POWER SETS AND RELATIONS

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "POWER SETS AND RELATIONS"

Transcription

1 POWER SETS AND RELATIONS L. MARIZZA A. BAILEY 1. The Power Set Now that we have defined sets as best we can, we can consider a sets of sets. If we were to assume nothing, except the existence of the empty set, we could build the following sequence of sets: { } {{ }} {{{ }}} and so on. This is one of the many methods of constructing the natural numbers. We assign 0 and { } 1 and so forth. Given a set, for example, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} one can construct a set of subsets. For example, we can construct the set of subsets of cardinality 2. A 2 = {{1, 2}, {1, 3}, {1, 4}, {1, 5}, {2, 3}, {2, 4}, {2, 5}, {3, 4}, {3, 5}, {4, 5}} Now consider the collection of all subsets of A. This is a well-defined set and is called the Power set of A, denoted P(A). Therefore {1, 2, 3} P(A) A 2 P(A) 1 / P(A) 2. Relations Definition 1 (relation). A relation, R on a set A is a nonempty subset R A A. If (a, b) R then we usually denote this by arb. Usually, the binary relation is defined by all the elements of A A which satisfy some property, P. Here are some examples of relations. Example 1 (A trivial example). {(5, 5)} Z Z is a relation on Z, but not very interesting. So there isn t much to say about it. Date: September 29,

2 2 Example 2 ( less than). < N N is a relation defined by (n, m) < if n is less than m. Therefore, (1, 2) < and (4, 8) < but (5, 4) / < and (3, 3) / <. Example 3 ( Geometric). Let G be the set of regular polygons. relation, R, on G by R = {(P n, P 2n ) P k is a k sided regular polygon } Define a 2.1. Interesting Properties. Some relations have some interesting and useful properties that one would like to identify. (a) R is reflexive if a A then (a, a) R (b) R is symmetric if a, b A then (a, b) R (b, a) R (c) R is antisymmetric if a, b A then (a, b) R and a b then (b, a) / R (d) R is connected if a, b A then a b (a, b) (b, a) R (e) R is transitive if a, b, c A then (a, b) (b, c) R (a, c) R Definition 2 (partial ordering). A partial ordering of a set A is a reflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive relation. In other words, if a relation on a set A satisfies the properties: Every element in A is related to itself. If A contains two distinct elements a, b A such that a is related to b, then b is not related to a. If A contains three elements a, b, c A such that a is related to b, and b is related to c, then a is related to c. Note that order REALLY matters. Example 4. Prove that the following are examples of partial orders. (a) Define a relation L on R by (a, b) L if a is less than or equal to b. Proof 1. We must show that each of the properties are satisfied by the relation. (r) [reflexive] Clearly, every real number is less than or equal to itself. (a) [antisymmetric] If a, b R are distinct and a b then b a. (t) [transitive] If a, b, c R and a b and b c then a c (b) Define a relation D on N by (n, m) D if and only if m = nq for some q. This relation is called divides and is denoted n m. (c) on P(A) for a set A. (d) Let F be the set of all real-valued functions differentiable on the real line. Define a relation, R, by frg iff df dx x=0 is less than dg dx x=0. We denote partial orders by the symbol.

3 3 A total ordering on a set A is a connected, partial ordering. This means that any two distinct elements in the set must be related in some way. We sometimes also call this a linear order. Note that Example (a) is the only example from above that is a linear order. Why? Definition 3 (Equivalence Relation). An equivalence relation is a transitive, reflexive, and symmetric relation. We denote these relations by. Equivalence relations are the most interesting relations because they provide the most structure for our sets. Since these are the most useful in finding information about the set we are studying, we will concentrate on these particular binary relations. One can think about these particular relations as similar to equality or congruence. Example 5. Here are some examples of equivalence relations. (a) = is an equivalence relation on any of the number sets, N, Q, R, Z. (b) Define a relation on N N by (a, b) (c, d) if ad bc = 0. (c) Define a relation on the power set P(X) of an arbitrary finite set X by A, B P(X) A B if A = B. (d) Let r N be a nonzero natural number. Define a binary relation k on Z by n k m if and only if n = kq + m for some q Z. (e) Let F R be the set of all integrable functions on R. Define a relation R on F R F R by (f, g) R if. 1 0 f = 1 3. Partitions and Equivalence Classes The most useful consequence of finding a nontrivial equivalence relation on a set is that it provides structure on the set. Definition 4 (partition). A partition on a set X is a subset of P P(X) such that (m) [mutually disjoint] If A, B P such that A B then A B =. (c) [cover] The union of all the elements of P is the set X. A = X A P (d) [non-empty] All elements of P are non-empty. A collection of sets with this property is said to cover X. Properties [m] and [c] are equivalent to the property that every element of X must be contained in exactly one member of the partition of X. We will find that equivalence relations yield a partition on a set which, depending on the relation, exposes information about said set. 0 g

4 Equivalence Classes. Let (X, ) be a set with an equivalence relation. Let x X be an element of X. Define the set x = {a X a x} to be the set of all elements in X which are equivalent to x. This is called the equivalence class of x. Now, let y X such that y x is not equivalent to x. Define y = {a X a y} to be all of the elements in X equivalent to y. Lemma 1. Suppose x, y X such that y x. Then x y = Proof 2. Suppose a y x. Then a y and a x. By symmetry of equivalence relation, a y y a. Thus, y a and a x. By transitivity of an equivalence relation y x. But this contradicts the claim that y x. Hence, there does not exist a x y. The lemma above show distinct equivalence classes are mutually disjoint. Now we need only show that they are a cover for X. Lemma 2. The union of all equivalence classes is the whole set. x = X Proof 3. EXERCISE! x X These Lemmas show that the set of equivalence classes does indeed form a partition of X. Let us look at some examples of equivalence classes. Example 6. Let be an equivalence relation on R 2 defined by (x 1, y 1 ) (x 2, y 2 ) if and only if there exists k R {0} such that x 1 = kx 2 y 1 = ky 2

5 5 We write this as (x 1, y 1 ) = k(x 2, y 2 ), and call it scalar multiplication. Geometrically, two points in R 2 are equivalent if they lay on the same line through the origin. If you consider the points in R 2 to be vectors, then the equivalence is defined by direction. In other words, two vectors are equivalent if they ( or their negatives) point in the same direction. We call this projective 2-dimensional real space. First we should prove, that this actually does define an equivalence relation. Reflexive Let (x, y) R 2 be an arbitrary point. Then, if k = 1, then (x, y) = 1(x, y). Hence (x, y) (x, y). Symmetric If (x, y) (a, b), then k R nonzero, such that (x, y) = k(a, b). By dividing both sides by k, 1 k (x, y) = (a, b) implies (a, b) (x, y). Transitive Let (x 1, y 1 ) (x 2, y 2 ) and (x 2, y 2 ) (x 3, y 3 ). Then (x 1, y 1 ) = k 1 (x 2, y 2 ) and (x 2, y 2 ) = k 2 (x 3, y 3 ). By substitution, we have (x 1, y 1 ) = k 1 k 2 (x 3, y 3 ) Allowing k = k 1 k 2 yields (x 1, y 1 ) (x 3, y 3 ) Since every line through the origin intersects the unit circle twice, there will be exactly two points on the unit circle in each equivalence class. If restrict ourselves to only the portion of the unit circle which lies on the upper half plane, than the intersection would be unique. Hence, we can represent each equivalence class by a point on the unit circle that lies on the upper half plane. However, the point (1, 0) and ( 1, 0) are also equivalent, and are, therefore, identified as one object. So the set of equivalence classes becomes, geometrically, like a circle.

6 6 4. Problems The first few problems involve examples and Lemmas which were not proven in the previous sections. Problem 1. Prove that the relations defined in Example 4, (b), (c), (d) are partial orders. Problem 2. Show that the partial orders in Example 4, (a) is a linear order. Problem 3. Show that the relations in Example 5 are equivalence relations and describe the set of equivalence classes. You must state how many equivalence classes there are, describe the elements in each equivalence class and give representatives for each. Problem 4. Show that the set of equivalence classes covers the set. Problem 5. For the following problems, either give example of a relation which has the following properties, or prove that it cannot be done. (a) reflexive and symmetric but not transitive. (b) symmetric and transitive but not reflexive. (c) reflexive and transitive but not symmetric. Problem 6 (Discussion). Give an example of a partial order on R 2. Do you think it s possible to find a total order on R 2? Does this extend to all dimensions? Department of Mathematics, Arkansas School of Mathematics, Sciences and the Arts address: baileym@asmsa.org

Chapter 3. Cartesian Products and Relations. 3.1 Cartesian Products

Chapter 3. Cartesian Products and Relations. 3.1 Cartesian Products Chapter 3 Cartesian Products and Relations The material in this chapter is the first real encounter with abstraction. Relations are very general thing they are a special type of subset. After introducing

More information

Lecture 17 : Equivalence and Order Relations DRAFT

Lecture 17 : Equivalence and Order Relations DRAFT CS/Math 240: Introduction to Discrete Mathematics 3/31/2011 Lecture 17 : Equivalence and Order Relations Instructor: Dieter van Melkebeek Scribe: Dalibor Zelený DRAFT Last lecture we introduced the notion

More information

Matrix Representations of Linear Transformations and Changes of Coordinates

Matrix Representations of Linear Transformations and Changes of Coordinates Matrix Representations of Linear Transformations and Changes of Coordinates 01 Subspaces and Bases 011 Definitions A subspace V of R n is a subset of R n that contains the zero element and is closed under

More information

MATH10212 Linear Algebra. Systems of Linear Equations. Definition. An n-dimensional vector is a row or a column of n numbers (or letters): a 1.

MATH10212 Linear Algebra. Systems of Linear Equations. Definition. An n-dimensional vector is a row or a column of n numbers (or letters): a 1. MATH10212 Linear Algebra Textbook: D. Poole, Linear Algebra: A Modern Introduction. Thompson, 2006. ISBN 0-534-40596-7. Systems of Linear Equations Definition. An n-dimensional vector is a row or a column

More information

INTRODUCTORY SET THEORY

INTRODUCTORY SET THEORY M.Sc. program in mathematics INTRODUCTORY SET THEORY Katalin Károlyi Department of Applied Analysis, Eötvös Loránd University H-1088 Budapest, Múzeum krt. 6-8. CONTENTS 1. SETS Set, equal sets, subset,

More information

E3: PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS lecture notes

E3: PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS lecture notes E3: PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS lecture notes 2 Contents 1 PROBABILITY THEORY 7 1.1 Experiments and random events............................ 7 1.2 Certain event. Impossible event............................

More information

INCIDENCE-BETWEENNESS GEOMETRY

INCIDENCE-BETWEENNESS GEOMETRY INCIDENCE-BETWEENNESS GEOMETRY MATH 410, CSUSM. SPRING 2008. PROFESSOR AITKEN This document covers the geometry that can be developed with just the axioms related to incidence and betweenness. The full

More information

Mathematics Course 111: Algebra I Part IV: Vector Spaces

Mathematics Course 111: Algebra I Part IV: Vector Spaces Mathematics Course 111: Algebra I Part IV: Vector Spaces D. R. Wilkins Academic Year 1996-7 9 Vector Spaces A vector space over some field K is an algebraic structure consisting of a set V on which are

More information

LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR THIS CHAPTER

LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR THIS CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 American mathematician Paul Halmos (1916 2006), who in 1942 published the first modern linear algebra book. The title of Halmos s book was the same as the title of this chapter. Finite-Dimensional

More information

Lecture 16 : Relations and Functions DRAFT

Lecture 16 : Relations and Functions DRAFT CS/Math 240: Introduction to Discrete Mathematics 3/29/2011 Lecture 16 : Relations and Functions Instructor: Dieter van Melkebeek Scribe: Dalibor Zelený DRAFT In Lecture 3, we described a correspondence

More information

MATH 304 Linear Algebra Lecture 9: Subspaces of vector spaces (continued). Span. Spanning set.

MATH 304 Linear Algebra Lecture 9: Subspaces of vector spaces (continued). Span. Spanning set. MATH 304 Linear Algebra Lecture 9: Subspaces of vector spaces (continued). Span. Spanning set. Vector space A vector space is a set V equipped with two operations, addition V V (x,y) x + y V and scalar

More information

Duality of linear conic problems

Duality of linear conic problems Duality of linear conic problems Alexander Shapiro and Arkadi Nemirovski Abstract It is well known that the optimal values of a linear programming problem and its dual are equal to each other if at least

More information

Linear Algebra I. Ronald van Luijk, 2012

Linear Algebra I. Ronald van Luijk, 2012 Linear Algebra I Ronald van Luijk, 2012 With many parts from Linear Algebra I by Michael Stoll, 2007 Contents 1. Vector spaces 3 1.1. Examples 3 1.2. Fields 4 1.3. The field of complex numbers. 6 1.4.

More information

So let us begin our quest to find the holy grail of real analysis.

So let us begin our quest to find the holy grail of real analysis. 1 Section 5.2 The Complete Ordered Field: Purpose of Section We present an axiomatic description of the real numbers as a complete ordered field. The axioms which describe the arithmetic of the real numbers

More information

4.5 Linear Dependence and Linear Independence

4.5 Linear Dependence and Linear Independence 4.5 Linear Dependence and Linear Independence 267 32. {v 1, v 2 }, where v 1, v 2 are collinear vectors in R 3. 33. Prove that if S and S are subsets of a vector space V such that S is a subset of S, then

More information

8 Divisibility and prime numbers

8 Divisibility and prime numbers 8 Divisibility and prime numbers 8.1 Divisibility In this short section we extend the concept of a multiple from the natural numbers to the integers. We also summarize several other terms that express

More information

I. GROUPS: BASIC DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES

I. GROUPS: BASIC DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES I GROUPS: BASIC DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES Definition 1: An operation on a set G is a function : G G G Definition 2: A group is a set G which is equipped with an operation and a special element e G, called

More information

This asserts two sets are equal iff they have the same elements, that is, a set is determined by its elements.

This asserts two sets are equal iff they have the same elements, that is, a set is determined by its elements. 3. Axioms of Set theory Before presenting the axioms of set theory, we first make a few basic comments about the relevant first order logic. We will give a somewhat more detailed discussion later, but

More information

Mathematics for Computer Science/Software Engineering. Notes for the course MSM1F3 Dr. R. A. Wilson

Mathematics for Computer Science/Software Engineering. Notes for the course MSM1F3 Dr. R. A. Wilson Mathematics for Computer Science/Software Engineering Notes for the course MSM1F3 Dr. R. A. Wilson October 1996 Chapter 1 Logic Lecture no. 1. We introduce the concept of a proposition, which is a statement

More information

Math 4310 Handout - Quotient Vector Spaces

Math 4310 Handout - Quotient Vector Spaces Math 4310 Handout - Quotient Vector Spaces Dan Collins The textbook defines a subspace of a vector space in Chapter 4, but it avoids ever discussing the notion of a quotient space. This is understandable

More information

Cross product and determinants (Sect. 12.4) Two main ways to introduce the cross product

Cross product and determinants (Sect. 12.4) Two main ways to introduce the cross product Cross product and determinants (Sect. 12.4) Two main ways to introduce the cross product Geometrical definition Properties Expression in components. Definition in components Properties Geometrical expression.

More information

A Little Set Theory (Never Hurt Anybody)

A Little Set Theory (Never Hurt Anybody) A Little Set Theory (Never Hurt Anybody) Matthew Saltzman Department of Mathematical Sciences Clemson University Draft: August 21, 2013 1 Introduction The fundamental ideas of set theory and the algebra

More information

1. Prove that the empty set is a subset of every set.

1. Prove that the empty set is a subset of every set. 1. Prove that the empty set is a subset of every set. Basic Topology Written by Men-Gen Tsai email: b89902089@ntu.edu.tw Proof: For any element x of the empty set, x is also an element of every set since

More information

THE DIMENSION OF A VECTOR SPACE

THE DIMENSION OF A VECTOR SPACE THE DIMENSION OF A VECTOR SPACE KEITH CONRAD This handout is a supplementary discussion leading up to the definition of dimension and some of its basic properties. Let V be a vector space over a field

More information

Systems of Linear Equations

Systems of Linear Equations Systems of Linear Equations Beifang Chen Systems of linear equations Linear systems A linear equation in variables x, x,, x n is an equation of the form a x + a x + + a n x n = b, where a, a,, a n and

More information

10.2 Series and Convergence

10.2 Series and Convergence 10.2 Series and Convergence Write sums using sigma notation Find the partial sums of series and determine convergence or divergence of infinite series Find the N th partial sums of geometric series and

More information

Chapter 20. Vector Spaces and Bases

Chapter 20. Vector Spaces and Bases Chapter 20. Vector Spaces and Bases In this course, we have proceeded step-by-step through low-dimensional Linear Algebra. We have looked at lines, planes, hyperplanes, and have seen that there is no limit

More information

SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES FOR. MATHEMATICS 205A Part 3. Spaces with special properties

SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES FOR. MATHEMATICS 205A Part 3. Spaces with special properties SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES FOR MATHEMATICS 205A Part 3 Fall 2008 III. Spaces with special properties III.1 : Compact spaces I Problems from Munkres, 26, pp. 170 172 3. Show that a finite union of compact subspaces

More information

Metric Spaces. Chapter 7. 7.1. Metrics

Metric Spaces. Chapter 7. 7.1. Metrics Chapter 7 Metric Spaces A metric space is a set X that has a notion of the distance d(x, y) between every pair of points x, y X. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce metric spaces and give some

More information

THE BANACH CONTRACTION PRINCIPLE. Contents

THE BANACH CONTRACTION PRINCIPLE. Contents THE BANACH CONTRACTION PRINCIPLE ALEX PONIECKI Abstract. This paper will study contractions of metric spaces. To do this, we will mainly use tools from topology. We will give some examples of contractions,

More information

Math 312 Homework 1 Solutions

Math 312 Homework 1 Solutions Math 31 Homework 1 Solutions Last modified: July 15, 01 This homework is due on Thursday, July 1th, 01 at 1:10pm Please turn it in during class, or in my mailbox in the main math office (next to 4W1) Please

More information

3. Mathematical Induction

3. Mathematical Induction 3. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION 83 3. Mathematical Induction 3.1. First Principle of Mathematical Induction. Let P (n) be a predicate with domain of discourse (over) the natural numbers N = {0, 1,,...}. If (1)

More information

FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS LECTURE NOTES: QUOTIENT SPACES

FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS LECTURE NOTES: QUOTIENT SPACES FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS LECTURE NOTES: QUOTIENT SPACES CHRISTOPHER HEIL 1. Cosets and the Quotient Space Any vector space is an abelian group under the operation of vector addition. So, if you are have studied

More information

1 VECTOR SPACES AND SUBSPACES

1 VECTOR SPACES AND SUBSPACES 1 VECTOR SPACES AND SUBSPACES What is a vector? Many are familiar with the concept of a vector as: Something which has magnitude and direction. an ordered pair or triple. a description for quantities such

More information

Introduction to Topology

Introduction to Topology Introduction to Topology Tomoo Matsumura November 30, 2010 Contents 1 Topological spaces 3 1.1 Basis of a Topology......................................... 3 1.2 Comparing Topologies.......................................

More information

v w is orthogonal to both v and w. the three vectors v, w and v w form a right-handed set of vectors.

v w is orthogonal to both v and w. the three vectors v, w and v w form a right-handed set of vectors. 3. Cross product Definition 3.1. Let v and w be two vectors in R 3. The cross product of v and w, denoted v w, is the vector defined as follows: the length of v w is the area of the parallelogram with

More information

Solutions to Math 51 First Exam January 29, 2015

Solutions to Math 51 First Exam January 29, 2015 Solutions to Math 5 First Exam January 29, 25. ( points) (a) Complete the following sentence: A set of vectors {v,..., v k } is defined to be linearly dependent if (2 points) there exist c,... c k R, not

More information

The Graphical Method: An Example

The Graphical Method: An Example The Graphical Method: An Example Consider the following linear program: Maximize 4x 1 +3x 2 Subject to: 2x 1 +3x 2 6 (1) 3x 1 +2x 2 3 (2) 2x 2 5 (3) 2x 1 +x 2 4 (4) x 1, x 2 0, where, for ease of reference,

More information

BANACH AND HILBERT SPACE REVIEW

BANACH AND HILBERT SPACE REVIEW BANACH AND HILBET SPACE EVIEW CHISTOPHE HEIL These notes will briefly review some basic concepts related to the theory of Banach and Hilbert spaces. We are not trying to give a complete development, but

More information

Solutions to In-Class Problems Week 4, Mon.

Solutions to In-Class Problems Week 4, Mon. Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6.042J/18.062J, Fall 05: Mathematics for Computer Science September 26 Prof. Albert R. Meyer and Prof. Ronitt Rubinfeld revised September 26, 2005, 1050 minutes Solutions

More information

26 Ideals and Quotient Rings

26 Ideals and Quotient Rings Arkansas Tech University MATH 4033: Elementary Modern Algebra Dr. Marcel B. Finan 26 Ideals and Quotient Rings In this section we develop some theory of rings that parallels the theory of groups discussed

More information

6.3 Conditional Probability and Independence

6.3 Conditional Probability and Independence 222 CHAPTER 6. PROBABILITY 6.3 Conditional Probability and Independence Conditional Probability Two cubical dice each have a triangle painted on one side, a circle painted on two sides and a square painted

More information

Page 331, 38.4 Suppose a is a positive integer and p is a prime. Prove that p a if and only if the prime factorization of a contains p.

Page 331, 38.4 Suppose a is a positive integer and p is a prime. Prove that p a if and only if the prime factorization of a contains p. Page 331, 38.2 Assignment #11 Solutions Factor the following positive integers into primes. a. 25 = 5 2. b. 4200 = 2 3 3 5 2 7. c. 10 10 = 2 10 5 10. d. 19 = 19. e. 1 = 1. Page 331, 38.4 Suppose a is a

More information

Scalar Valued Functions of Several Variables; the Gradient Vector

Scalar Valued Functions of Several Variables; the Gradient Vector Scalar Valued Functions of Several Variables; the Gradient Vector Scalar Valued Functions vector valued function of n variables: Let us consider a scalar (i.e., numerical, rather than y = φ(x = φ(x 1,

More information

Connectivity and cuts

Connectivity and cuts Math 104, Graph Theory February 19, 2013 Measure of connectivity How connected are each of these graphs? > increasing connectivity > I G 1 is a tree, so it is a connected graph w/minimum # of edges. Every

More information

5. Linear algebra I: dimension

5. Linear algebra I: dimension 5. Linear algebra I: dimension 5.1 Some simple results 5.2 Bases and dimension 5.3 Homomorphisms and dimension 1. Some simple results Several observations should be made. Once stated explicitly, the proofs

More information

Math 319 Problem Set #3 Solution 21 February 2002

Math 319 Problem Set #3 Solution 21 February 2002 Math 319 Problem Set #3 Solution 21 February 2002 1. ( 2.1, problem 15) Find integers a 1, a 2, a 3, a 4, a 5 such that every integer x satisfies at least one of the congruences x a 1 (mod 2), x a 2 (mod

More information

MA106 Linear Algebra lecture notes

MA106 Linear Algebra lecture notes MA106 Linear Algebra lecture notes Lecturers: Martin Bright and Daan Krammer Warwick, January 2011 Contents 1 Number systems and fields 3 1.1 Axioms for number systems......................... 3 2 Vector

More information

Cartesian Products and Relations

Cartesian Products and Relations Cartesian Products and Relations Definition (Cartesian product) If A and B are sets, the Cartesian product of A and B is the set A B = {(a, b) :(a A) and (b B)}. The following points are worth special

More information

1 if 1 x 0 1 if 0 x 1

1 if 1 x 0 1 if 0 x 1 Chapter 3 Continuity In this chapter we begin by defining the fundamental notion of continuity for real valued functions of a single real variable. When trying to decide whether a given function is or

More information

Section 13.5 Equations of Lines and Planes

Section 13.5 Equations of Lines and Planes Section 13.5 Equations of Lines and Planes Generalizing Linear Equations One of the main aspects of single variable calculus was approximating graphs of functions by lines - specifically, tangent lines.

More information

No: 10 04. Bilkent University. Monotonic Extension. Farhad Husseinov. Discussion Papers. Department of Economics

No: 10 04. Bilkent University. Monotonic Extension. Farhad Husseinov. Discussion Papers. Department of Economics No: 10 04 Bilkent University Monotonic Extension Farhad Husseinov Discussion Papers Department of Economics The Discussion Papers of the Department of Economics are intended to make the initial results

More information

Name: Section Registered In:

Name: Section Registered In: Name: Section Registered In: Math 125 Exam 3 Version 1 April 24, 2006 60 total points possible 1. (5pts) Use Cramer s Rule to solve 3x + 4y = 30 x 2y = 8. Be sure to show enough detail that shows you are

More information

Mathematical Induction

Mathematical Induction Mathematical Induction (Handout March 8, 01) The Principle of Mathematical Induction provides a means to prove infinitely many statements all at once The principle is logical rather than strictly mathematical,

More information

Mathematical Methods of Engineering Analysis

Mathematical Methods of Engineering Analysis Mathematical Methods of Engineering Analysis Erhan Çinlar Robert J. Vanderbei February 2, 2000 Contents Sets and Functions 1 1 Sets................................... 1 Subsets.............................

More information

Polynomial Invariants

Polynomial Invariants Polynomial Invariants Dylan Wilson October 9, 2014 (1) Today we will be interested in the following Question 1.1. What are all the possible polynomials in two variables f(x, y) such that f(x, y) = f(y,

More information

Sample Induction Proofs

Sample Induction Proofs Math 3 Worksheet: Induction Proofs III, Sample Proofs A.J. Hildebrand Sample Induction Proofs Below are model solutions to some of the practice problems on the induction worksheets. The solutions given

More information

1 = (a 0 + b 0 α) 2 + + (a m 1 + b m 1 α) 2. for certain elements a 0,..., a m 1, b 0,..., b m 1 of F. Multiplying out, we obtain

1 = (a 0 + b 0 α) 2 + + (a m 1 + b m 1 α) 2. for certain elements a 0,..., a m 1, b 0,..., b m 1 of F. Multiplying out, we obtain Notes on real-closed fields These notes develop the algebraic background needed to understand the model theory of real-closed fields. To understand these notes, a standard graduate course in algebra is

More information

Fundamentele Informatica II

Fundamentele Informatica II Fundamentele Informatica II Answer to selected exercises 1 John C Martin: Introduction to Languages and the Theory of Computation M.M. Bonsangue (and J. Kleijn) Fall 2011 Let L be a language. It is clear

More information

Solving Systems of Linear Equations

Solving Systems of Linear Equations LECTURE 5 Solving Systems of Linear Equations Recall that we introduced the notion of matrices as a way of standardizing the expression of systems of linear equations In today s lecture I shall show how

More information

6.2 Permutations continued

6.2 Permutations continued 6.2 Permutations continued Theorem A permutation on a finite set A is either a cycle or can be expressed as a product (composition of disjoint cycles. Proof is by (strong induction on the number, r, of

More information

1 The Line vs Point Test

1 The Line vs Point Test 6.875 PCP and Hardness of Approximation MIT, Fall 2010 Lecture 5: Low Degree Testing Lecturer: Dana Moshkovitz Scribe: Gregory Minton and Dana Moshkovitz Having seen a probabilistic verifier for linearity

More information

MATH 4330/5330, Fourier Analysis Section 11, The Discrete Fourier Transform

MATH 4330/5330, Fourier Analysis Section 11, The Discrete Fourier Transform MATH 433/533, Fourier Analysis Section 11, The Discrete Fourier Transform Now, instead of considering functions defined on a continuous domain, like the interval [, 1) or the whole real line R, we wish

More information

3 Contour integrals and Cauchy s Theorem

3 Contour integrals and Cauchy s Theorem 3 ontour integrals and auchy s Theorem 3. Line integrals of complex functions Our goal here will be to discuss integration of complex functions = u + iv, with particular regard to analytic functions. Of

More information

Separation Properties for Locally Convex Cones

Separation Properties for Locally Convex Cones Journal of Convex Analysis Volume 9 (2002), No. 1, 301 307 Separation Properties for Locally Convex Cones Walter Roth Department of Mathematics, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam

More information

Lecture 1. Basic Concepts of Set Theory, Functions and Relations

Lecture 1. Basic Concepts of Set Theory, Functions and Relations September 7, 2005 p. 1 Lecture 1. Basic Concepts of Set Theory, Functions and Relations 0. Preliminaries...1 1. Basic Concepts of Set Theory...1 1.1. Sets and elements...1 1.2. Specification of sets...2

More information

Inner Product Spaces

Inner Product Spaces Math 571 Inner Product Spaces 1. Preliminaries An inner product space is a vector space V along with a function, called an inner product which associates each pair of vectors u, v with a scalar u, v, and

More information

Solution to Homework 2

Solution to Homework 2 Solution to Homework 2 Olena Bormashenko September 23, 2011 Section 1.4: 1(a)(b)(i)(k), 4, 5, 14; Section 1.5: 1(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(n), 2(a)(c), 13, 16, 17, 18, 27 Section 1.4 1. Compute the following, if

More information

Practice with Proofs

Practice with Proofs Practice with Proofs October 6, 2014 Recall the following Definition 0.1. A function f is increasing if for every x, y in the domain of f, x < y = f(x) < f(y) 1. Prove that h(x) = x 3 is increasing, using

More information

Lemma 5.2. Let S be a set. (1) Let f and g be two permutations of S. Then the composition of f and g is a permutation of S.

Lemma 5.2. Let S be a set. (1) Let f and g be two permutations of S. Then the composition of f and g is a permutation of S. Definition 51 Let S be a set bijection f : S S 5 Permutation groups A permutation of S is simply a Lemma 52 Let S be a set (1) Let f and g be two permutations of S Then the composition of f and g is a

More information

Vector and Matrix Norms

Vector and Matrix Norms Chapter 1 Vector and Matrix Norms 11 Vector Spaces Let F be a field (such as the real numbers, R, or complex numbers, C) with elements called scalars A Vector Space, V, over the field F is a non-empty

More information

Solving Linear Systems, Continued and The Inverse of a Matrix

Solving Linear Systems, Continued and The Inverse of a Matrix , Continued and The of a Matrix Calculus III Summer 2013, Session II Monday, July 15, 2013 Agenda 1. The rank of a matrix 2. The inverse of a square matrix Gaussian Gaussian solves a linear system by reducing

More information

Linear Algebra. A vector space (over R) is an ordered quadruple. such that V is a set; 0 V ; and the following eight axioms hold:

Linear Algebra. A vector space (over R) is an ordered quadruple. such that V is a set; 0 V ; and the following eight axioms hold: Linear Algebra A vector space (over R) is an ordered quadruple (V, 0, α, µ) such that V is a set; 0 V ; and the following eight axioms hold: α : V V V and µ : R V V ; (i) α(α(u, v), w) = α(u, α(v, w)),

More information

a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + + a 1n x n = b 1 a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + + a 2n x n = b 2.

a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + + a 1n x n = b 1 a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + + a 2n x n = b 2. Chapter 1 LINEAR EQUATIONS 1.1 Introduction to linear equations A linear equation in n unknowns x 1, x,, x n is an equation of the form a 1 x 1 + a x + + a n x n = b, where a 1, a,..., a n, b are given

More information

Quotient Rings and Field Extensions

Quotient Rings and Field Extensions Chapter 5 Quotient Rings and Field Extensions In this chapter we describe a method for producing field extension of a given field. If F is a field, then a field extension is a field K that contains F.

More information

Elements of probability theory

Elements of probability theory 2 Elements of probability theory Probability theory provides mathematical models for random phenomena, that is, phenomena which under repeated observations yield di erent outcomes that cannot be predicted

More information

Dot product and vector projections (Sect. 12.3) There are two main ways to introduce the dot product

Dot product and vector projections (Sect. 12.3) There are two main ways to introduce the dot product Dot product and vector projections (Sect. 12.3) Two definitions for the dot product. Geometric definition of dot product. Orthogonal vectors. Dot product and orthogonal projections. Properties of the dot

More information

LINEAR INEQUALITIES. Mathematics is the art of saying many things in many different ways. MAXWELL

LINEAR INEQUALITIES. Mathematics is the art of saying many things in many different ways. MAXWELL Chapter 6 LINEAR INEQUALITIES 6.1 Introduction Mathematics is the art of saying many things in many different ways. MAXWELL In earlier classes, we have studied equations in one variable and two variables

More information

Jim Lambers MAT 169 Fall Semester 2009-10 Lecture 25 Notes

Jim Lambers MAT 169 Fall Semester 2009-10 Lecture 25 Notes Jim Lambers MAT 169 Fall Semester 009-10 Lecture 5 Notes These notes correspond to Section 10.5 in the text. Equations of Lines A line can be viewed, conceptually, as the set of all points in space that

More information

Mechanics 1: Conservation of Energy and Momentum

Mechanics 1: Conservation of Energy and Momentum Mechanics : Conservation of Energy and Momentum If a certain quantity associated with a system does not change in time. We say that it is conserved, and the system possesses a conservation law. Conservation

More information

1.5 SOLUTION SETS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS

1.5 SOLUTION SETS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS 1-2 CHAPTER 1 Linear Equations in Linear Algebra 1.5 SOLUTION SETS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS Many of the concepts and computations in linear algebra involve sets of vectors which are visualized geometrically as

More information

3 0 + 4 + 3 1 + 1 + 3 9 + 6 + 3 0 + 1 + 3 0 + 1 + 3 2 mod 10 = 4 + 3 + 1 + 27 + 6 + 1 + 1 + 6 mod 10 = 49 mod 10 = 9.

3 0 + 4 + 3 1 + 1 + 3 9 + 6 + 3 0 + 1 + 3 0 + 1 + 3 2 mod 10 = 4 + 3 + 1 + 27 + 6 + 1 + 1 + 6 mod 10 = 49 mod 10 = 9. SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK 2 - MATH 170, SUMMER SESSION I (2012) (1) (Exercise 11, Page 107) Which of the following is the correct UPC for Progresso minestrone soup? Show why the other numbers are not valid

More information

Similarity and Diagonalization. Similar Matrices

Similarity and Diagonalization. Similar Matrices MATH022 Linear Algebra Brief lecture notes 48 Similarity and Diagonalization Similar Matrices Let A and B be n n matrices. We say that A is similar to B if there is an invertible n n matrix P such that

More information

The Halting Problem is Undecidable

The Halting Problem is Undecidable 185 Corollary G = { M, w w L(M) } is not Turing-recognizable. Proof. = ERR, where ERR is the easy to decide language: ERR = { x { 0, 1 }* x does not have a prefix that is a valid code for a Turing machine

More information

1 Sets and Set Notation.

1 Sets and Set Notation. LINEAR ALGEBRA MATH 27.6 SPRING 23 (COHEN) LECTURE NOTES Sets and Set Notation. Definition (Naive Definition of a Set). A set is any collection of objects, called the elements of that set. We will most

More information

Algebra 2 Chapter 1 Vocabulary. identity - A statement that equates two equivalent expressions.

Algebra 2 Chapter 1 Vocabulary. identity - A statement that equates two equivalent expressions. Chapter 1 Vocabulary identity - A statement that equates two equivalent expressions. verbal model- A word equation that represents a real-life problem. algebraic expression - An expression with variables.

More information

CHAPTER 5. Number Theory. 1. Integers and Division. Discussion

CHAPTER 5. Number Theory. 1. Integers and Division. Discussion CHAPTER 5 Number Theory 1. Integers and Division 1.1. Divisibility. Definition 1.1.1. Given two integers a and b we say a divides b if there is an integer c such that b = ac. If a divides b, we write a

More information

Lecture Note 1 Set and Probability Theory. MIT 14.30 Spring 2006 Herman Bennett

Lecture Note 1 Set and Probability Theory. MIT 14.30 Spring 2006 Herman Bennett Lecture Note 1 Set and Probability Theory MIT 14.30 Spring 2006 Herman Bennett 1 Set Theory 1.1 Definitions and Theorems 1. Experiment: any action or process whose outcome is subject to uncertainty. 2.

More information

CONTENTS 1. Peter Kahn. Spring 2007

CONTENTS 1. Peter Kahn. Spring 2007 CONTENTS 1 MATH 304: CONSTRUCTING THE REAL NUMBERS Peter Kahn Spring 2007 Contents 2 The Integers 1 2.1 The basic construction.......................... 1 2.2 Adding integers..............................

More information

SOLUTIONS TO ASSIGNMENT 1 MATH 576

SOLUTIONS TO ASSIGNMENT 1 MATH 576 SOLUTIONS TO ASSIGNMENT 1 MATH 576 SOLUTIONS BY OLIVIER MARTIN 13 #5. Let T be the topology generated by A on X. We want to show T = J B J where B is the set of all topologies J on X with A J. This amounts

More information

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 6.436J/15.085J Fall 2008 Lecture 5 9/17/2008 RANDOM VARIABLES

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 6.436J/15.085J Fall 2008 Lecture 5 9/17/2008 RANDOM VARIABLES MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 6.436J/15.085J Fall 2008 Lecture 5 9/17/2008 RANDOM VARIABLES Contents 1. Random variables and measurable functions 2. Cumulative distribution functions 3. Discrete

More information

Finite dimensional topological vector spaces

Finite dimensional topological vector spaces Chapter 3 Finite dimensional topological vector spaces 3.1 Finite dimensional Hausdorff t.v.s. Let X be a vector space over the field K of real or complex numbers. We know from linear algebra that the

More information

DERIVATIVES AS MATRICES; CHAIN RULE

DERIVATIVES AS MATRICES; CHAIN RULE DERIVATIVES AS MATRICES; CHAIN RULE 1. Derivatives of Real-valued Functions Let s first consider functions f : R 2 R. Recall that if the partial derivatives of f exist at the point (x 0, y 0 ), then we

More information

The Ideal Class Group

The Ideal Class Group Chapter 5 The Ideal Class Group We will use Minkowski theory, which belongs to the general area of geometry of numbers, to gain insight into the ideal class group of a number field. We have already mentioned

More information

PYTHAGOREAN TRIPLES KEITH CONRAD

PYTHAGOREAN TRIPLES KEITH CONRAD PYTHAGOREAN TRIPLES KEITH CONRAD 1. Introduction A Pythagorean triple is a triple of positive integers (a, b, c) where a + b = c. Examples include (3, 4, 5), (5, 1, 13), and (8, 15, 17). Below is an ancient

More information

Chapter 9. Systems of Linear Equations

Chapter 9. Systems of Linear Equations Chapter 9. Systems of Linear Equations 9.1. Solve Systems of Linear Equations by Graphing KYOTE Standards: CR 21; CA 13 In this section we discuss how to solve systems of two linear equations in two variables

More information

MATRIX ALGEBRA AND SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS

MATRIX ALGEBRA AND SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS MATRIX ALGEBRA AND SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS Systems of Equations and Matrices Representation of a linear system The general system of m equations in n unknowns can be written a x + a 2 x 2 + + a n x n b a

More information

Linear Algebra Notes

Linear Algebra Notes Linear Algebra Notes Chapter 19 KERNEL AND IMAGE OF A MATRIX Take an n m matrix a 11 a 12 a 1m a 21 a 22 a 2m a n1 a n2 a nm and think of it as a function A : R m R n The kernel of A is defined as Note

More information

Linear Algebra Notes for Marsden and Tromba Vector Calculus

Linear Algebra Notes for Marsden and Tromba Vector Calculus Linear Algebra Notes for Marsden and Tromba Vector Calculus n-dimensional Euclidean Space and Matrices Definition of n space As was learned in Math b, a point in Euclidean three space can be thought of

More information

Algebra of the 2x2x2 Rubik s Cube

Algebra of the 2x2x2 Rubik s Cube Algebra of the 2x2x2 Rubik s Cube Under the direction of Dr. John S. Caughman William Brad Benjamin. Introduction As children, many of us spent countless hours playing with Rubiks Cube. At the time it

More information