fatty acids Glycolysis pyruvate acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain C Squared Studios/Getty Images. 4
43 Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the Normal or Slide Sorter views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at 43
44 Metabolic Pool: Catabolism Glucose is broken down in cellular respiration. Fat breaks down into glycerol and three fatty acids. Amino acids break down into carbon chains and amino groups Deaminated (NH removed) in liver Results in poisonous ammonia (NH 3 ) Quickly converted to urea Different R-groups from AAs processed differently Fragments enter respiratory pathways at many different points 44
45 Metabolic Pool: Anabolism All metabolic reactions part of metabolic pool Intermediates from respiratory pathways can be used for anabolism Anabolism (build-up side of metabolism): Carbs: Fats Start with acetyl-coa Basically reverses glycolysis (but different pathway) G3P converted to glycerol Acetyls connected in pairs to form fatty acids Not dietary carbohydrate RARELY converted to fat in humans! 45
46 Metabolic Pool: Anabolism Anabolism (cont.): Proteins: Made up of combinations of 0 different amino acids Some amino acids (11) can be synthesized from respiratory intermediates Organic acids in citric acid cycle can make amino acids Add NH transamination However, other amino acids (9) cannot be synthesized by humans Essential amino acids Must be present in diet or die 46
47 Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration H O O grana membranes O cristae H O ADP NADPH NADP + CO CH O enzymes CH O NAD + CO 47
48 Review Glycolysis Transition Reaction Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport System Fermentation Metabolic Pool Catabolism Anabolism 48
49 Chapter 8: pp BIOLOGY 10th Edition Cellular Respiration Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Insert figure 8. here Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. and Cytoplasm e F ADH Mitochondrion Sylvia S. Mader glucose Glycolysis pyruvate Preparatory reaction Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis ADP ADP 4 ADP 4 total net gain ADP 3 ADP 3 or 34 or 34 PowerPoint Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 49 Copyright The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
AP BIOLOGY CHAPTER 7 Cellular Respiration Outline
AP BIOLOGY CHAPTER 7 Cellular Respiration Outline I. How cells get energy. A. Cellular Respiration 1. Cellular respiration includes the various metabolic pathways that break down carbohydrates and other
Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration
Phases of aerobic cellular respiration 1. Glycolysis 2. Transition or Acetyl-CoA reaction 3. Krebs cycle 4. Electron transport system Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration These phases are nothing more than metabolic
008 Chapter 8. Student:
008 Chapter 8 Student: 1. Some bacteria are strict aerobes and others are strict anaerobes. Some bacteria, however, are facultative anaerobes and can live with or without oxygen. If given the choice of
Energy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism)
Energy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism) Large food molecules contain a lot of potential energy in the form of chemical bonds but it requires a lot of work to liberate the energy. Cells need
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
The correct answer is d C. Answer c is incorrect. Reliance on the energy produced by others is a characteristic of heterotrophs.
1. An autotroph is an organism that a. extracts energy from organic sources b. converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy c. relies on the energy produced by other organisms as an energy source
Summary of Metabolism. Mechanism of Enzyme Action
Summary of Metabolism Mechanism of Enzyme Action 1. The substrate contacts the active site 2. The enzyme-substrate complex is formed. 3. The substrate molecule is altered (atoms are rearranged, or the
Chapter 7 Active Reading Guide Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Name: AP Biology Mr. Croft Chapter 7 Active Reading Guide Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Overview: Before getting involved with the details of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, take a second
Chapter 14- RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
Chapter 14- RESPIRATION IN PLANTS Living cells require a continuous supply of energy for maintaining various life activities. This energy is obtained by oxidizing the organic compounds (carbohydrates,
AP Bio Photosynthesis & Respiration
AP Bio Photosynthesis & Respiration Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What is the term used for the metabolic pathway in which
Photosynthesis takes place in three stages:
Photosynthesis takes place in three stages: Light-dependent reactions Light-independent reactions The Calvin cycle 1. Capturing energy from sunlight 2. Using energy to make ATP and NADPH 3. Using ATP and
Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration. Chapter 8
Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration Chapter 8 Overview of Glucose Breakdown The overall equation for the complete breakdown of glucose is: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP The
1. Explain the difference between fermentation and cellular respiration.
: Harvesting Chemical Energy Name Period Overview: Before getting involved with the details of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, take a second to look at the big picture. Photosynthesis and cellular
What affects an enzyme s activity? General environmental factors, such as temperature and ph. Chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme.
CH s 8-9 Respiration & Metabolism Metabolism A catalyst is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. An enzyme is a catalytic protein. Hydrolysis of sucrose by
1. Enzymes. Biochemical Reactions. Chapter 5: Microbial Metabolism. 1. Enzymes. 2. ATP Production. 3. Autotrophic Processes
Chapter 5: Microbial Metabolism 1. Enzymes 2. ATP Production 3. Autotrophic Processes 1. Enzymes Biochemical Reactions All living cells depend on biochemical reactions to maintain homeostasis. All of the
How Cells Release Chemical Energy Cellular Respiration
How Cells Release Chemical Energy Cellular Respiration Overview of Carbohydrate Breakdown Pathways Photoautotrophs make ATP during photosynthesis and use it to synthesize glucose and other carbohydrates
Cellular Respiration An Overview
Why? Cellular Respiration An Overview What are the phases of cellular respiration? All cells need energy all the time, and their primary source of energy is ATP. The methods cells use to make ATP vary
Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase
Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase Pyruvic Acid Dehydrogenase Complex Pyruvate to ACETYL coa CC CoA + CO 2 Mitochondria 3 carbon Pyruvate to 2 carbon ACETYL Coenzyme A Pyruvate Acetyl CoA + CO 2 + NADH + H + CO2
Anabolic and Catabolic Reactions are Linked by ATP in Living Organisms
Chapter 5: Microbial Metabolism Microbial Metabolism Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions that occur within a living a living organism. These chemical reactions are generally of two types: Catabolic:
SOME Important Points About Cellular Energetics by Dr. Ty C.M. Hoffman
SOME Important Points About Cellular Energetics by Dr. Ty C.M. Hoffman An Introduction to Metabolism Most biochemical processes occur as biochemical pathways, each individual reaction of which is catalyzed
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Electrons carried in NADH Mitochondrion Glucose Glycolysis Pyruvic acid Krebs Cycle Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Electron Transport Chain Cytoplasm Mitochondrion
Cellular Respiration & Metabolism. Metabolism. Coupled Reactions: Bioenergetics. Cellular Respiration: ATP is the cell s rechargable battery
Cellular Respiration & Metabolism Metabolic Pathways: a summary Metabolism Bioenergetics Flow of energy in living systems obeys: 1 st law of thermodynamics: Energy can be transformed, but it cannot be
ATP accounting so far ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN & CHEMIOSMOSIS. The Essence of ETC: The Electron Transport Chain O 2
accounting so far The final stage of cellular respiration: ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN & CHEMIOSMOSIS Glycolysis 2 Kreb s cycle 2 Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to extract more energy than 4! There
Photosynthesis (CO 2 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 )
The vital role of A This is the energy-rich compound that is the source of energy for all living things. It is a nucleotide, comprising a 5C sugar (ribose); an organic base (adenosine); and 3 phosphate
-Loss of energy -Loss of hydrogen from carbons. -Gain of energy -Gain of hydrogen to carbons
Cellular Respiration- Equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 +6H20 and energy -The energy is released from the chemical bonds in the complex organic molecules -The catabolic process of releasing energy from food
Cellular Respiration. Chapter Outline. Before You Begin
8 Cellular Respiration Triathlete racing past photosynthesizing trees and vegetation. A triathlete racing a bike, a bacterium with undulating flagella, an ocelot climbing a tree, or a snail moving slowly
Cellular Respiration Stage 4: Electron Transport Chain
Cellular Respiration Stage 4: Electron Transport Chain 2006-2007 Cellular respiration What s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP ATP accounting so far Glycolysis 2 ATP Kreb s cycle 2 ATP Life takes
Todays Outline. Metabolism. Why do cells need energy? How do cells acquire energy? Metabolism. Concepts & Processes. The cells capacity to:
and Work Metabolic Pathways Enzymes Features Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity Membrane Transport Diffusion Osmosis Passive Transport Active Transport Bulk Transport Todays Outline -Releasing Pathways
BCOR 011 Exam 2, 2004
BCOR 011 Exam 2, 2004 Name: Section: MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. According to the first law of thermodynamics, A. the universe
* Is chemical energy potential or kinetic energy? The position of what is storing energy?
Biology 1406 Exam 2 - Metabolism Chs. 5, 6 and 7 energy - capacity to do work 5.10 kinetic energy - energy of motion : light, electrical, thermal, mechanical potential energy - energy of position or stored
Chapter 9 Review Worksheet Cellular Respiration
1 of 5 11/9/2011 8:11 PM Name: Hour: Chapter 9 Review Worksheet Cellular Respiration Energy in General 1. Differentiate an autotroph from a hetertroph as it relates to obtaining energy and the processes
CHAPTER 15: ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
CHAPTER 15: ANSWERS T SELECTED PRBLEMS SAMPLE PRBLEMS ( Try it yourself ) 15.1 ur bodies can carry out the second reaction, because it requires less energy than we get from breaking down a molecule of
Chapter 9 Mitochondrial Structure and Function
Chapter 9 Mitochondrial Structure and Function 1 2 3 Structure and function Oxidative phosphorylation and ATP Synthesis Peroxisome Overview 2 Mitochondria have characteristic morphologies despite variable
- Oxygen is needed for cellular respiration [OVERHEAD, fig. 6.2, p. 90 / 4th: 6.1] - lungs provide oxygen to blood, blood brings oxygen to the cells.
![- Oxygen is needed for cellular respiration [OVERHEAD, fig. 6.2, p. 90 / 4th: 6.1] - lungs provide oxygen to blood, blood brings oxygen to the cells.](/thumbs/40/21014327.jpg "- Oxygen is needed for cellular respiration [OVERHEAD, fig. 6.2, p. 90 / 4th: 6.1] - lungs provide oxygen to blood, blood brings oxygen to the cells.")
Cellular respiration - how cells make energy - Oxygen is needed for cellular respiration [OVERHEAD, fig. 6.2, p. 90 / 4th: 6.1] - ATP - this is provided by the lungs - lungs provide oxygen to blood, blood
RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION: AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC OXIDATION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES. Bio 171 Week 6
RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION: AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC OXIDATION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES Bio 171 Week 6 Procedure Label test tubes well, including group name 1) Add solutions listed to small test tubes 2) For
Microbial Metabolism. Biochemical diversity
Microbial Metabolism Biochemical diversity Metabolism Define Requirements Energy Enzymes Rate Limiting step Reaction time Types Anabolic Endergonic Dehydration Catabolic Exergonic Hydrolytic Metabolism
Biology 20 Cellular Respiration Review NG Know the process of Cellular Respiration (use this picture if it helps):
Biology 20 Cellular Respiration Review NG Know the process of Cellular Respiration (use this picture if it helps): 1) How many ATP molecules are produced for each glucose molecule used in fermentation?
Cellular Respiration Worksheet 1. 1. What are the 3 phases of the cellular respiration process? Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain.
Cellular Respiration Worksheet 1 1. What are the 3 phases of the cellular respiration process? Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain. 2. Where in the cell does the glycolysis part of cellular
CELL/ PHOTOSYNTHESIS/ CELLULAR RESPIRATION Test 2011 ANSWER 250 POINTS ANY WAY IN WHICH YOU WANT
CELL/ PHOTOSYNTHESIS/ CELLULAR RESPIRATION Test 2011 ANSWER 250 POINTS ANY WAY IN WHICH YOU WANT Completion: complete each statement. (1 point each) 1. All cells arise from. 2. The basic unit of structure
Figure 5. Energy of activation with and without an enzyme.
Biology 20 Laboratory ENZYMES & CELLULAR RESPIRATION OBJECTIVE To be able to list the general characteristics of enzymes. To study the effects of enzymes on the rate of chemical reactions. To demonstrate
Microbial Metabolism. Chapter 5. Enzymes. Enzyme Components. Mechanism of Enzymatic Action
Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism, including anabolic (biosynthetic) reactions and catabolic (degradative) reactions. Anabolism is
Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle
Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is not true of the reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? A) Biotin participates in the decarboxylation.
Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle
Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle Multiple Choice Questions 1. Production of acetyl-coa (activated acetate) Page: 603 Difficulty: 2 Ans: A Which of the following is not true of the reaction catalyzed by
Chapter 4. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Worksheets. 63 www.ck12.org
Chapter 4 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Worksheets (Opening image copyright by Derek Ramsey, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:monarch_butterfly_ Danaus_plexippus_Feeding_Down_3008px.jpg, and
Biology I. Chapter 8/9
Biology I Chapter 8/9 NOTEBOOK #1 Interest Grabber Suppose you earned extra money by having a part-time job. At first, you might be tempted to spend all of the money, but then you decide to open a bank
Evolution of Metabolism. Introduction. Introduction. Introduction. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7 & 8
How ells Harvest Energy hapter 7 & 8 Evolution of Metabolism A hypothetical timeline for the evolution of metabolism - all in prokaryotic cells!: 1. ability to store chemical energy in ATP 2. evolution
Electron Transport System. May 16, 2014 Hagop Atamian hatamian@ucdavis.edu
Electron Transport System May 16, 2014 Hagop Atamian hatamian@ucdavis.edu What did We learn so far? Glucose is converted to pyruvate in glycolysis. The process generates two ATPs. Pyruvate is taken into
Chem 306 Chapter 21 Bioenergetics Lecture Outline III
Chem 306 Chapter 21 Bioenergetics Lecture Outline III I. HOW IS ATP GENERATED IN THE FINAL STAGE CATABOLISM? A. OVERVIEW 1. At the end of the citric acid cycle, all six carbons of glucose have been oxidized
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration Text, Diagrams, Assessments, and Link to Standards Focus Questions 1) What is cellular respiration? 2) How is cellular respiration connected to breathing? 3) If
AP BIOLOGY 2015 SCORING GUIDELINES
AP BIOLOGY 2015 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 2 Figure 1. Glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation Figure 2. Krebs cycle Figure 3. Electron transport chain Cellular respiration includes the metabolic pathways of
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Ch23_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) All of the following statements concerning digestion are correct except A) The major physical
Visualizing Cell Processes
Visualizing Cell Processes A Series of Five Programs produced by BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES Content Guide for Program 3 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Copyright 2001, BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES www.ebiomedia.com
CELLULAR RESPIRATION. Chapter 19 & 20. Biochemistry by Campbell and Farell (7 th Edition) By Prof M A Mogale
CELLULAR RESPIRATION Chapter 19 & 20 Biochemistry by Campbell and Farell (7 th Edition) By Prof M A Mogale 1. Cellular respiration (energy capture) The enzymatic breakdown of food stuffs in the presence
Cellular Respiration
CONCEPTUAL UFE SCIENCE Cellular Respiration Introduction Cellular respiration is the oxidative, chemical attack on energy-rich molecules to provide useful energy for the cell. Enzymes catalyze the oxidation
Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
AP bio fall 2014 final exam prep Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. According to the first law of thermodynamics, a. the energy of a system
Copyright 2000-2003 Mark Brandt, Ph.D. 54
Pyruvate Oxidation Overview of pyruvate metabolism Pyruvate can be produced in a variety of ways. It is an end product of glycolysis, and can be derived from lactate taken up from the environment (or,
Electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation & mitochondrial transport systems. Joško Ivica
Electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation & mitochondrial transport systems Joško Ivica Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation collects e - & -H Oxidation of foodstuffs oxidizes
Metabolism Poster Questions
Metabolism Poster Questions Answer the following questions concerning respiration. 1. Consider the mitochondrial electron transport chain. a. How many hydrogen ions can be pumped for every NADH? b. How
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION
reflect Wind turbines shown in the photo on the right are large structures with blades that move in response to air movement. When the wind blows, the blades rotate. This motion generates energy that is
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Twenty Three 1
23.2 Glucose Metabolism: An Overview When glucose enters a cell from the bloodstream, it is immediately converted to glucose 6- phosphate. Once this phosphate is formed, glucose is trapped within the cell
Citric Acid Cycle. Cycle Overview. Metabolic Sources of Acetyl-Coenzyme A. Enzymes of the Citric Acid Cycle. Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle Cycle Overview Metabolic Sources of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Enzymes of the Citric Acid Cycle Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle The Amphibolic Nature of the Citric Acid Cycle Cycle Overview
Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle
Regulation of the itric Acid ycle I. hanges in Free Energy February 17, 2003 Bryant Miles kj/mol 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 Reaction DGo' DG TA Free Energy hanges 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1.) itrate Synthase 2.) Aconitase
Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism
Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism 1. Discuss energy conversions and the 1 st and 2 nd law of thermodynamics. Be sure to use the terms work, potential energy, kinetic energy, and entropy. 2. What are Joules
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Most components of energy conversion systems evolved very early; thus, the most fundamental aspects of energy metabolism tend to be: A. quite different among a diverse group
Chapter 10: Photosynthesis
Name Period Chapter 10: Photosynthesis This chapter is as challenging as the one you just finished on cellular respiration. However, conceptually it will be a little easier because the concepts learned
I N V E S T I C E D O R O Z V O J E V Z D Ě L Á V Á N Í ENZYMES
= substances that... biological reactions 1. Provide an alternative reaction route which has a lower... energy 2. Reactions catalysed by enzymes occur under mild conditions + good yield + fast 3. Enzymes
Name Date Class. energy phosphate adenine charged ATP chemical bonds work ribose
Energy in a Cell Reinforcement and Study Guide Section.1 The Need for Energy In your textbook, read about cell energy. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage. energy phosphate adenine
Is ATP worth the investment?
Is ATP worth the investment? ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) can be thought of as the currency of the cell. Most cellular metabolic processes cost a certain amount of ATP in order to happen. Furthermore,
CITRIC ACID (KREB S, TCA) CYCLE
ITRI AID (KREB S, TA) YLE Date: September 2, 2005 * Time: 10:40 am 11:30 am * Room: G202 Biomolecular Building Lecturer: Steve haney 515A Mary Ellen Jones Building stephen_chaney@med.unc.edu 9663286 *Please
Cell. (1) This is the most basic unit of life inside of our bodies.
Cytology Overview Cell (1) This is the most basic unit of life inside of our bodies. ATP (2) Each of our cell s requires energy in order to carry out its day to day func>ons. This is the energy all cells
1- Fatty acids are activated to acyl-coas and the acyl group is further transferred to carnitine because:
Section 10 Multiple Choice 1- Fatty acids are activated to acyl-coas and the acyl group is further transferred to carnitine because: A) acyl-carnitines readily cross the mitochondrial inner membrane, but
Unit 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Unit 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Advanced Concepts What is the abbreviated name of this molecule? What is its purpose? What are the three parts of this molecule? Label each part with the
Respiration Worksheet. Respiration is the controlled release of energy from food. Types of Respiration. Aerobic Respiration
Respiration Worksheet Respiration is the controlled release of energy from food The food involved in respiration is usually Internal respiration is controlled by which allow energy to be released in The
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
Concept 1 - Thinking Practice 1. If the following molecules were to undergo a dehydration synthesis reaction, what molecules would result? Circle the parts of each amino acid that will interact and draw
Chapter 19a Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation. Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 19a Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation Multiple Choice Questions 1. Electron-transfer reactions in mitochondria Page: 707 Difficulty: 1 Ans: E Almost all of the oxygen (O 2 ) one
THE LIVING CELL. Cells also have variety of shapes. Plant cells are often rectangular or polygonal, while egg cells are usually spherical.
THE LIVING CELL A Tour of the cell The cell is the smallest and the basic unit of structure of all organisms. There are two main types or categories of cells: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic
Electron Transport Generates a Proton Gradient Across the Membrane
Electron Transport Generates a Proton Gradient Across the Membrane Each of respiratory enzyme complexes couples the energy released by electron transfer across it to an uptake of protons from water in
2. Which type of macromolecule contains high-energy bonds and is used for long-term energy storage?
Energy Transport Study Island 1. During the process of photosynthesis, plants use energy from the Sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. These products are, in turn, used by the
The amount of cellular adenine is constant. -It exists as either ATP, ADP, or AMP (the concentration of these vary)
Electron transport chain Final stage of aerobic oxidation! Also known as: -oxidative phosphorylation(when coupled to ATP synthase) -respiration (when coupled to ATP synthase) Purpose: -Recycle reduced
PRESTWICK ACADEMY NATIONAL 5 BIOLOGY CELL BIOLOGY SUMMARY
Name PRESTWICK ACADEMY NATIONAL 5 BIOLOGY CELL BIOLOGY SUMMARY Cell Structure Identify animal, plant, fungal and bacterial cell ultrastructure and know the structures functions. Plant cell Animal cell
Cellular Energy. 1. Photosynthesis is carried out by which of the following?
Cellular Energy 1. Photosynthesis is carried out by which of the following? A. plants, but not animals B. animals, but not plants C. bacteria, but neither animals nor plants D. all living organisms 2.
The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP.
4.1 CHEMICAL ENERGY AND ATP Study Guide KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy. VOCABULARY ATP ADP chemosynthesis MAIN IDEA: The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP. 1. What
Bioenergetics Module A Anchor 3
Bioenergetics Module A Anchor 3 Key Concepts: - ATP can easily release and store energy by breaking and re-forming the bonds between its phosphate groups. This characteristic of ATP makes it exceptionally
pathway that involves taking in heat from the environment at each step. C.
Study Island Cell Energy Keystone Review 1. Cells obtain energy by either capturing light energy through photosynthesis or by breaking down carbohydrates through cellular respiration. In both photosynthesis
Cellular Energy: ATP & Enzymes. What is it? Where do organism s get it? How do they use it?
Cellular Energy: ATP & Enzymes What is it? Where do organism s get it? How do they use it? Where does Energy come from? Ultimately, from the sun. It is transferred between organisms in the earth s lithosphere,
Bioenergetics. Free Energy Change
Bioenergetics Energy is the capacity or ability to do work All organisms need a constant supply of energy for functions such as motion, transport across membrane barriers, synthesis of biomolecules, information
Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
CHM333 LECTURES 37 & 38: 4/27 29/13 SPRING 2013 Professor Christine Hrycyna Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation Final stages of aerobic oxidation of biomolecules in eukaryotes occur in the
b. What is/are the overall function(s) of photosystem II?
Use your model and the information in Chapter 10 of Biology, 7th edition, to answer the questions. 1. The various reactions in photosynthesis are spatially segregated from each other within the chloroplast.
Lecture 7 Outline (Ch. 10)
Lecture 7 Outline (Ch. 10) I. Photosynthesis overview A. Purpose B. Location II. The light vs. the dark reaction III. Chloroplasts pigments A. Light absorption B. Types IV. Light reactions A. Photosystems
Bio 101 Section 001: Practice Questions for First Exam
Do the Practice Exam under exam conditions. Time yourself! MULTIPLE CHOICE: 1. The substrate fits in the of an enzyme: (A) allosteric site (B) active site (C) reaction groove (D) Golgi body (E) inhibitor
21.8 The Citric Acid Cycle
21.8 The Citric Acid Cycle The carbon atoms from the first two stages of catabolism are carried into the third stage as acetyl groups bonded to coenzyme A. Like the phosphoryl groups in ATP molecules,
1. The diagram below represents a biological process
1. The diagram below represents a biological process 5. The chart below indicates the elements contained in four different molecules and the number of atoms of each element in those molecules. Which set
Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways
Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways Enzyme characteristics Made of protein Catalysts: reactions occur 1,000,000 times faster with enzymes Not part of reaction Not changed or affected by reaction Used over and
Chapter 15 Lecture Notes: Metabolism
Chapter 15 Lecture Notes: Metabolism Educational Goals 1. Define the terms metabolism, metabolic pathway, catabolism, and anabolism. 2. Understand how ATP is formed from ADP and inorganic phosphate (P
8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis Slide 1 of 51
8-3 The of Photosynthesis 1 of 51 Inside a Chloroplast Inside a Chloroplast In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts. Plant Chloroplast Plant cells 2 of 51 Inside a Chloroplast Chloroplasts
Principles of Metabolism -Energy generation-
Seminar II Seminar II ATP-Generation via substrate level phosphorylation, electron transport phosphorylation (Eukaryotic/prokaryotic cell) Bacterial cell wall Antibiotic resistance 2 Principles of Metabolism
Advanced Subsidiary GCE Biology
Advanced Subsidiary GCE Biology Unit F214 - Communication, Homeostasis and Energy - High banded OCR has produced these candidate style answers to support teachers in interpreting the assessment criteria
The Aerobic Fate of Pyruvate
The Aerobic Fate of yruvate February 12, 2003 Bryant Miles I could tell that some of you were not impressed by the mere 2 ATs produced per glucose by glycolysis. The 2 AT s produced are only a small fraction
Integration of Metabolism
I. Central Themes of Metabolism 1. ATP is the universal energy carrier. Integration of Metabolism Bryant Miles 2. ATP is generated by the oxidation of metabolic fuels Glucose Fatty Acids Amino Acids 3.
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration. Stored Energy
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Stored Energy What is Photosynthesis? plants convert the energy of sunlight into the energy in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates sugars and starches. SUMMARY EQUATION: