Master Microbiology Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Master Microbiology Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell"

Transcription

1 Master Microbiology Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell LITERATURE Dagan T, Martin W (2004) The tree of one percent. Genome Biology 7: 118 Embley TM, Martin W (2006) Eukaryotic evolution, changes and challenges. Nature Reviews 440: Timmis JN, Ayliffe MA, Huang CY, Martin W (2004) Endosymbiotic gene transfer: organelle genomes forge eukaryotic chromosomes. Nature Reviews Genetics 5: Prof. Dr. Ralf Rabus AG Allgemeine und Molekulare Mikrobiologie Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres (ICBM) Contents Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes Tree of life? Five current views of microbial evolution Archezoa - early-branching eukaryotic lineages? Mitochondria in multiple guises Models of eukaryote origin Timing and ecological context of eukaryote origins Genetic control of biogenesis of mitochondria and chloroplasts Genome reduction in mitochondria and plastides

2 Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes Bacterial cell Cell wall Plasmamembrane Ribosome Polysome Cytoplasm Chromosome Plasmid Animal cell Plasmamembrane Ribosome Polysome Cytoplasm Mitochondrium Goli apparatus ER Nuclear membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Plant cell Cell wall Plasmamembrane Ribosome Polysome Cytoplasm Mitochondrium Goli apparatus ER Nuclear membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Pore Chlorplast Vacuole Fuchs Allg. Mirko. (2006) Abb. 2.2 Tree of life: the bifurcation dilemma Classical view of evolution: phylogeny as a tree-like process of lineage splitting tree of life = single bifurcating tree lateral gene transfer (LGT) no major impact on evolution microbial genomes are related by a series of bifurcations LGT is important among prokaryotes proportion of prokaryotic genes affected by LGT: 2-60% LGT occurred throughout microbial history LGT is not tree-like microbial evolution undepictable by a single bifurcating tree Endosymbiotic gene transfer (among eukaryotes) adds to the bifurcation dilemma mitochondria originate from an ancestral -proteobacterium chloroplasts originate from an ancestral cyanobacterium Dagan Allg. & Mirko. Martin (2006)

3 Tree of life: genomic perspective (I) Automatable procedure for reconstructing the tree of life identify protein families that are universally distributed among all genomes detect cases of LGT (unusual tree topologies) exclude such proteins and reiterate the procedure 31 presumably orthologous proteins sequences present in 191 genomes each 31 proteins represent about 1% / 0.1% of an average prokaryotic / eukaryotic proteome tree of 1% or 0.1% exclusion of all non-universally distributed proteins and suspected cases of LGT Support a Gram-positive origin of Bacteria and suggest a thermophilic last universal common ancestor Ciccarelli et al. (2006) Tree of life: the genomic perspective (II) Archaea Eukaryota Bacteria Ciccarelli et al. (2006) Fig. 2

4 Tree of life: the genomic perspective (III) non-redundant set of human proteins against all proteins from 224 prokaryotic genomes 24 archaebacteria 200 eubacteria 31 universal proteins for tree of life no. of proteins % amino-acid identity Dagan & Martin (2006) Fig. 2 Five current views of microbial evolution The classical rrna-derived tree The introns-early tree The neomuran tree The symbiotic tree The prokaryote-host tree Dagan & Martin (2006)

5 The classical rrna-derived tree The universal ancestor (progenote): communal collection of information-storing and processing entities not yet organized as cells LGT main mode of genetic novelty "Genetic annealing" gives rise to cells: order of domain branching off: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria and then Eukaryotes refractory to LGT and endosymbiotic GT negligible for evolution Dagan & Martin (2006) Fig. 1a The introns-early (or eukaryotes-first) tree The ancestral state of genes might be "split" some introns in eukaryotes = carryovers from the assembly of primordial protein-encoding regions organization of eukaryotic genes (having introns) represents that of the first genome intronless prokaryotes would be a derived conditions Dagan & Martin (2006) Fig. 1b

6 The neomuran tree The common ancestor: free-living eubacterium (Chlorobium-like anoxygenic phototroph) Eubacteria only organisms on Earth until 900 Mio. years ago At this time an Actinobacterium-like eubacterium lost its murein-containing cell wall reinvention of the cell wall by a group of rapidly evolving organisms (Neomura) invention of isoprene ether lipid synthesis archaebacteria phagotrophy eukaryotes Accounts for cell biological characters, but not for sequence similarities among genes Dagan & Martin (2006) Fig. 1c The symbiotic tree: a merger of distinct branches Ancestor of eukaryotes: endosymbiosis of prokaryote X in host prokaryote Y formation of nucleated (n) cells Subsequent separate endosymbiotic events between eukaryotic host and prokaryotes: ancestor of plastides (p) and mitochondria (m) Dagan & Martin (2006) Fig. 1d

7 The prokaryote-tree with LGT: a merger of ephemeral genomes Extensive LGT throughout microbial evolution (inset 1) No mitochondria-lacking eukaryotes observed so far Endosymbiotic origin of plastids and mitochondria (endosymbiotic event in a prokaryote!) ring-like relationship (inset 2) between ancestral organisms rather than a tree Dagan & Martin (2006) Fig. 1e Where to go? Recover and depict both, the tree-like and non-tree-like mechanisms of microbial evolution tree-like: vertical inheritance through common descent non-tree-like: LGT and endosymbiosis Dagan & Martin (2006)

8 Archezoa - early-branching eukaryotic lineages? Archezoa mostly anaerobic or parasitic eukaryotes once thought to lack mitochondria first: divergence of Archezoa; second: mitochondrial aquisition Embley & Martin (2006) Fig. 1 Mitochondria in multiple guises Archezoa are now known to contain mitochondria-related organelles hydrogenosomes and mitosomes (also in ciliates and fungi, not grouped with Archezoa) common trait: double membrane and conserved mechanisms of protein import share at least one further trait with mitochondria Absence of traditional mitochondria and presence of a specialized anaerobic phenotype are neither rare nor "primitive" as once thought Aerobic and anaerobic eukaryotes, harbouring mitochondrial homologues of various sorts, have co-existed throughout eukaryote history Embley & Martin (2006)

9 Mitochondria Possess a genome encoding components involved in oxidative phosphorylation Transport of ATP into cytosol Key enzymes of anaerobic metabolism (e.g. pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase) in anaerobically functioning mitochondria (e.g. protists like Euglena) Embley & Martin (2006) Fig. 2a Hydrogenosomes No genome Oxidation of pyruvate to H 2, CO 2 and acetate Key enzymes of anaerobic metabolism (e.g. pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase) ATP-generation via substrate-level phosphorylation Transport of ATP into cytosol Single common ancestry of mitochondria and hydrogenosomes very likely Embley & Martin (2006) Fig. 2b

10 Mitosomes No genome Undergone more evolutionary reduction than hydrogenosomes No direct role in ATP synthesis In Giardia: two mitochondrial proteins of Fe/S cluster assembly Occurrence in: eukaryotes with cytosolic ATP synthesis energy parasites Embley & Martin (2006) Fig. 2b Models of eukaryote origin 1. Nucleus bearing, amitochondriate cells 2. Acquisition of mitochondria in an eukaryotic host 1. Origin of mitochondria in a prokaryotic host 2. Acquistion of eukaryote-specific features Embley & Martin (2006) Fig. 4

11 Timing and ecological context of eukaryote origins: classical view Diversified unicellular microfossils (widely accepted as eukaryotes) appear in strata of ~1.45 billion years (Gyr) Minimum age of eukaryotes at ~1.45 Gyr Fossilized Bangiomorpha (strongly resembling modern bangiophyte red algae) appear in strata of ~1.2 billion years (Gyr) Minimum age of plant kingdom at ~1.2 Gyr Two main stages in early eukaryotic evolution early emergence and diversification of anaerobic, amitochondriate lineages acquisition of an oxygen-respiring mitochondrial ancestor in one lineage diversification of aerobic eukaryotic lineages global rise in atmospheric oxygen levels at ~2 Gyr ago "environmental disaster" for cells lacking the mitochondrial endosymbiont Embley & Martin (2006) Timing and ecological context of eukaryote origins: critical view Contemporary anaerobic eukaryotes did not branch off before the origin of mitochondria New isotopic studies indicate that anaerobic environments persisted locally and globally over the past 2 Gyr oxygen appeared first in the atmosphere at ~ 2 Gyr ago up until ~ 600 Myr ago the ocean existed in an intermediate oxidation state oxygenated surface water (where photosynthesis occurred) sulfide-rich (sulfidic) and oxygen-lacking (anoxic) subsurface water "oxygen event" in the atmosphere has to be decoupled from anoxic marine environments: anaerobic eukaryotes living on the margins of an oxic world still valid today (e.g. water column of the Black Sea) Embley & Martin (2006)

12 Genetic control of biogenesis of mitochondria and chloroplasts Massive transfer of ancestor derived genes into the nucleus only few genes retained in the genomes of the organelle Organelles strongly depend on nuclear genes 90% of proteins imported from cytosol DNA still transferred from organelles to nulceus Timmis et al. (2006) Fig. 1 Genome reduction in mitochondria and plastides Sequenced mitochondrial genomes encode 3-67 proteins modern -proteobacterium Mesorhizobium loti: 7 Mb genome encodes >6,700 proteins Sequenced plastide genomes encode proteins cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme: >9 Mb genome encodes >7,200 proteins enormous reduction of organelle genome Genome reduction in organelles versus parasites parasites: reduction through specialisation to a nutrient-rich intracellular environment loss of genes that are no longer needed organelles: reduction through export of essential genes to the host s genetic apparatus import of thousands of essential proteins from the cytosol

13 Reduction of chloroplast genome Time course of gene relocation massively at the onset of endosymbiosis continued during lineage diversification The same core set of genes (photosynthesis and translation) retained in all lineages Displayed lineage diversification red algae (Porphyra) angiosperms (flowering plants) Cyanophora (belonging to the most ancient lineage of photosynthetic eukaryotes) Timmis et al. (2006) Fig. 2 Acquisition of plant-like genes in trypanosomes Martin and Borst (2003) PNAS 100:

Cytology. Living organisms are made up of cells. Either PROKARYOTIC or EUKARYOTIC cells.

Cytology. Living organisms are made up of cells. Either PROKARYOTIC or EUKARYOTIC cells. CYTOLOGY Cytology Living organisms are made up of cells. Either PROKARYOTIC or EUKARYOTIC cells. A. two major cell types B. distinguished by structural organization See table on handout for differences.

More information

Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell. 1. Cell Basics. Limits to Cell Size. 1. Cell Basics. 2. Prokaryotic Cells. 3. Eukaryotic Cells

Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell. 1. Cell Basics. Limits to Cell Size. 1. Cell Basics. 2. Prokaryotic Cells. 3. Eukaryotic Cells Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell 1. Cell Basics 2. Prokaryotic Cells 3. Eukaryotic Cells 1. Cell Basics Limits to Cell Size There are 2 main reasons why cells are so small: If cells get too large: 1) there

More information

Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Function pg. 70-107

Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Function pg. 70-107 UNIT 1: Biochemistry Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Function pg. 70-107 Organelles are internal structures that carry out specialized functions, interacting and complementing each other. Animal and plant

More information

4. Why are common names not good to use when classifying organisms? Give an example.

4. Why are common names not good to use when classifying organisms? Give an example. 1. Define taxonomy. Classification of organisms 2. Who was first to classify organisms? Aristotle 3. Explain Aristotle s taxonomy of organisms. Patterns of nature: looked like 4. Why are common names not

More information

Organization and Structure of Cells

Organization and Structure of Cells Organization and Structure of Cells All living things fall into one of the two categories: prokaryotes eukaryotes The distinction is based on whether or not a cell has a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells do not

More information

AP BIOLOGY 2006 SCORING GUIDELINES. Question 1

AP BIOLOGY 2006 SCORING GUIDELINES. Question 1 AP BIOLOGY 2006 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 1 A major distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the presence of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes. (a) Describe the structure and function

More information

Chapter 5 Organelles. Lesson Objectives List the organelles of the cell and their functions. Distinguish between plant and animal cells.

Chapter 5 Organelles. Lesson Objectives List the organelles of the cell and their functions. Distinguish between plant and animal cells. Chapter 5 Organelles Lesson Objectives List the organelles of the cell and their functions. Distinguish between plant and animal cells. Check Your Understanding What is a cell? How do we visualize cells?

More information

BME 42-620 Engineering Molecular Cell Biology. Lecture 02: Structural and Functional Organization of

BME 42-620 Engineering Molecular Cell Biology. Lecture 02: Structural and Functional Organization of BME 42-620 Engineering Molecular Cell Biology Lecture 02: Structural and Functional Organization of Eukaryotic Cells BME42-620 Lecture 02, September 01, 2011 1 Outline A brief review of the previous lecture

More information

Biology 101 Chapter 4 Cells as the Basic Unit of Life. The Cell Theory Major Contributors: Galileo = first observations made with a microscope

Biology 101 Chapter 4 Cells as the Basic Unit of Life. The Cell Theory Major Contributors: Galileo = first observations made with a microscope Biology 101 Chapter 4 Cells as the Basic Unit of Life The Cell Theory Major Contributors: Galileo = first observations made with a microscope Robert Hooke = first to observe small compartments in dead

More information

MCAS Biology. Review Packet

MCAS Biology. Review Packet MCAS Biology Review Packet 1 Name Class Date 1. Define organic. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 2. All living things are made up of 6 essential elements: SPONCH. Name the six elements of life. S N P C O H 3. Elements

More information

Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Name: Class: Date: Chapter 17 Practice Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The correct order for the levels of Linnaeus's classification system,

More information

7.2 Cell Structure. Lesson Objectives. Lesson Summary. Cell Organization Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and many specialized structures.

7.2 Cell Structure. Lesson Objectives. Lesson Summary. Cell Organization Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and many specialized structures. 7.2 Cell Structure Lesson Objectives Describe the structure and function of the cell nucleus. Describe the role of vacuoles, lysosomes, and the cytoskeleton. Identify the role of ribosomes, endoplasmic

More information

Lecture 4 Cell Membranes & Organelles

Lecture 4 Cell Membranes & Organelles Lecture 4 Cell Membranes & Organelles Structure of Animal Cells The Phospholipid Structure Phospholipid structure Encases all living cells Its basic structure is represented by the fluidmosaic model Phospholipid

More information

Cells & Cell Organelles

Cells & Cell Organelles Cells & Cell Organelles The Building Blocks of Life H Biology Types of cells bacteria cells Prokaryote - no organelles Eukaryotes - organelles animal cells plant cells Cell size comparison Animal cell

More information

Theory of Evolution. A. the beginning of life B. the evolution of eukaryotes C. the evolution of archaebacteria D. the beginning of terrestrial life

Theory of Evolution. A. the beginning of life B. the evolution of eukaryotes C. the evolution of archaebacteria D. the beginning of terrestrial life Theory of Evolution 1. In 1966, American biologist Lynn Margulis proposed the theory of endosymbiosis, or the idea that mitochondria are the descendents of symbiotic, aerobic eubacteria. What does the

More information

Eukaryotes. www.njctl.org PSI Biology Eukaryotes & Gene Expression

Eukaryotes. www.njctl.org PSI Biology Eukaryotes & Gene Expression Eukaryotes The Eukaryotic Cell Classwork 1. Identify two characteristics that are shared by all cells. 2. Suppose you are investigating a cell that contains a nucleus. Would you categorize this cell as

More information

Given these characteristics of life, which of the following objects is considered a living organism? W. X. Y. Z.

Given these characteristics of life, which of the following objects is considered a living organism? W. X. Y. Z. Cell Structure and Organization 1. All living things must possess certain characteristics. They are all composed of one or more cells. They can grow, reproduce, and pass their genes on to their offspring.

More information

1. Over the past century, several scientists around the world have made the following observations:

1. Over the past century, several scientists around the world have made the following observations: Evolution Keystone Review 1. Over the past century, several scientists around the world have made the following observations: New mitochondria and plastids can only be generated by old mitochondria and

More information

Name Class Date. binomial nomenclature. MAIN IDEA: Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today.

Name Class Date. binomial nomenclature. MAIN IDEA: Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today. Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification 17.1 Reading Guide KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. VOCABULARY taxonomy taxon binomial nomenclature genus MAIN IDEA:

More information

Bacterial (Prokaryotic) Cell. Common features of all cells. Tour of the Cell. Eukaryotic Cell. Plasma Membrane defines inside from outside

Bacterial (Prokaryotic) Cell. Common features of all cells. Tour of the Cell. Eukaryotic Cell. Plasma Membrane defines inside from outside www.denniskunkel.com Tour of the Cell www.denniskunkel.com Today s Topics Properties of all cells Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Functions of Major Cellular Organelles Information, Synthesis&Transport,, Vesicles

More information

Visualizing Cell Processes

Visualizing Cell Processes Visualizing Cell Processes A Series of Five Programs produced by BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES Content Guide for Program 3 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Copyright 2001, BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES www.ebiomedia.com

More information

Cell Structure and Function. Eukaryotic Cell: Neuron

Cell Structure and Function. Eukaryotic Cell: Neuron Cell Structure and Function Eukaryotic Cell: Neuron Cell Structure and Function Eukaryotic Cells: Blood Cells Cell Structure and Function Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria Cell Structure and Function All living

More information

Quick Hit Activity Using UIL Science Contests For Formative and Summative Assessments of Pre-AP and AP Biology Students

Quick Hit Activity Using UIL Science Contests For Formative and Summative Assessments of Pre-AP and AP Biology Students Quick Hit Activity Using UIL Science Contests For Formative and Summative Assessments of Pre-AP and AP Biology Students Activity Title: Quick Hit Goal of Activity: To perform formative and summative assessments

More information

Compartmentalization of the Cell. Objectives. Recommended Reading. Professor Alfred Cuschieri. Department of Anatomy University of Malta

Compartmentalization of the Cell. Objectives. Recommended Reading. Professor Alfred Cuschieri. Department of Anatomy University of Malta Compartmentalization of the Cell Professor Alfred Cuschieri Department of Anatomy University of Malta Objectives By the end of this session the student should be able to: 1. Identify the different organelles

More information

Multiple Choice Questions

Multiple Choice Questions Chapter 5 THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following can be made into crystal? (a) A Bacterium (b) An Amoeba (c) A Virus (d) A Sperm 2. A cell will swell up if (a)

More information

Cells. Structure, Function and Homeostasis

Cells. Structure, Function and Homeostasis Cells Structure, Function and Homeostasis Characteristics of Cells Basic unit of life anything alive is made of cells Plasma membrane (skin) that separates them from the environment. Skeletonsfor protection

More information

AP BIOLOGY 2015 SCORING GUIDELINES

AP BIOLOGY 2015 SCORING GUIDELINES AP BIOLOGY 2015 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 2 Figure 1. Glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation Figure 2. Krebs cycle Figure 3. Electron transport chain Cellular respiration includes the metabolic pathways of

More information

Microscopes. Eukaryotes Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having: DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope

Microscopes. Eukaryotes Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having: DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope CH 6 The Cell Microscopy Scientists use microscopes to visualize cells too small to see with the naked eye. In a light microscope (LM), visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass

More information

The Cell Teaching Notes and Answer Keys

The Cell Teaching Notes and Answer Keys The Cell Teaching Notes and Answer Keys Subject area: Science / Biology Topic focus: The Cell: components, types of cells, organelles, levels of organization Learning Aims: describe similarities and differences

More information

Do Not Write on this Quiz Paper (südamlik aitäh)

Do Not Write on this Quiz Paper (südamlik aitäh) 1. This makes ribosomes. Cell Organelle Quiz Do Not Write on this Quiz Paper (südamlik aitäh) a. Rough ER c. Golgi apparatus (body) b. Nucleolus d. Mitochondria 2. This is an energy producing organelle.

More information

But what about the prokaryotic cells?

But what about the prokaryotic cells? Chapter 32: Page 318 In the past two chapters, you have explored the organelles that can be found in both plant and animal s. You have also learned that plant s contain an organelle that is not found in

More information

The Cell Interior and Function

The Cell Interior and Function The Cell Interior and Function 5 5.0 CHAPTER PREVIEW Investigate and understand the organization and function of the cell interior. Define the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell structure.

More information

cells - relatively simple cells - lack nuclear membrane and many organelles - bacteria and their relatives are all prokaryotic

cells - relatively simple cells - lack nuclear membrane and many organelles - bacteria and their relatives are all prokaryotic Cell Biology A cell is chemical system that is able to maintain its structure and reproduce. Cells are the fundamental unit of life. All living things are cells or composed of cells. 1 The interior contents

More information

Cell Structure & Function!

Cell Structure & Function! Cell Structure & Function! Chapter 3! The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not 'Eureka!' but 'That's funny.! -- Isaac Asimov Animal Cell Plant Cell Cell

More information

The Living Cell from the Biology: The Science of Life Series. Pre-Test

The Living Cell from the Biology: The Science of Life Series. Pre-Test 1 Pre-Test Directions: Answer each question TRUE OR FALSE. 1. The instructions for making proteins are stored in molecules of DNA. 2. Proteins are made in the nucleus. 3. All cells are surrounded by a

More information

Fifth Grade Cells: Structures and Processes Assessment

Fifth Grade Cells: Structures and Processes Assessment Fifth Grade Cells: Structures and Processes Assessment 1a. All living things are made up of. a. cells b. tissues c. organisms d. systems 1b. All living things are made up of. 1c. Explain what cells are

More information

CELL/ PHOTOSYNTHESIS/ CELLULAR RESPIRATION Test 2011 ANSWER 250 POINTS ANY WAY IN WHICH YOU WANT

CELL/ PHOTOSYNTHESIS/ CELLULAR RESPIRATION Test 2011 ANSWER 250 POINTS ANY WAY IN WHICH YOU WANT CELL/ PHOTOSYNTHESIS/ CELLULAR RESPIRATION Test 2011 ANSWER 250 POINTS ANY WAY IN WHICH YOU WANT Completion: complete each statement. (1 point each) 1. All cells arise from. 2. The basic unit of structure

More information

Eukaryotic Cell Structure: Organelles in Animal & Plant Cells Why are organelles important and how are plants and animals different?

Eukaryotic Cell Structure: Organelles in Animal & Plant Cells Why are organelles important and how are plants and animals different? Why? Eukaryotic Cell Structure: Organelles in Animal & Plant Cells Why are organelles important and how are plants and animals different? The cell is the basic unit and building block of all living things.

More information

* Is chemical energy potential or kinetic energy? The position of what is storing energy?

* Is chemical energy potential or kinetic energy? The position of what is storing energy? Biology 1406 Exam 2 - Metabolism Chs. 5, 6 and 7 energy - capacity to do work 5.10 kinetic energy - energy of motion : light, electrical, thermal, mechanical potential energy - energy of position or stored

More information

The Cell: Organelle Diagrams

The Cell: Organelle Diagrams The Cell: Organelle Diagrams Fig 7-4. A prokaryotic cell. Lacking a true nucleus and the other membrane-enclosed organelles of the eukaryotic cell, the prokaryotic cell is much simpler in structure. Only

More information

Organelles and Their Functions

Organelles and Their Functions Organelles and Their Functions The study of cell organelles and their functions is a fascinating part of biology. The current article provides a brief description of the structure of organelles and their

More information

Eukaryotes have organelles

Eukaryotes have organelles Energy-transducing Eukaryotes have organelles membrane systems An organelle is a discrete membrane bound cellular structure specialized functions. An organelle is to the cell what an organ is to the body

More information

An Overview of Cells and Cell Research

An Overview of Cells and Cell Research An Overview of Cells and Cell Research 1 An Overview of Cells and Cell Research Chapter Outline Model Species and Cell types Cell components Tools of Cell Biology Model Species E. Coli: simplest organism

More information

D.U.C. Assist. Lec. Faculty of Dentistry Medical Biology Ihsan Dhari. Kingdoms of life

D.U.C. Assist. Lec. Faculty of Dentistry Medical Biology Ihsan Dhari. Kingdoms of life Kingdoms of life The earliest classification system recognized only two kingdoms : plants and animals but the use of microscope led to discovery of microorganisms, so the two kingdoms system was no longer

More information

The Cell Grade Ten. Estimated Duration: Three hours

The Cell Grade Ten. Estimated Duration: Three hours Ohio Standards Connection: Life Sciences Benchmark A Explain that cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living organisms, that once life originated all cells come from pre-existing cells,

More information

Evolutionary Trees I

Evolutionary Trees I TreeofLife:BranchingBiology&HistoryThroughArt Evolutionary Trees I AN INTRODUCTION An overwhelming body of evidence supports the conclusion that every organism alive today and all those who have ever lived

More information

PRESTWICK ACADEMY NATIONAL 5 BIOLOGY CELL BIOLOGY SUMMARY

PRESTWICK ACADEMY NATIONAL 5 BIOLOGY CELL BIOLOGY SUMMARY Name PRESTWICK ACADEMY NATIONAL 5 BIOLOGY CELL BIOLOGY SUMMARY Cell Structure Identify animal, plant, fungal and bacterial cell ultrastructure and know the structures functions. Plant cell Animal cell

More information

Plasma Membrane hydrophilic polar heads

Plasma Membrane hydrophilic polar heads The Parts of the Cell 3 main parts in ALL cells: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material this is about the parts of a generic eukaryotic cell Plasma Membrane -is a fluid mosaic model membrane is fluid

More information

Make your whiteboard come alive with science!

Make your whiteboard come alive with science! LER 6038 Grades 4+ Ages 9+ Make your whiteboard come alive with science! Explore a plant cell through handson investigation! A. Cell Wall A rigid and strong wall that protects and maintains the shape of

More information

Break down material outside their body and then absorb the nutrients. Most are single-celled organisms Usually green. Do not have nuclei

Break down material outside their body and then absorb the nutrients. Most are single-celled organisms Usually green. Do not have nuclei Name Date Class CHAPTER 9 REINFORCEMENT WORKSHEET Keys to the Kingdom Complete this worksheet after you have finished reading Chapter 9, Section 2. Patty dropped her notes while she was studying the six

More information

Student name ID # 2. (4 pts) What is the terminal electron acceptor in respiration? In photosynthesis? O2, NADP+

Student name ID # 2. (4 pts) What is the terminal electron acceptor in respiration? In photosynthesis? O2, NADP+ 1. Membrane transport. A. (4 pts) What ion couples primary and secondary active transport in animal cells? What ion serves the same function in plant cells? Na+, H+ 2. (4 pts) What is the terminal electron

More information

CELLS: PLANT CELLS 20 FEBRUARY 2013

CELLS: PLANT CELLS 20 FEBRUARY 2013 CELLS: PLANT CELLS 20 FEBRUARY 2013 Lesson Description In this lesson we will discuss the following: The Cell Theory Terminology Parts of Plant Cells: Organelles Difference between plant and animal cells

More information

Objective: On a team of no more than (2). Build to illustrate a 3D model of a PLANT or ANIMAL cell. 10 pts.

Objective: On a team of no more than (2). Build to illustrate a 3D model of a PLANT or ANIMAL cell. 10 pts. THE CELL model: Activity 4.1 Science / Biology Objective: On a team of no more than (2). Build to illustrate a 3D model of a PLANT or ANIMAL cell. - Your models should clearly demonstrate the following

More information

Parts of the Nerve Cell and Their Functions

Parts of the Nerve Cell and Their Functions Parts of the Nerve Cell and Their Functions Silvia Helena Cardoso, PhD [ 1. Cell body] [2. Neuronal membrane] [3. Dendrites] [4. Axon] [5. Nerve ending] 1. Cell body The cell body (soma) is the factory

More information

Biology I. Chapter 7

Biology I. Chapter 7 Biology I Chapter 7 Interest Grabber NOTEBOOK #1 Are All Cells Alike? All living things are made up of cells. Some organisms are composed of only one cell. Other organisms are made up of many cells. 1.

More information

The Origin of Life. The Origin of Life. Reconstructing the history of life: What features define living systems?

The Origin of Life. The Origin of Life. Reconstructing the history of life: What features define living systems? The Origin of Life I. Introduction: What is life? II. The Primitive Earth III. Evidence of Life s Beginning on Earth A. Fossil Record: a point in time B. Requirements for Chemical and Cellular Evolution:

More information

Cellular Energy. 1. Photosynthesis is carried out by which of the following?

Cellular Energy. 1. Photosynthesis is carried out by which of the following? Cellular Energy 1. Photosynthesis is carried out by which of the following? A. plants, but not animals B. animals, but not plants C. bacteria, but neither animals nor plants D. all living organisms 2.

More information

2. Which type of macromolecule contains high-energy bonds and is used for long-term energy storage?

2. Which type of macromolecule contains high-energy bonds and is used for long-term energy storage? Energy Transport Study Island 1. During the process of photosynthesis, plants use energy from the Sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. These products are, in turn, used by the

More information

Chapter 3. Cellular Structure and Function Worksheets. 39 www.ck12.org

Chapter 3. Cellular Structure and Function Worksheets. 39 www.ck12.org Chapter 3 Cellular Structure and Function Worksheets (Opening image copyright by Sebastian Kaulitzki, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.) Lesson 3.1: Introduction to Cells Lesson 3.2: Cell

More information

Photosynthesis takes place in three stages:

Photosynthesis takes place in three stages: Photosynthesis takes place in three stages: Light-dependent reactions Light-independent reactions The Calvin cycle 1. Capturing energy from sunlight 2. Using energy to make ATP and NADPH 3. Using ATP and

More information

Plant and Animal Cells

Plant and Animal Cells Plant and Animal Cells a. Explain that cells take in nutrients in order to grow, divide and to make needed materials. S7L2a b. Relate cell structures (cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, and

More information

Honors Biology Course Summary Department: Science

Honors Biology Course Summary Department: Science Honors Biology Course Summary Department: Science Semester 1 Learning Objective #1 - Ecology Students will understand how organisms interact with each other and the environment. Target(s) to Meet Learning

More information

Plant and Animal Cells

Plant and Animal Cells Plant and Animal Cells Cell Scientists Hans and Zacharias Janssen Dutch lens grinders, father and son produced first compound microscope (2 lenses) Robert Hooke (1665) English Scientist looked at a thin

More information

City Part Function Cell Part Controls what goes in and

City Part Function Cell Part Controls what goes in and Answer key: CELL CITY INTRODUCTION! Floating around in the cytoplasm are small structures called organelles. Like the organs in your own body, each one carries out a specific function necessary for the

More information

the!sun!to!sugars.!this!is!called!! photosynthesis.!the!byproduct!of!those! Nucleus! sugars!is!our!oxygen.!

the!sun!to!sugars.!this!is!called!! photosynthesis.!the!byproduct!of!those! Nucleus! sugars!is!our!oxygen.! Cytoplasm ANIMAL CELL Vacuoles Mitochondria Chromosomes GolgiApparatus Chloroplast+ TheChloroplastiswhatmakesthefood inthecell.they reonlyfoundinplant cellsandsomeprotists.everygreen plantyouseeisconvertingenergyfrom

More information

Organelle Speed Dating Game Instructions and answers for teachers

Organelle Speed Dating Game Instructions and answers for teachers Organelle Speed Dating Game Instructions and answers for teachers These instructions should accompany the OCR resources GCSE (9 1) Combined Science 21 st Century Science B Organelle Speed Dating Game learner

More information

AP Biology Essential Knowledge Student Diagnostic

AP Biology Essential Knowledge Student Diagnostic AP Biology Essential Knowledge Student Diagnostic Background The Essential Knowledge statements provided in the AP Biology Curriculum Framework are scientific claims describing phenomenon occurring in

More information

I. PLANT CELL, CELL WALL Bot 404--Fall 2004

I. PLANT CELL, CELL WALL Bot 404--Fall 2004 I. PLANT CELL, CELL WALL Bot 404--Fall 2004 A. Review of General Anatomy 1. Major organs are stem, leaf, root. Flower is usually interpreted as a modified shoot, so sepals, petals, stamens and carpels

More information

Molecular Biology of the Cell

Molecular Biology of the Cell Alberts Johnson Lewis Raff Roberts Walter Molecular Biology of the Cell Fifth Edition Chapter 14 1. The Genetic System of Mitochondria and Plastids 2. The Evolution of Electron-Transport Chains Copyright

More information

b. What is/are the overall function(s) of photosystem II?

b. What is/are the overall function(s) of photosystem II? Use your model and the information in Chapter 10 of Biology, 7th edition, to answer the questions. 1. The various reactions in photosynthesis are spatially segregated from each other within the chloroplast.

More information

PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION

PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION reflect Wind turbines shown in the photo on the right are large structures with blades that move in response to air movement. When the wind blows, the blades rotate. This motion generates energy that is

More information

Cell Biology Questions and Learning Objectives

Cell Biology Questions and Learning Objectives Cell Biology Questions and Learning Objectives (with hypothetical learning materials that might populate the objective) The topics and central questions listed here are typical for an introductory undergraduate

More information

How Cells Release Chemical Energy Cellular Respiration

How Cells Release Chemical Energy Cellular Respiration How Cells Release Chemical Energy Cellular Respiration Overview of Carbohydrate Breakdown Pathways Photoautotrophs make ATP during photosynthesis and use it to synthesize glucose and other carbohydrates

More information

XII. Biology, Grade 10

XII. Biology, Grade 10 XII. Biology, Grade 10 Grade 10 Biology Pilot Test The spring 2004 Grade 10 MCAS Biology Test was based on learning standards in the Biology content strand of the Massachusetts Science and Technology/Engineering

More information

Biology 20 Cellular Respiration Review NG Know the process of Cellular Respiration (use this picture if it helps):

Biology 20 Cellular Respiration Review NG Know the process of Cellular Respiration (use this picture if it helps): Biology 20 Cellular Respiration Review NG Know the process of Cellular Respiration (use this picture if it helps): 1) How many ATP molecules are produced for each glucose molecule used in fermentation?

More information

Cells, tissues and organs

Cells, tissues and organs Chapter 8: Cells, tissues and organs Cells: building blocks of life Living things are made of cells. Many of the chemical reactions that keep organisms alive (metabolic functions) take place in cells.

More information

The correct answer is d C. Answer c is incorrect. Reliance on the energy produced by others is a characteristic of heterotrophs.

The correct answer is d C. Answer c is incorrect. Reliance on the energy produced by others is a characteristic of heterotrophs. 1. An autotroph is an organism that a. extracts energy from organic sources b. converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy c. relies on the energy produced by other organisms as an energy source

More information

Chapter 25: The History of Life on Earth

Chapter 25: The History of Life on Earth Overview Name Period 1. In the last chapter, you were asked about macroevolution. To begin this chapter, give some examples of macroevolution. Include at least one novel example not in your text. Concept

More information

Unit 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Unit 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Unit 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Advanced Concepts What is the abbreviated name of this molecule? What is its purpose? What are the three parts of this molecule? Label each part with the

More information

Basic Biological Principles Module A Anchor 1

Basic Biological Principles Module A Anchor 1 Basic Biological Principles Module A Anchor 1 Key Concepts: - Living things are made of units called cells, are based on a universal genetic code, obtain and use materials and energy, grow and develop,

More information

Respiration occurs in the mitochondria in cells.

Respiration occurs in the mitochondria in cells. B3 Question Which process occurs in the mitochondria in cells? Why do the liver and muscle cells have large number of mitochondria? What is the function of the ribosomes? Answer Respiration occurs in the

More information

Gymnázium, Brno, Slovanské nám. 7, WORKBOOK - Biology WORKBOOK. http://agb.gymnaslo.cz

Gymnázium, Brno, Slovanské nám. 7, WORKBOOK - Biology WORKBOOK. http://agb.gymnaslo.cz WORKBOOK http://agb.gymnaslo.cz Biology Subject: Teacher: Iva Kubištová Student:.. School year:../ This material was prepared with using http://biologygmh.com/ Topics: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Viruses and Bacteria

More information

THE LIVING CELL. Cells also have variety of shapes. Plant cells are often rectangular or polygonal, while egg cells are usually spherical.

THE LIVING CELL. Cells also have variety of shapes. Plant cells are often rectangular or polygonal, while egg cells are usually spherical. THE LIVING CELL A Tour of the cell The cell is the smallest and the basic unit of structure of all organisms. There are two main types or categories of cells: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic

More information

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Why? Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Do all cells have the same structure? An efficiency apartment is a one-room apartment. This one room is where you sleep, eat, shower, and entertain your guests. It

More information

Algorithms in Computational Biology (236522) spring 2007 Lecture #1

Algorithms in Computational Biology (236522) spring 2007 Lecture #1 Algorithms in Computational Biology (236522) spring 2007 Lecture #1 Lecturer: Shlomo Moran, Taub 639, tel 4363 Office hours: Tuesday 11:00-12:00/by appointment TA: Ilan Gronau, Taub 700, tel 4894 Office

More information

CELL ANALOGY: AIRPORT. By: Joe Behrmann and Isaac Thompson

CELL ANALOGY: AIRPORT. By: Joe Behrmann and Isaac Thompson CELL ANALOGY: AIRPORT By: Joe Behrmann and Isaac Thompson MITOCHONDRIA Location: The Mitochondria of a cell is located in both plant and animal cells. They are found floating throughout the cell. Function:

More information

KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. binomial nomenclature

KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. binomial nomenclature Section 17.1: The Linnaean System of Classification Unit 9 Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. VOCABULARY taxonomy taxon binomial nomenclature genus MAIN

More information

3.1 AS Unit: Cells, Exchange and Transport

3.1 AS Unit: Cells, Exchange and Transport 3.1 AS Unit: Cells, Exchange and Transport Module 1: Cells 1.1.1 Cell Structure Candidates should be able to: (a) state the resolution and magnification that can be achieved by a light microscope, a transmission

More information

Todays Outline. Metabolism. Why do cells need energy? How do cells acquire energy? Metabolism. Concepts & Processes. The cells capacity to:

Todays Outline. Metabolism. Why do cells need energy? How do cells acquire energy? Metabolism. Concepts & Processes. The cells capacity to: and Work Metabolic Pathways Enzymes Features Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity Membrane Transport Diffusion Osmosis Passive Transport Active Transport Bulk Transport Todays Outline -Releasing Pathways

More information

AP Biology 2013 Scoring Guidelines

AP Biology 2013 Scoring Guidelines AP Biology 2013 Scoring Guidelines The College Board The College Board is a mission-driven not-for-profit organization that connects students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College

More information

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Lab 2- Bio 201 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Name: OBJECTIVES To explore cell structure and morphology in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. To gain more experience using the microscope, and in particular,

More information

Question Bank Five Kingdom Classification

Question Bank Five Kingdom Classification Question Bank Five Kingdom Classification 1. Who proposed Five Kingdom Classification? Give the bases of classification. Ans. Whittaker in 1969 proposed five kingdom classification based on :- (i) Cell

More information

Review of the Cell and Its Organelles

Review of the Cell and Its Organelles Biology Learning Centre Review of the Cell and Its Organelles Tips for most effective learning of this material: Memorize the names and structures over several days. This will help you retain what you

More information

1. When you come to a station, attempt to answer each question for that station.

1. When you come to a station, attempt to answer each question for that station. Name: Block: Steps for completing this study guide 1. When you come to a station, attempt to answer each question for that station. 2. Once you are done answering the questions, or if you can t answer

More information

Pores and pumps: facilitated diffusion, active transport, cotransport

Pores and pumps: facilitated diffusion, active transport, cotransport Cell Biology Learning Objectives Core objectives: 1. Students will understand the structures and purposes of basic components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, especially macromolecules, membranes,

More information

Cell and Membrane Practice. A. chromosome B. gene C. mitochondrion D. vacuole

Cell and Membrane Practice. A. chromosome B. gene C. mitochondrion D. vacuole Name: ate: 1. Which structure is outside the nucleus of a cell and contains N?. chromosome. gene. mitochondrion. vacuole 2. potato core was placed in a beaker of water as shown in the figure below. Which

More information

Regents Biology REGENTS REVIEW: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Regents Biology REGENTS REVIEW: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Period Date REGENTS REVIEW: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. The diagram at the right represents a portion of a type of organic molecule present in the cells of organisms. What will most likely happen if there is

More information

Metabolism Poster Questions

Metabolism Poster Questions Metabolism Poster Questions Answer the following questions concerning respiration. 1. Consider the mitochondrial electron transport chain. a. How many hydrogen ions can be pumped for every NADH? b. How

More information

AP Biology 2015 Free-Response Questions

AP Biology 2015 Free-Response Questions AP Biology 2015 Free-Response Questions College Board, Advanced Placement Program, AP, AP Central, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Board. AP Central is the official online home

More information

OBJECTIVES PROCEDURE. Lab 2- Bio 160. Name:

OBJECTIVES PROCEDURE. Lab 2- Bio 160. Name: Lab 2- Bio 160 Name: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells OBJECTIVES To explore cell structure and morphology in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. To gain more experience using the microscope. To obtain a better

More information