You will learn about: material structure how structure dictates properties how processing can change structure

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2 高等材料科學 Course Objective... Introduce fundamental concepts in Material Science and Engineering You will learn about: material structure how structure dictates properties how processing can change structure This course will help you to: use materials properly realize new design opportunities with materials 2

will learn about: material structure how structure dictates properties how

3 Topic 1. Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering# 2.Atomic Structure and Bonding in Solid 3.The Structure of Metals # 4.Defects in Solids # 5.Diffusion in Solids 6. Mechanical Properties # 7.Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms in Metals # 8. Failure of Metals 9.Phase Diagrams for Metallic Systems # 10.Phase Transformations : Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Behavior # 11. Metal Alloys -Applications and Processing 12. Ceramic Materials -Structures and Properties 3

Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms in Metals # 8. Failure of Metals 9.Phase Diagrams for Metallic Systems # 10.

4 13. Ceramics Materials-Applications and Processing # 14. Structure of Polymers 15. Polymers -Characteristics, Applications, and Processing 16. Composite Materials 17.Corrosion and Degradation 18.Electrical Properties of Materials 19.Thermal Properties* 20.Magnetic Properties * 21.Optical Properties * 22.Materials Selection and Design Considerations * # 23.Economic, Environmental, and Social Issues in Materials Science and Engineering * # 4

Corrosion and Degradation 18.Electrical Properties of Materials 19.Thermal Properties* 20.

5 quizzes % GRADING Based on core homework problems Midterm 40% Final 40% Report 20% 5

6 CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering 6

7 CHAPTER 1: Introduction Structural feature atomic bonding missing/extra atoms crystals (ordered atoms) second phase particles crystal texturing Dimension (m) < >

atoms) second phase particles crystal texturing

8 1.1 History Perspective transportation,housing,clothing, communication,recreation,food production Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age Natural material: stone, wood, clay, skins Modern materials: metals, plastics, glass, fiber. 8

9 1.2 Materials Science and Engineering Macroscopic: Microscopic: Six important properties of solid materials 1.Mechanical 2.Electrical 3.Thermal 4.Magnetic 5.Optical 6.Deteriorative 9

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12 Structure, Processing, & Properties Properties depend on structure ex: hardness vs structure of steel Hardness (BHN) (a) 30 m (b) 30 m (c) 4 m (d) Cooling Rate (C/s) Processing can change structure ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel 30 m Data obtained from Figs (a) and with 4wt%C composition, and from Fig and associated discussion, Callister 6e. Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig ; (b) Fig. 9.27;(c) Fig ; and (d) Fig , Callister 6e. 12

1 1 10 100 1000 Cooling Rate (C/s) Processing can change structure ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel 30 m Data obtained from

13 ELECTRICAL Electrical Resistivity of Copper: Resistivity, (10-8 Ohm-m) Cu at%ni Cu at%ni deformed Cu at%ni Cu at%ni ure?cu Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 6e. (Fig adapted from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson, Physics of Solids, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill Company, New York, 1970.) T ( 蚓 ) Adding impurity atoms to Cu increases resistivity. Deforming Cu increases resistivity. 13

O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M.

14 Space Shuttle Tiles: --Silica fiber insulation offers low heat conduction. 100 m THERMAL Fig. 19.0, Callister 6e. (Courtesy of Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Inc.) Thermal Conductivity of Copper: --It decreases when you add zinc! Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K) Adapted from Fig. 19.4W, Callister 6e. (Courtesy of Lockheed Aerospace Ceramics Systems, Sunnyvale, CA) (Note: "W" denotes fig. is on CD-ROM.) Composition (wt%zinc) Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 6e. (Fig is adapted from Metals Handbook: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker, (Managing Editor), American Society for Metals, 1979, p. 315.) 14

(Courtesy of Lockheed Aerospace Ceramics Systems, Sunnyvale, CA) (Note: "W" denotes fig. is on CD-ROM.) 400 300 200 100 0 0 10 20 30 40 Composition (wt%zinc) Adapted from Fig.

15 Magnetic Storage: --Recording medium is magnetized by recording head. MAGNETIC Magnetic Permeability vs. Composition: --Adding 3 atomic % Si makes Fe a better recording medium! Fig , Callister 6e. (Fig is from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin, Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.) Magnetization Fe+3%Si Fe Magnetic Field Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9, Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. 15

Lemke, MRS Bulletin, Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.) Magnetization Fe+3%Si Fe Magnetic Field Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of Engineering Materials, Fig.

16 OPTICAL Transmittance: --Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or opaque depending on the material structure. single crystal polycrystal: low porosity i polycrystal: high porosity Adapted from Fig. 1.2, Callister 7e. (Specimen preparation, P.A. Lessing; photo by S. Tanner.) 16

single crystal polycrystal: low porosity i polycrystal: high porosity

17 1.3 Why study materials science and engineering The Materials Selection Process 1. In-service condition Determine required Propertie Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, deteriorative. 2. Deterioration of material Properties Identify candidate Material(s) 3. Economics What will the finished product 17

electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, deteriorative. 2.

18 1.4 Classification of Materials Three basic materials classes Metals Ceramics Polymers 18

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24 Metal f08_01_pg8 24

25 Ceramic materials f09_01_pg9 25

26 Polymer f10_01_pg9 26

27 1.5 Advanced materials Composites Semiconductors Biomaterials 27

28 Smart Materials High-technology Computer, fiber-optic system, spacecraft, aircraft, rocketry LCD, Integrated circuits, protection system for the space shuttle orbiter 28

29 Shape memory alloys Piezoelectric ceramics:expand and contract in respond to an applied electric field or volotage. Magnetostrictive materials: 壓磁材料 ( 行為如壓電 ) Electrorheological/magnetorheological fluids:dramatic changes in viscosity upon the application of electric and magnetic fields. 29

30 Nanotechnology 10-9 m (500 atom diameter) Top-down Bottom-up 30

31 1.7 Modern Materials Need 發現新的儲存發展新的對環境考衝擊較低替代材料耐高溫之引擎材料 - 提高燃料效率高效率之太陽能轉換為電能之材料努力做資源回收及發展新的回收技術 31

32 Course Goals: SUMMARY Use the right material for the job. Understand the relation between properties, structure, and processing. Recognize new design opportunities offered by materials selection. 32

Materials Sciences. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Hort norbert.hort@gkss.de. International Masters Programme in Biomedical Engineering

Materials Sciences. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Hort norbert.hort@gkss.de. International Masters Programme in Biomedical Engineering Materials Sciences International Masters Programme in Biomedical Engineering Magnesium Innovations Center (MagIC) GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH Dr.-Ing. Norbert Hort norbert.hort@gkss.de Contents