Managing waste generated by logging operations: an environmental, legal and economic necessity

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1 N Fiche n 712 GB Keywords and sorting Union Forest exploitation Waste European directives What is a waste? Collection European Managing waste generated by logging operations: an environmental, legal and economic necessity Nearly 1.3 billion tonnes of waste are produced in the European Union each year. At the horizon 2020, OECD forecasts 47% more waste than in Waste and waste management are thus becoming a major preoccupation from both the economic and environmental points of view. To take up this challenge, the European Union has developed a strategy based on prevention, recycling and optimisation of final disposal of waste. Directives have been drafted and will be, or have been, transposed into the legislation of the Member States. For these reasons, there is a risk of unsuitable management with potential environmental impact. Good management of waste first of all means knowing the substance concerned, the legislation in force and the collection and recovery networks. It also means that the profession as a whole should be involved, organise itself and find the best solutions. The definition Waste is defined as 'any substance or object which the holder disposes of or is required to dispose of' (Directive 91/156/EEC, Article 1). It will be noted that according to this definition, logging residues such as slash, crowns, bark, etc. can be considered as waste. However, these wastes are traditionally left at the site in forests and are of prime importance for the restitution of minerals to the soil. They will not therefore be considered as waste here and are not addressed below. Non-hazardous waste. These include, for example, scrap iron, used tyres and glass. The non-hazardous waste produced in small quantities by companies, entrepreneurs or artisans are deemed as being in the municipal solid waste category as they are subjected to similar treatment procedures (recycling, use to produce energy, storage). Final waste, or residual waste, are those that cannot be treated further under today's technical and economic conditions. These are the only waste allowed in licensed landfill tips in France. Logging operations do not generate waste of this category. The European Commission has drawn up a European Waste Catalogue to provide a common terminology for the various categories of wastes held within EU Member States. The different types of waste are defined by a six-digit code followed by a chapter heading. Reference to this code is obligatory in all monitoring documents. The classification of tips has been changed since July 2001 (the deadline for transposition). In France, the transposition of this directive has led to forbidding companies to tip their waste. They are now responsible for them and disposal must be performed via suitable, approved channels. Like any other economic sphere, the forestry sector generates waste. An estimated 25,000 to 30,000 tonnes per year is the figure for Europe. The types of waste generated by logging operations (waste oils, batteries, electrical equipment, etc.) are also found in other sectors of activity but in forestry they are produced in small, scattered quantities, very often in rural areas far from existing collection networks. This category includes hazardous waste generated in a scattered manner; these are held in small quantities by dispersed companies (SMEs/SMIs, farmers, etc.). These waste are often poorly identified, badly stored and badly disposed of, forming a danger for human health and the environment. They must be taken in charge by specific systems of collection and treatment. European policy With the increase in the quantities of waste generated, the European Union has developed a waste policy based on three principles: - reduce the generation of waste: limit waste production at the source as much as possible, - develop recycling and re-use: if prevention is not enough, make sure that the waste generated can be re-used to as great an extent as possible, - optimise final disposal: if waste cannot be recycled, incinerate them under acceptable environmental conditions. Tips should only be used as the last resort for final waste. The practical implementation of this policy is based on a number of directives and Council decisions. This legislation must be transcribed in the national law of the Member States. The different types of waste possess one or more properties that are dangerous for human health or the environment as they are explosive, oxidising, flammable, irritant, harmful, toxic, carcinogenic, corrosive, infectious, mutagenic or ecotoxic. The waste concerned are, for example, used oil, equipment or packaging soiled by oil, batteries, etc. Three major directives - The Waste framework directive 75/442/EEC defines the notion of waste and plans that the Member States should take steps to promote prevention, recycling and processing in particular and implement waste management planning. It is laid down in the directive that any possessor of waste must hand them over to a collector or disposal company and the cost must be borne by the holder and in certain cases by the producer of the product that results in waste ('the polluter pays' principle). The maintenance and repair of forest machines generate many types of waste. Greasy hoses are 'hazardous wastes'. Storage of empty paint aerosols and containers awaiting recovery by a collection company Directive 91/689/EEC identifies hazardous waste according to a number of properties that can be harmful for human health and the environment and stipulates the need for control of their source and destination by means of an identification form. It also bans to mix hazardous waste with non-hazardous waste. - Directive 1999/31/EC lays down the procedures and orientations aimed at preventing and mitigating the negative effects of landfill. It lists the categories of waste (hazardous waste, non-hazardous waste and final waste) and classifies landfill sites in three categories according to the type of waste collected. Furthermore, it defines waste acceptance procedures and lays down three conditions for the operating of landfills: protection of the soil, mastery of effluents and stability of the waste. Several other directives give details about certain specific wastes. The Member States must plan all the necessary measures for the collection and disposal of these wastes to be performed without harm to human health and the environment and for better use or disposal. The waste concerned are in particular waste oils (Directive 75/439/EEC), batteries and accumulators (Directive 93/86/EEC), packaging waste (Directive 94/62/EC), endof-life vehicles (2000/53/EC) and also waste (2002/96/EC). In France, the latter directives led to the implementation of specific collection chains. For example, used oils must be collected free of charge by registered collectors within 15 days when a stock of at least 600 litres is indicated. Distributors must take back used tyres and batteries free of charge. The European Union web portal The waste section of the portal Access portal to European Union law 3

2 N Fiche n 712 GB Keywords and sorting Union Forest exploitation Waste European directives What is a waste? Collection European Managing waste generated by logging operations: an environmental, legal and economic necessity Nearly 1.3 billion tonnes of waste are produced in the European Union each year. At the horizon 2020, OECD forecasts 47% more waste than in Waste and waste management are thus becoming a major preoccupation from both the economic and environmental points of view. To take up this challenge, the European Union has developed a strategy based on prevention, recycling and optimisation of final disposal of waste. Directives have been drafted and will be, or have been, transposed into the legislation of the Member States. For these reasons, there is a risk of unsuitable management with potential environmental impact. Good management of waste first of all means knowing the substance concerned, the legislation in force and the collection and recovery networks. It also means that the profession as a whole should be involved, organise itself and find the best solutions. The definition Waste is defined as 'any substance or object which the holder disposes of or is required to dispose of' (Directive 91/156/EEC, Article 1). It will be noted that according to this definition, logging residues such as slash, crowns, bark, etc. can be considered as waste. However, these wastes are traditionally left at the site in forests and are of prime importance for the restitution of minerals to the soil. They will not therefore be considered as waste here and are not addressed below. Non-hazardous waste. These include, for example, scrap iron, used tyres and glass. The non-hazardous waste produced in small quantities by companies, entrepreneurs or artisans are deemed as being in the municipal solid waste category as they are subjected to similar treatment procedures (recycling, use to produce energy, storage). Final waste, or residual waste, are those that cannot be treated further under today's technical and economic conditions. These are the only waste allowed in licensed landfill tips in France. Logging operations do not generate waste of this category. The European Commission has drawn up a European Waste Catalogue to provide a common terminology for the various categories of wastes held within EU Member States. The different types of waste are defined by a six-digit code followed by a chapter heading. Reference to this code is obligatory in all monitoring documents. The classification of tips has been changed since July 2001 (the deadline for transposition). In France, the transposition of this directive has led to forbidding companies to tip their waste. They are now responsible for them and disposal must be performed via suitable, approved channels. Like any other economic sphere, the forestry sector generates waste. An estimated 25,000 to 30,000 tonnes per year is the figure for Europe. The types of waste generated by logging operations (waste oils, batteries, electrical equipment, etc.) are also found in other sectors of activity but in forestry they are produced in small, scattered quantities, very often in rural areas far from existing collection networks. This category includes hazardous waste generated in a scattered manner; these are held in small quantities by dispersed companies (SMEs/SMIs, farmers, etc.). These waste are often poorly identified, badly stored and badly disposed of, forming a danger for human health and the environment. They must be taken in charge by specific systems of collection and treatment. European policy With the increase in the quantities of waste generated, the European Union has developed a waste policy based on three principles: - reduce the generation of waste: limit waste production at the source as much as possible, - develop recycling and re-use: if prevention is not enough, make sure that the waste generated can be re-used to as great an extent as possible, - optimise final disposal: if waste cannot be recycled, incinerate them under acceptable environmental conditions. Tips should only be used as the last resort for final waste. The practical implementation of this policy is based on a number of directives and Council decisions. This legislation must be transcribed in the national law of the Member States. The different types of waste possess one or more properties that are dangerous for human health or the environment as they are explosive, oxidising, flammable, irritant, harmful, toxic, carcinogenic, corrosive, infectious, mutagenic or ecotoxic. The waste concerned are, for example, used oil, equipment or packaging soiled by oil, batteries, etc. Three major directives - The Waste framework directive 75/442/EEC defines the notion of waste and plans that the Member States should take steps to promote prevention, recycling and processing in particular and implement waste management planning. It is laid down in the directive that any possessor of waste must hand them over to a collector or disposal company and the cost must be borne by the holder and in certain cases by the producer of the product that results in waste ('the polluter pays' principle). The maintenance and repair of forest machines generate many types of waste. Greasy hoses are 'hazardous wastes'. Storage of empty paint aerosols and containers awaiting recovery by a collection company Directive 91/689/EEC identifies hazardous waste according to a number of properties that can be harmful for human health and the environment and stipulates the need for control of their source and destination by means of an identification form. It also bans to mix hazardous waste with non-hazardous waste. - Directive 1999/31/EC lays down the procedures and orientations aimed at preventing and mitigating the negative effects of landfill. It lists the categories of waste (hazardous waste, non-hazardous waste and final waste) and classifies landfill sites in three categories according to the type of waste collected. Furthermore, it defines waste acceptance procedures and lays down three conditions for the operating of landfills: protection of the soil, mastery of effluents and stability of the waste. Several other directives give details about certain specific wastes. The Member States must plan all the necessary measures for the collection and disposal of these wastes to be performed without harm to human health and the environment and for better use or disposal. The waste concerned are in particular waste oils (Directive 75/439/EEC), batteries and accumulators (Directive 93/86/EEC), packaging waste (Directive 94/62/EC), endof-life vehicles (2000/53/EC) and also waste (2002/96/EC). In France, the latter directives led to the implementation of specific collection chains. For example, used oils must be collected free of charge by registered collectors within 15 days when a stock of at least 600 litres is indicated. Distributors must take back used tyres and batteries free of charge. The European Union web portal The waste section of the portal Access portal to European Union law 3

3 N Fiche n 712 GB Keywords and sorting Union Forest exploitation Waste European directives What is a waste? Collection European Managing waste generated by logging operations: an environmental, legal and economic necessity Nearly 1.3 billion tonnes of waste are produced in the European Union each year. At the horizon 2020, OECD forecasts 47% more waste than in Waste and waste management are thus becoming a major preoccupation from both the economic and environmental points of view. To take up this challenge, the European Union has developed a strategy based on prevention, recycling and optimisation of final disposal of waste. Directives have been drafted and will be, or have been, transposed into the legislation of the Member States. For these reasons, there is a risk of unsuitable management with potential environmental impact. Good management of waste first of all means knowing the substance concerned, the legislation in force and the collection and recovery networks. It also means that the profession as a whole should be involved, organise itself and find the best solutions. The definition Waste is defined as 'any substance or object which the holder disposes of or is required to dispose of' (Directive 91/156/EEC, Article 1). It will be noted that according to this definition, logging residues such as slash, crowns, bark, etc. can be considered as waste. However, these wastes are traditionally left at the site in forests and are of prime importance for the restitution of minerals to the soil. They will not therefore be considered as waste here and are not addressed below. Non-hazardous waste. These include, for example, scrap iron, used tyres and glass. The non-hazardous waste produced in small quantities by companies, entrepreneurs or artisans are deemed as being in the municipal solid waste category as they are subjected to similar treatment procedures (recycling, use to produce energy, storage). Final waste, or residual waste, are those that cannot be treated further under today's technical and economic conditions. These are the only waste allowed in licensed landfill tips in France. Logging operations do not generate waste of this category. The European Commission has drawn up a European Waste Catalogue to provide a common terminology for the various categories of wastes held within EU Member States. The different types of waste are defined by a six-digit code followed by a chapter heading. Reference to this code is obligatory in all monitoring documents. The classification of tips has been changed since July 2001 (the deadline for transposition). In France, the transposition of this directive has led to forbidding companies to tip their waste. They are now responsible for them and disposal must be performed via suitable, approved channels. Like any other economic sphere, the forestry sector generates waste. An estimated 25,000 to 30,000 tonnes per year is the figure for Europe. The types of waste generated by logging operations (waste oils, batteries, electrical equipment, etc.) are also found in other sectors of activity but in forestry they are produced in small, scattered quantities, very often in rural areas far from existing collection networks. This category includes hazardous waste generated in a scattered manner; these are held in small quantities by dispersed companies (SMEs/SMIs, farmers, etc.). These waste are often poorly identified, badly stored and badly disposed of, forming a danger for human health and the environment. They must be taken in charge by specific systems of collection and treatment. European policy With the increase in the quantities of waste generated, the European Union has developed a waste policy based on three principles: - reduce the generation of waste: limit waste production at the source as much as possible, - develop recycling and re-use: if prevention is not enough, make sure that the waste generated can be re-used to as great an extent as possible, - optimise final disposal: if waste cannot be recycled, incinerate them under acceptable environmental conditions. Tips should only be used as the last resort for final waste. The practical implementation of this policy is based on a number of directives and Council decisions. This legislation must be transcribed in the national law of the Member States. The different types of waste possess one or more properties that are dangerous for human health or the environment as they are explosive, oxidising, flammable, irritant, harmful, toxic, carcinogenic, corrosive, infectious, mutagenic or ecotoxic. The waste concerned are, for example, used oil, equipment or packaging soiled by oil, batteries, etc. Three major directives - The Waste framework directive 75/442/EEC defines the notion of waste and plans that the Member States should take steps to promote prevention, recycling and processing in particular and implement waste management planning. It is laid down in the directive that any possessor of waste must hand them over to a collector or disposal company and the cost must be borne by the holder and in certain cases by the producer of the product that results in waste ('the polluter pays' principle). The maintenance and repair of forest machines generate many types of waste. Greasy hoses are 'hazardous wastes'. Storage of empty paint aerosols and containers awaiting recovery by a collection company Directive 91/689/EEC identifies hazardous waste according to a number of properties that can be harmful for human health and the environment and stipulates the need for control of their source and destination by means of an identification form. It also bans to mix hazardous waste with non-hazardous waste. - Directive 1999/31/EC lays down the procedures and orientations aimed at preventing and mitigating the negative effects of landfill. It lists the categories of waste (hazardous waste, non-hazardous waste and final waste) and classifies landfill sites in three categories according to the type of waste collected. Furthermore, it defines waste acceptance procedures and lays down three conditions for the operating of landfills: protection of the soil, mastery of effluents and stability of the waste. Several other directives give details about certain specific wastes. The Member States must plan all the necessary measures for the collection and disposal of these wastes to be performed without harm to human health and the environment and for better use or disposal. The waste concerned are in particular waste oils (Directive 75/439/EEC), batteries and accumulators (Directive 93/86/EEC), packaging waste (Directive 94/62/EC), endof-life vehicles (2000/53/EC) and also waste (2002/96/EC). In France, the latter directives led to the implementation of specific collection chains. For example, used oils must be collected free of charge by registered collectors within 15 days when a stock of at least 600 litres is indicated. Distributors must take back used tyres and batteries free of charge. The European Union web portal The waste section of the portal Access portal to European Union law 3

4 Waste of logging operations Inventory in France Logging operations generate nearly 3,000 tonnes per year in France. Of this, 60% is in the 'hazardous waste category. Main categories of waste generated by logging operations (end-of-life vehicles are not included) Type of waste Quantity** (tonnes per year) Aerosols (paint) 4.3 Waste electrical and electronic 1.5 equipment (WEEE) Soiled containers (e.g. drums) 157 Used oils (hydraulic and engine oils) 1080 Misc. fluids (brake fluid, cooling liquid) 69 Soiled equipment (e.g. hoses) 369 Batteries and accumulators 60 Solvents and detergents NS* Miscellaneous hazardous wastes 0.3 Non-hazardous waste Unsoiled packaging (e.g. cardboard boxes) 26 Scrap metal (e.g. guides, chains) 499 Used tyres 581 Glass NS Misc. (clothing, safety equipment) 60 Total * NS not significant ** Results are based on a survey of 30 logging companies. Used oils (hydraulic and engine oil) form the largest waste by mass (38% of the total). The three other main categories of waste are used tyres, scrap metal and soiled equipment (hoses, oil filters, oily rags, etc.). These four categories form 85 to 90% of the total mass of waste originating from logging operations. In parallel, numerous wastes are linked to conventional business activities: waste of (computers), batteries and miscellaneous packaging. One of the features of the forest operations is the frequent use of aerosol paints to mark cuts or timber. Empty aerosol cans contain residues of inflammable gases and are hazardous waste. For this type of waste that may be generated in large quantities but that do not have a very high unit weight, the volume generated should be taken into account rather than the weight to better show the potential hazard for human health and the environment. Influence of the logging system on the type and quantity of waste The more sophisticated the machinery is, the higher are the quantity of waste and the proportion of hazardous waste. Compared to operating a skidder, a forwarder or a harvester, using a chainsaw the whole-through year generates a very small quantity of waste, mainly metal waste (guides and chains) but it produces far less wood too. Average waste quantity generated every year by type of operator Quantity of waste (kg/year) kg/harvester Non % NHW 800 kg/forwarder % 750 kg/skidder NHW % HW 70% HW 53% NHW 47% HW 22 kg/logger 89% NHW 1 harvester 1 forwarder 1 skidder 1 logger The result still has to be weighted by the number of operators. In France, the number of forest machines is around 3100 (500 harvesters, 1400 forwarder, 1200 skidders) while the number of chainsaw operators is still important (about full time equivalent). The total waste quantity produced in France every year by the different operators Quantity of waste (tonnes/year) tonnes/yr 1000 tonnes/yr 1000 tonnes/yr Non- 200 tonnes/yr Harvesters Forwarders Skidders Loggers 4

5 Extrapolation to Europe The quantity and categories of waste generated by logging operations at country level depend on the total annual harvest of wood but also on the degree and the type of mechanisation. Logging operations in the 25 countries of the European Union generate between 25,000 and 30,000 tonnes of waste per year, of which 70% are hazardous waste according to the European nomenclature. Waste generated by logging operations in Europe. The quantities in each country have been estimated from the figures gathered in France and applied to the national wood harvest and the mechanization rate (the precise number of the different types of machines operating when known) Southem Europe Iberian peninsula Eastern Europe North-west Europe Central and western Europe Malta Italy Greece Cyprus Portugal Spain Slovakia Poland Lithuania Latvia Hungary U.K. Netherlands Eire Denmark Slovenia Czeck Rep. France Belgium/ Lux Austria Germany Non- The four countries Sweden, Finland, Germany and France produce two-thirds of the logging waste. They are also Europe's four leading wood producers, with a total close to 60% of the European wood harvest. In Sweden and Finland, the two first leaders of wood production, logging operations are almost entirely mechanised (the system harvester + forwarder accounts for more than 95% of the annual harvest of wood) with high utilisation rates of forest machines. As a result, a large proportion (over 75%) of the waste generated is hazardous. In Germany and France, respectively the third and fourth largest wood producing countries in Europe, the degree of mechanisation is much smaller (respectively 35% and 25%) and so hazardous waste form a smaller proportion (60%). Future trends In logging operations as in many other industrial activities, the general trend is towards the increased mechanisation of tough work. This results in a relative increase in the quantities of waste and a larger proportion of hazardous waste. The main medium-term changes at the European level will certainly result from the modernisation of logging techniques in the 'Eastern Europe' group of countries. Harvesters will be used, together with forwarders and skidders to replace animal traction systems or multi-purpose tractors also used for farming. The problem of wastes Most of the logging companies in France are very small enterprises (50% are one-person businesses) with limited equipment. - Enterprises with no machines (manual felling) generate little hazardous waste. Scandinavia Sweden Finland Estonia Waste quantity (Tonnes/year) - Enterprises with one or two machines generally perform their own maintenance in the forest and subcontract repairs to a garage. Although most of the wastes are handled by the garage, entrepreneurs must manage maintenance waste themselves. 5

6 - A few enterprises of significant size possess a workshop with procedures already organised for the main wastes. The problem posed by waste concerns the small quantities of hazardous waste generated in a scattered manner (French acronym DTQD). These waste are spread over large areas and difficult to recover by conventional recovery sectors. This is seen in France and the situation is doubtless similar in many countries. These wastes must not be left in the forest or burned as incineration can be harmful for human health or the environment. They cannot be disposed over via the municipal waste channel either. Solutions taking form in France Waste collection centres.these are a convenient local solution but they are not intended to cater for enterprises as they are financed by local authorities. However, the trend in France is nevertheless that of increasing acceptance of waste generated by companies as long as the quantities remain small and a charge is made. Special waste collection centres for companies may be opened in some cases. Collection sectors. Numerous companies provide waste collection services. These are charged and depend on the type of waste, whence the importance of upstream sorting. Problems arise in situations where the quantities generated are too small to use waste collection companies at a competitive price. A solution is therefore to encourage the grouping of the wastes generated by different small businesses. CONCLUSIONS AND PROSPECTS Companies are responsible for the waste that they generate and must perform disposal using the appropriate methods. Waste management costs money and optimising it is in everyone's interest. For this, it is important to organise and promote the setting up of a collection service matching the features of logging business, in particular to handle hazardous waste generated in a scattered manner. To respond to this, the GEDEON project (Gestion des Déchets de l exploitation forestière) steered by was launched with the support of the European Union's LIFE Environment Programme. Reflection is in progress within this framework to succeed in implementing collective solutions leading to the optimised management of waste generated by small logging enterprises. The success of the project is based on the stimulating effect of motivated partners (logging companies and interprofessional organisations). For more information, consult the GEDEON project site: Nicolas NGUYEN THE Christophe PERINOT Marion DUPRAT Station Sud Domaine de St-Clément St-Clément-de-Rivière Tel.: (33) Fax: (33) sud@afocel.fr Arnaud VILLETTE Station Sud-Ouest Domaine de Sivaillan Moulis en Médoc Tel.: (33) Fax: (33) sudouest@afocel.fr ISSN :

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