Comparison of chemical restraint techniques in ostrich (Struthio camelus)
|
|
- Easter Barker
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola ISSN X Apr - Jun 2006 / v.8 / n.2 / Comparison of chemical restraint techniques in ostrich Author(s) Ciboto R 1 Cortopassi SRG Lopes MAE Carvalho RC Baitelo CG Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade de São Paulo Mail Address Rodrigo Ciboto Rua Zina, 121 Jardim das Flores Osasco, SP, Brazil E-mai: rodrigo@avtruz.com.br Keywords Anesthesia; chemical restraint; muscular relaxation; ostrich. Apoio: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP Arrived: July / 2005 Approved: February / 2006 ABSTRACT Chemical restraint in ostriches is usually required for short-time interventions. Thus, this study established and evaluated intravenous anesthetics formulated from commonly used drugs in order to accomplish total restraint on this species and allow painful procedures to be performed. Thirty male and female ostriches weighing from 40 to 90 kg were randomly distributed into five groups. Animals in Groups I, II and III were given acepromazine (0.25 mg/kg i.m.) and those in Groups IV and V were given xylazine (1.0 mg/kg i.m.). The following drugs were administered intravenously 15 to 20 min later: Group I propofol (4.0 mg/kg), Groups II and IV ketamine (5.0 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.25 mg/kg), Groups III and V tiletamine-zolazepam (3.0 mg/kg). All protocols have produced satisfactory results regarding total containment, muscular relaxation and maintenance of the evaluated parameters within a normal range. INTRODUCTION Ostrich farming has increased worldwide in the last years and also in Brazil. As a consequence of the higher numbers of raising facilities and the size of flocks, the demand for veterinary services has also increased. Therefore, improvements in contention techniques are required in order to allow the accomplishment of medical procedures. According to Huchzermeyer (2000), the ostrich is the biggest bird in the world and it may be 2.75 meters high and weigh 150 kilograms. Ostriches belong to the ratite family of birds that comprises running birds. They cannot fly because of their rudimentary wings. Furthermore, ostriches have strong legs that may be used as defense in fights, by forward kicking. Ostrich farming is a recent economical activity worldwide (Carrer & Kornfeld, 1999). The first reference dates from the mid 1900 s and have been reported in South Africa. According to Cornick-Seahorn (1996), this species preserves many characteristics from the wild animals and are highly susceptible to stress caused by handling and direct contact with humans, as usually occur during physical contention. Since ostriches are big and strong, physical contention may result in accidents leading to serious lesions not only in humans, but also in the birds. The knowledge about ratite anesthesia refers mostly to non-captive, wildlife or even zoo animals, in contrast to little information available from ostriches reared in commercial production systems (Cornick- Seahorn, 1996). In commercial rearing, chemical interventions and restraining are needed in many procedures such as sample collection and picking of feathers, and also in minor procedures, i.e., suturing and placement of esophageal probe. Extensive and invasive procedures like orthopedic 119
2 or intestinal surgeries are not frequently performed in this species. Therefore, the development of techniques that allow short-time chemical contention might be more useful than general anesthesia techniques. According to Cornick-Seahorn (1996), the induction of anesthesia in ratites has been performed both IM and IV, and also by using inhalation anesthesia. The most used anesthetics are dissociative drugs, or yet associations between different drugs. The jugular, ulnar or metatarsal veins may be used in IV anesthesia. The objective of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of different associations of anesthetic drugs in order to establish efficient techniques of short-term chemical contention to be used in commercially raised ostriches. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty male and female ostriches were used. The birds were aged between eight and twelve months, and weighed between 40 and 90 kg. The animals were bought from the ostrich farm Vereda dos Avestruzes, in Corumbataí, SP, Brazil. The drugs used in the present study are listed below, together with the concentration: Propofol 1-10-ml vial at 10 mg/ml Acepromazine 2-20-ml vial at 10.0 mg/ml Xylazine 3-20-ml vial at 20 mg/ml Diazepam 4-2-ml vial at 5 mg/ml Ketamine 5-10-ml vial at 100 mg/ml Tiletamine-zolazepan 6-5-ml vial at 50 mg/ml The birds were kept in pasture areas and were caught using rakes adequate for ostrich restraint and hooded. After transference to a smaller paddock and recovering from constraint stress, they were submitted to physical examination before anesthesia. Examination included mucosa evaluation, lung and heart auscultation, heart frequency, respiratory frequency and temperature measurement. The birds were randomly distributed into five groups of six birds. Groups I, II and III were given acepromazine (0.25 mg/kg IM) as pre-anesthesia drug, whereas Groups IV and V were given xylazine (1.0 mg/kg IM). After 15 minutes, a 16-G catheter was inserted into 1 Propofol Cristália 2 Acepran a 1,0 % Univet S.A. 3 Rompun Bayer 4 Diazepam Cristália 5 Ketamine Cristália 6 Telazol Fort Dodge 7 GraphPad Instat version 3.01 the ulnar vein of each bird and the drugs were administered as follows: Group I propofol (4.0 mg/ kg), Groups II and IV ketamine (5.0 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.25 mg/kg), Groups III and V tiletaminezolazepan (3.0 mg/kg). The induction phase was determined as the time lag between drug administration and loss of postural control. The maintenance phase was considered as the time interval during which the bird was completely immobilized. The total recovery phase was defined as the period of time from the recovery of sensitivity and presence of voluntary movements until the birds were able to stand up. The birds were kept with hoods for 15 minutes afterwards. Temperature, respiratory frequency and cardiac frequency were measured at five-minute intervals during the total anesthesia period until the beginning of the recovery phase. Blood pressure was measured during the period of complete immobilization. Induction and recovery were classified as good if they were accomplished comfortably, rapidly and presented no risks to the animal and the assistants; reasonable, if there were no risks, but had lasting effects or a bad transition period; and bad when the animal and assistants were endangered, or if there was excessive distress and the drug had to be administered a second time. Muscle relaxation was subjectively evaluated by the presence of resistance to flexing of limbs and the presence of non-induced muscle activity, according to the following score: 3 = intense (total muscular flaccidity); 2 = regular (discrete muscular tonus); 1 = mild (muscular tonus present); and 0 = absent (contractions during handling). The obtained values were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using statistical software 7, and the observation times within groups were compared using the Tukey s test. Statistical significance was set at 5% (p<0.05). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Induction phase, induction quality, maintenance phase, and the time and quality of the recovery phase of the five groups are shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3. It was observed that after acepromazine administration (Groups I, II and III), the parameters showed no changes and, in general, the animals were calmer and easily constrained, i.e., there was tranquilization. It was possible, for example, to immobilize the birds and perform the catheterization without muscle relaxation as reported by Kimminau (1993) and Cornick-Seahorn (1996). 120
3 Table 1 - Mean values and standard deviations of the periods of induction, maintenance and recovery of Group I (acepromazine and propofol), Group II (acepromazin, ketamine and diazepam), Group III (acepromazine, tiletamine-zolazepam), Group IV (xylazine, ketamine and diazepam), and Group V (xylazine, Induction (s) Maintenance (min) Recovery (min) Group I 16.60± ± ±6.05 Group II 25.00± ± ±0.83 Group III 16.67± ± ±6.76 Group IV 28.33± ± ±0.81 Group V 31.67± ± ±4.90 Xylazine was used as a pre-anesthesia drug in Groups IV and V and produced good chemical immobilization, as seen by moderate muscle relaxation and sedation. Since xylazine is a sedative, the administration of greater doses than those used in the present study might intensify its effects. This might result in a more pronounced muscular relaxation and immobilization in ostriches as seen in other species, according to a previous report (Cullen et al., 1995). In the present study, after xylazine was administered, the vital parameters were maintained without great variations, differently from what has been reported by Cullen et al. (1995) and Cornick- Seahorn (1996). The former authors have administered intravenous xylazine and observed bradycardia as well as sedation and mild ataxia. According to Cornick- Seahorn (1996), this drug might be used alone to induce sedation and immobilization in ostriches, or combined with ketamine to promote a more prolonged restraining; nevertheless, it should not be used in debilitated birds, due to its depressing cardio-respiratory effects. Group I birds showed no significant changes (p>0.05) in the heart or respiratory frequency during the anesthesia (propofol). Body temperature increased slightly at 15 and 20 min (p<0.05). It was not possible to assess blood pressure in every evaluation time, because this procedure requires complete relaxation; the obtained results, however, were not significantly different (p>0.05). Muscle relaxation was intense in all animals at 15 minutes (100%), in 66.7% of the birds at 20 min and four birds showed no relaxation at 25 min. It is known that propofol is a hypnotic agent with ultra-short action that is largely used in domestic animals because it provides good quality of induction and recovery. In the present study, the animals laid down in 10 to 20 s after intravenous administration of propofol. This induction was considered good and showed complete immobilization, with muscular relaxation and loss of standing posture. The maintenance period lasted 9 min in average; this is considered an ultra-short period, such as reported for other animal species. The cardio-respiratory parameters were stable and confirmed the results obtained by Mama et al. (1996) who described absence of cardio-respiratory alterations in barn owls (Tyto alba) anesthetized with proporol. Although no other studies on the administration of propofol in ostriches have been reported, the findings of the present study, together with results found in dogs and cats, indicate that propofol is a safe drug to induce anesthesia in this species. It might be useful in protocols of intravenous anesthesia, as far as it is used in short procedures, or yet, to develop techniques of continuous infusion. A negative aspect of this drug is that the volume to be administered was too large, because the concentration of the commercially available drug is 10 mg/ml. Ketamine and diazepam used after the acepromazin pre-anesthesia (Group II) was considered fast and easy to perform. During the maintenance period, the birds lay down and showed no voluntary movements or responses to external stimuli. Besides, Table 2 - Quality of anesthesia induction as described in the text. Group I (acepromazin and propofol), Group II (acepromazin, ketamine and diazepam), Group III (acepromazin, tiletamine-zolazepam), Group IV (xylazine, ketamine and diazepam), and Group V (xylazine, Quality Group I Group II Group III Group IV Group V Good 100 % 100 % 100 % % 100 % Reasonable 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.00 % % 0.00 % Bad 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.00 % Table 3 - Quality of anesthesia recovery as described in the text. Group I (acepromazin and propofol), Group II (acepromazin, ketamine and diazepam), Group III (acepromazin, tiletamine-zolazepam), Group IV (xylazine, ketamine and diazepam), and Group V (xylazine, tiletamine-zolazepan. Quality Group I Group II Group III Group IV Group V Good % % 50.0 % % % Reasonable % % % % % Bad % % % 0.00 % 0.00 % 121
4 a good relaxation was obtained. The heart and respiratory frequencies, as well as mean blood pressure, showed no significant alterations during the evaluation periods (p>0.05). Body temperature increased slightly at 15 and 20 min (p<0.05). Muscle relaxation was intense in five animals at 15 minutes (83.3%); at 20 min, the animals showed intense (66.7%) or significant muscle tonus (22.2%); at 25 min, two animals showed slight relaxation (33.3%), two showed discrete relaxation (33.3%) and the remaining showed no muscle relaxation (33.3%). The maintenance period of this group was shorter in comparison to the other groups, lasting in average 8.8 min. Therefore, this protocol is considered limited to be used in procedures with moderate duration. In contrast to the results obtained in the present study, the association between diazepam and ketamine was considered to produce good recovery, but unfeasible induction phase (Cornick- Seahorn & Jensen, 1992). Similarly to Group II, Group IV was given diazepam and ketamine. The cardiac frequency and the mean blood pressure showed no significant alterations (p<0.05). As for the respiratory frequency, an increase was observed at 15 and 20 min. This was different from the basal frequency (p<0.05) similarly to the results reported by Barreiro et al. (2002). Body temperature was slightly increased at 10, 15 and 20 min, and significantly different from the basal temperature (p<0.05). The degree of muscle relaxation was intense in 66.6% of the birds at 15 and 20 minutes, whereas at 25 minutes only 16.7% showed intense relaxation, 50% showed discrete relaxation and the remaining 33.3% had significant muscle tonus. The average maintenance period in Group III was 16 min and there was muscle relaxation. This finding is not in accordance to previous results in which immobilization was not achieved after intramuscular injection of tiletamine-zolazepan (Van Heerden & Keffen, 1991). Relaxation was intense in all animals at 15 and 20 min (100%); at 25 min, 66.6% showed intense relaxation whereas the others (33.3%) had significant muscular tonus; at 30 min, only two birds showed intense relaxation (33.3%) and the remaining showed discrete relaxation (66.7%). There were no differences (p>0.05) in the cardiac and respiratory frequencies, body temperature or blood pressure. In Group V, the association between tiletaminezolazepan was administered after pre-anesthesia with xylazine and resulted in good induction, loss of standing posture and muscular relaxation. The cardiac frequency reduced at 20 min (p<0.05). However, such variation should be disregarded, since the birds of this group had basal values considered high for this species. This is probably due to the manipulation that was performed during constraint and other external factors, which resulted in disturbance during the trial. There were no significant changes (p<0.05) in the respiratory frequency, body temperature and blood pressure during assessments. Muscle relaxation was intense in 66.7%, regular in 16.7% and mild in 16.7% of the birds at 15 min; at 20 min, only 16.7% of the birds had mild relaxation and the others showed intense muscle relaxation; at 25 min, 66.7% showed discrete relaxation and the remaining birds, intense relaxation. The induction periods of the different protocols showed no significant differences. The analysis of the maintenance period values indicates that the protocols were different. Group V showed longer maintenance period in comparison to Groups I, II and IV (p<0.05). Similarly, the maintenance period of Group III was greater than that obtained in Groups I and II. Longer maintenance period was produced by the protocol xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepan, which was provided by the quality of muscle relaxation of the α-2 adrenergic agonist and the greater effectiveness of the dissociative agent. The recuperation of animals in Groups II and III had to be monitored by the assistants due to the variable behavior between animals. This result corroborates the report of Van Heerden & Keffen (1991), in which sudden movements of the head, neck and limbs were observed with lesions during the recovery from anesthesia performed with tiletamine-zolazepan. On the other hand, quiet recovery has been reported after anesthesia with an association of three drugs, phenotiazine, benzodiazepine and a dissociative agent (Barreiro et al., 2002). Group III showed longer recovery periods than other groups (p<0.05), probably due to greater half-life of the used agents (acepromazine/ The protocols were similar in regard to the maintenance of parameters such as cardiac and respiratory frequencies, temperature and blood pressure. All of them resulted in irrelevant alterations in comparison to the basal values. Moreover, during the anesthesia period, the animals showed similar behavior of decubitus and relaxation, besides the absence of response to stimuli. Unfortunately it was not possible to obtain more conclusive data in regard to blood pressure, since the measurement of this parameter requires complete muscle relaxation. Therefore, basal values were very 122
5 difficult to be obtained and it is believed that protocols that promote longer action periods, as well as relaxation, allow easier and more accurate measurements. CONCLUSION The present study introduces five anesthetic protocols for ostriches that might be used by veterinarians. The protocols comprise easily accessible drugs that promote good quality anesthesia, with safe induction and recovery, and different times of induction, maintenance and recovery. Both xylazine and acepromazine might be used as pre-anesthetic drugs with efficiency and similar results. Surely, in regard to the protocols, the main differences were generally due to significant variation in the periods of maintenance and recovery. In conclusion, the description of the response profiles produced by the protocols evaluated in the present study enables veterinarians to choose a protocol according to a given situation, depending on the relaxation degree, immobilization time and drug availability. tracheal resection. Journal Zoological Wildlife Medicine 1996; 27(3): Van Heerden J, Keffen RH. A preliminary investigation into the immobilising potential of a tiletamine/zolazepam mixture, metomidate, a metomidate and azaperone combination and metomidine in ostriches (S. camelus). Journal South African Veterinary Association 1991; 62: REFERENCES Barreiro RH, Massone F, Balieiro JCC, Elmôr RA, Hatschbach E, Lobo MAMS. Associação de levomepromazina, midazolam e ketamine ou levomepromazina, diazepam e ketamine pela via intravenosa em avestruz. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Veterinária 2002; 9(1): Carrer CC, Kornfeld ME. A criação de avestruzes no Brasil. Pirassununga: Brasil Ostrich Comercial 1999; Cornick-Seahorn JL, Anesthesiology of Ratites. In: Tully TN, Shane SM, editors. Ratite management and surgery. Malabar: Krieger Publishing; Cornick-Seahorn JL, Jensen J. Anesthetic management of ostriches. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1992; 200: Cullen LK, Gorke MA, Swan RA, Clark WT, Nandapi D & Colbourne C. Ostrich anesthesia: xylazine premedication followed by alphaxalone/alphadolone and isofluorane. Australian Veterinary Journal 1995; 72: Huchzermeyer FW. Doenças de avestruzes e outras ratitas, Jaboticabal: Funep; Kimminau KM. Introduction the ostrich. Veterinary Technician 1993; 14: Mama KR, Phillips LG, Pascoe PJ. Use of propofol for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in a barn owl (Tyto alba) undergoing 123
Equine Sedation, Anesthesia and Analgesia
Equine Sedation, Anesthesia and Analgesia Janyce Seahorn, DACVAA, DACVIM-LA, DACVECC Lexington Equine Surgery and Sports Medicine Equine Veterinary Specialists Georgetown, KY The need for equine field
More informationFeline Anesthesia Richard M. Bednarski, DVM, MSc The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine Current Issues in Feline Anesthesia
Feline Anesthesia Richard M. Bednarski, DVM, MSc The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine Current Issues in Feline Anesthesia Chemical Restraint Protocols Trap, Neuter, Release Anesthetic
More informationYamaguchi University, Japan
Yamaguchi University, Japan The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science The Stress Related Neuroendocrine and Metabolic Effects of Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agents and Their Combinations with Injectable
More informationTargeting patients for use of dexmedetomidine
Targeting patients for use of dexmedetomidine H a n n a h W u n s c h, M D M S c H e r b e r t I r v i n g A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r o f A n e s t h e s i o l o g y & E p i d e m i o l o g y
More informationIACUC Guideline LARGE ANIMAL FORMULARY
The intention behind the development of a University of Pennsylvania IACUC-endorsed drug formulary for the larger species used in biomedical research was to provide guidance for anesthetic and analgesic
More informationABSTRACT: The purpose of this article is to introduce readers to a brief overview of the
Demystifying Anesthesia By William E. Feeman III, DVM ABSTRACT: The purpose of this article is to introduce readers to a brief overview of the process of anesthesia and the various options available. A
More informationSOP 001: POLYCLONAL ANTIBODY PRODUCTION IN RABBITS
SOP 001: POLYCLONAL ANTIBODY PRODUCTION IN RABBITS PURPOSE: To describe the proper procedure to follow when injecting adjuvants into rabbits for the production of polyclonal antibodies. POLICY: The improper
More informationHOWS AND WHYS OF CRI ANALGESIA IN SMALL ANIMALS Luisito S. Pablo, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVA University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
HOWS AND WHYS OF CRI ANALGESIA IN SMALL ANIMALS Luisito S. Pablo, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVA University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Management of severe pain in small animals continues to be a challenge
More informationCH CONSCIOUS SEDATION
Summary: CH CONSCIOUS SEDATION It is the policy of Carondelet Health that moderate conscious sedation of patients will be undertaken with appropriate evaluation and monitoring. Effective Date: 9/4/04 Revision
More informationGuidelines for Spay/Neuter
Guidelines for Standards of Care in Animal Shelters Guidelines for Spay/Neuter Cynthia Barker Cox, DVM MSPCA Boston, MA Natalie Isaza, DVM College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida Guidelines
More informationIACUC Guideline RODENT ANESTHESIA & ANALGESIA FORMULARY
Background This guideline is designed to provide a single source of information for investigators that use rodents models of biomedical disease and discovery. The following tables reference contemporary
More informationThe ASA defines anesthesiology as the practice of medicine dealing with but not limited to:
1570 Midway Pl. Menasha, WI 54952 920-720-1300 Procedure 1205- Anesthesia Lines of Business: All Purpose: This guideline describes Network Health s reimbursement of anesthesia services. Procedure: Anesthesia
More informationCMP Antibody Production Service
CMP Antibody Production Service Polyclonal antibody production has become an essential part of many research projects at Texas A&M. Standardization of production procedures and the performance of the procedures
More informationASSESSMENT ON THE EFFICACY OF SKUDO IN ELIMINATING ECTOPARASITES AND ON ITS EFFECTS ON DOGS HEALTH. Investigator: Prof. Dr. Gisele Zoccal Mingoti Veterinary Medicine State University Paolista (Unesp) Araçatuba
More informationSick, Sicker, Sickest: Anesthesia in the Critically Ill Patient
Sick, Sicker, Sickest: Anesthesia in the Critically Ill Patient Kim Spelts, CVT, VTS (Anesthesia), CCRP, CCMT Peak Performance Veterinary Group No anesthetic procedure is entirely safe, but critically
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. Buprenovet 0.3 mg/ml Solution for Injection for Dogs and Cats (AT, DE)
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Buprecare 0.3 mg/ml Solution for Injection for Dogs and Cats (UK, BE, FR, IE, LU, NL, ES) Buprenovet 0.3 mg/ml Solution for
More informationSHARON M. JOHNSTON. University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine Athens GA
SHARON M. JOHNSTON 1660 Autumn Park Statham GA 30666 (864) 884-6065 smj.tech@yahoo.com EXPERIENCE 2014- Continuing Education Department Website Design (subcontractor) 2009 2014 Veterinary Technician University
More informationPROCEDURAL SEDATION/ANALGESIA NCBON Position Statement for RN Practice
PROCEDURAL SEDATION/ANALGESIA NCBON Position Statement for RN Practice P.O. BOX 2129 Raleigh, NC 27602 (919) 782-3211 FAX (919) 781-9461 Nurse Aide II Registry (919) 782-7499 www.ncbon.com Issue: Administration
More informationHypoglycemia (Technician-Paramedic) Protocol revised October 2008
Hypoglycemia (Technician-Paramedic) Protocol revised October 2008 Preamble Prolonged hypoglycemia may result in serious neurologic complications and death. Glucose and glucagon can be administered to correct
More informationEMS Branch / Office of the Medical Director. Active Seziures (d) Yes Yes Yes Yes. Yes Yes No No. Agitation (f) No Yes Yes No.
M07 Medications 2015-07-15 All ages EMS Branch / Office of the Medical Director Benzodiazepines Primary Intermediate Advanced Critical INDICATIONS Diazepam (c) Lorazepam (c) Midazolam (c) Intranasal Midazolam
More informationWITHDRAWAL OF ANALGESIA AND SEDATION
WITHDRAWAL OF ANALGESIA AND SEDATION Patients receiving analgesia and/or sedation for longer than 5-7 days may suffer withdrawal if these drugs are suddenly stopped. To prevent this happening drug doses
More informationWhat You Need to know about Your Pet s Upcoming Dentistry and Periodontal Treatment
What You Need to know about Your Pet s Upcoming Dentistry and Periodontal Treatment We are sending this packet of information in anticipation of your pet s upcoming dental procedure. Many people have questions
More informationPerformance Standards. Veterinary Technology Distance Learning Program (VTDLP) San Juan College 4601 College Blvd Farmington, NM 87402
Page 1 of 5 Performance Standards Veterinary Technology Distance Learning Program (VTDLP) San Juan College 4601 College Blvd Farmington, NM 87402 Essential Functions for Veterinary Technology The field
More informationALL ABOUT SPASTICITY. www.almirall.com. Solutions with you in mind
ALL ABOUT SPASTICITY www.almirall.com Solutions with you in mind WHAT IS SPASTICITY? The muscles of the body maintain what is called normal muscle tone, a level of muscle tension that allows us to hold
More informationUnderstanding Your Clinic s Recipes: High Volume Anesthesia and Analgesia
Understanding Your Clinic s Recipes: High Volume Anesthesia and Analgesia Emily McCobb DVM MS DACVAA Director, Tufts Shelter Medicine Program Assistant Director, Center for Animals and Public Policy Cummings
More informationPHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE INJECTION USP
PRESCRIBING INFORMATION PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE INJECTION USP 10 mg/ml Sandoz Canada Inc. Date of Preparation: September 1992 145 Jules-Léger Date of Revision : January 13, 2011 Boucherville, QC, Canada
More informationANESTHESIA - Medicare
ANESTHESIA - Medicare Policy Number: UM14P0008A2 Effective Date: August 19, 2014 Last Reviewed: January 1, 2016 PAYMENT POLICY HISTORY Version DATE ACTION / DESCRIPTION Version 2 January 1, 2016 Under
More informationANESTHETIC AGENTS PRE-ANESTHETICS AND ANALGESICS
ANESTHETIC AGENTS The following provides a very brief overview of the anesthetic agents most commonly used in HSVMA- RAVS small animal protocols. This is NOT a detailed monograph on the listed drugs. Consult
More informationCorporate Medical Policy
File Name: anesthesia_services Origination: 8/2007 Last CAP Review: 1/2016 Next CAP Review: 1/2017 Last Review: 1/2016 Corporate Medical Policy Description of Procedure or Service There are three main
More informationVCA Animal Specialty Group 5610 Kearny Mesa Rd., Suite B San Diego, CA 92111 858-560-8006 www.vcaanimalspecialtygroup.com.
Disk Disease While not limited to small breeds, disc disease is much more prevalent among Dachshunds, Lhasa Apsos, Poodles, Beagles and Pekingese primarily due to genetic factors. These traits result in
More informationCANINE & FELINE ANESTHESIA
Canine Anesthesia Introduction CANINE & FELINE ANESTHESIA Lyon Lee DVM PhD DACVA A general anesthetic to a healthy dog should bear little risk to the animal s life. However, although the mortality rate
More informationProcedure -8. Intraosseous Infusion Adult and Pediatric EZIO. Page 1 of 7 APPROVED:
Page 1 of 7 Intraosseous Infusion Adult and Pediatric APPROVED: EMS Medical Director EMS Administrator 1. Goals/Introduction: 1.1 Intraosseous (IO) infusion provides an effective alternative means of providing
More information*Reflex withdrawal from a painful stimulus is NOT considered a purposeful response.
Analgesia and Moderate Sedation This Nebraska Board of Nursing advisory opinion is issued in accordance with Nebraska Revised Statute (NRS) 71-1,132.11(2). As such, this advisory opinion is for informational
More information2.0 Synopsis. Vicodin CR (ABT-712) M05-765 Clinical Study Report R&D/07/095. (For National Authority Use Only) to Part of Dossier: Volume:
2.0 Synopsis Abbott Laboratories Name of Study Drug: Vicodin CR Name of Active Ingredient: Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen Extended Release (ABT-712) Individual Study Table Referring to Part of Dossier: Volume:
More informationIV solutions may be given either as a bolus dose or infused slowly through a vein into the plasma at a constant or zero-order rate.
د.شيماء Biopharmaceutics INTRAVENOUS INFUSION: IV solutions may be given either as a bolus dose or infused slowly through a vein into the plasma at a constant or zero-order rate. The main advantage for
More informationMODERATE SEDATION RECORD (formerly termed Conscious Sedation)
(POLICY #DOC-051) Page 1 of 6 WELLSPAN HEALTH - YORK HOSPITAL NURSING POLICY AND PROCEDURE Dates: Original Issue: September 1998 Annual Review: March 2012 Revised: March 2010 Submitted by: Brenda Artz
More informationDRAFT 7/17/07. Procedural Sedation and Rapid Sequence Intubation (RSI) Consensus Statement
Procedural Sedation and Rapid Sequence Intubation (RSI) Consensus Statement Many patients with emergency medical conditions in emergency and critical care settings frequently experience treatable pain,
More informationScope and Standards for Nurse Anesthesia Practice
Scope and Standards for Nurse Anesthesia Practice Copyright 2013 222 South Prospect Ave. Park Ridge, IL 60068 www.aana.com Scope and Standards for Nurse Anesthesia Practice The AANA Scope and Standards
More informationCardiac Arrest - Ventricular Fibrillation / Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia Protocol revised October 2008
Cardiac Arrest - Ventricular Fibrillation / Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia Protocol revised October 2008 Preamble Survival from cardiorespiratory arrest for patients who present with ventricular fibrillation
More informationPatient Care Services Policy & Procedure Title: No. 8720-0059
Page: 1 of 8 I. SCOPE: This policy applies to Saint Francis Hospital, its employees, medical staff, contractors, patients and visitors regardless of service location or category of patient. This policy
More informationNew 7/1/2015 MCFRS 1
New 7/1/2015 MCFRS 1 The providers will summarize the need for this change from an epinephrine auto injector The provider will define the proper dosage of epinephrine for the adult and pediatric patient
More informationCardiac Arrest Pediatric Ventricular Fibrillation / Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia Protocol revised October 2008
Cardiac Arrest Pediatric Ventricular Fibrillation / Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia Protocol revised October 2008 Preamble In contrast to cardiac arrest in adults, cardiopulmonary arrest in pediatric
More informationSection 2 Solving dosage problems
Section 2 Solving dosage problems Whether your organization uses a bulk medication administration system or a unit-dose administration system to prepare to administer pediatric medications, you may find
More informationItem 2 Guidelines for the Production of Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies in Rodents and Rabbits
Antibody Production/Neoplasia Item 2 Guidelines for the Production of Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies in Rodents and Rabbits Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are important reagents utilized in
More informationSTANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES DIVISION OF COMPARATIVE MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES DIVISION OF COMPARATIVE MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA SOP# 023.1 Date Issued: 4/02 Date Revised: 5/06 Page 1 of 5 TITLE: SCOPE: RESPONSIBILITY: PURPOSE: All Animal
More informationReport of the Veal Calf Vaccination Study with Rispoval IntraNasal (Zoetis)
Report of the Veal Calf Vaccination Study with Rispoval IntraNasal (Zoetis) Date: February 18, 2014 H. A. Vahl, H. Bekman and J. van Riel Introduction: Substantial percentages of antibiotics applied in
More informationEpidural Continuous Infusion. Patient information Leaflet
Epidural Continuous Infusion Patient information Leaflet April 2015 Introduction You may already know that epidural s are often used to treat pain during childbirth. This same technique can also used as
More informationPrerequisites. Authorization, Notification and Referral. Limitations ANESTHESIA SERVICES
ANESTHESIA SERVICES Policy NHP reimburses participating providers for the administration of general and regional anesthesia, and supportive services performed in conjunction with covered obstetrical, surgical,
More informationVeterinary Anesthetic and Analgesic Formulary 3 rd Edition, Version G
Veterinary Anesthetic and Analgesic Formulary 3 rd Edition, Version G I. Introduction and Use of the UC Denver Veterinary Formulary II. Anesthetic and Analgesic Considerations III. Species Specific Veterinary
More informationBier Block (Intravenous Regional Anesthesia)
Bier Block (Intravenous Regional Anesthesia) History August Bier introduced this block in 1908. Early methods included the use of two separate tourniquets and procaine was the local anesthetic of choice.
More informationScope and Standards for Nurse Anesthesia Practice
Scope and Standards for Nurse Anesthesia Practice Copyright 2010 222 South Prospect Ave. Park Ridge, IL 60068 www.aana.com Scope and Standards for Nurse Anesthesia Practice The AANA Scope and Standards
More informationDISCHARGE CRITERIA FOR PHASE I & II- POST ANESTHESIA CARE
REFERENCES: The Joint Commission Accreditation Manual for Hospitals American Society of Post Anesthesia Nurses: Standards of Post Anesthesia Nursing Practice (1991, 2002). RELATED DOCUMENTS: SHC Administrative
More informationCatheter Ablation. A Guided Approach for Treating Atrial Arrhythmias
Catheter Ablation A Guided Approach for Treating Atrial Arrhythmias A P A T I E N T H A N D B O O K This brochure will provide an overview of atrial arrhythmias (heart rhythm problems affecting the upper
More informationMedical Coverage Policy Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC)
Medical Coverage Policy Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC) Device/Equipment Drug Medical Surgery Test Other Effective Date: 9/1/2004 Policy Last Updated: 1/8/2013 Prospective review is recommended/required.
More informationPassionate concerns about welfare and ethics have created an environment where discussions about
M e d i c a t i o n s P A I N M A N A G E M E N T Lysa Pam Posner, DVM, Diplomate ACVA North Carolina State University Analgesia for Declaw Patients Onychectomy in cats is controversial both within and
More informationPain Relief Options for Labor. Providing You with Quality Care, Information and Support
Pain Relief Options for Labor Providing You with Quality Care, Information and Support What can I expect during my labor and delivery? As a patient in the Labor and Delivery Suite at Lucile Packard Children
More informationInfluenza Vaccine Protocol Agreement (O.C.G.A. Section 43-34-26.1)
Influenza Vaccine Protocol Agreement (O.C.G.A. Section 43-34-26.1) This Influenza Vaccine Protocol Agreement (the "Protocol") authorizes the Georgia licensed pharmacists (the "Pharmacists") or nurses (
More informationAllergy Emergency Treatment Protocol
Allergy Emergency Treatment Protocol I. Initial evaluation of possible allergic reaction a. Cease administration of allergenic extracts b. Notify physician c. Record vital signs: blood pressure, pulse,
More informationSemen Collection and Evaluation in Free-Ranging Brazilian Rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus terrificus)
Zoo Biology 26:155 160 (2007) Technical Report Semen Collection and Evaluation in Free-Ranging Brazilian Rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus terrificus) Rogério Loesch Zacariotti, 1 Kathleen Fernandes Grego,
More informationCardiac catheterization Information for patients
Cardiac catheterization Information for patients You have been scheduled for a cardiac catheterization. Your procedure is scheduled for:. Someone will call you the day before your procedure to tell you
More informationSignificant nerve damage is uncommonly associated with a general anaesthetic
Risks associated with your anaesthetic Section 10: Nerve damage associated with an operation under general anaesthetic Section 10: Significant nerve damage is uncommonly associated with a general anaesthetic
More informationCatheter Embolization and YOU
Catheter Embolization and YOU What is catheter embolization? Embolization therapy is a minimally invasive (non-surgical) treatment that occludes or blocks one or more blood vessels or vascular channels
More informationThis booklet provides information for people who use heroin The National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC) has conducted many interviews with
This booklet provides information for people who use heroin The National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC) has conducted many interviews with heroin users, many of whom have requested more information
More informationSTANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #401 CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
STANDARD OERATING ROCEDURE #401 CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES 1. UROSE This Standard Operating rocedure (SO) describes procedures for acquiring, storing, using and discarding controlled substances. 2. RESONSIBILITY
More informationObstetrical Emergencies
Date: July 18, 2014 Page 1 of 5 Obstetrical Emergencies Purpose: To provide the process for the assessment and management of the patient with an obstetrical related emergency. Pre-Medical Control 1. Follow
More informationInterference with withdrawal signs of naloxone-induced opiate withdrawal under anesthesia is anesthetic-specific in opiate-dependent rats
Life Sciences 70 (2001) 517 522 Interference with withdrawal signs of naloxone-induced opiate withdrawal under anesthesia is anesthetic-specific in opiate-dependent rats Emmanuel Streel a, *, Bernard Dan
More informationCenter for Medicaid and State Operations/Survey and Certification Group
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 7500 Security Boulevard, Mail Stop S2-12-25 Baltimore, Maryland 21244-1850 Center for Medicaid and State Operations/Survey
More informationPERIPHERAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANT INTRODUCTION
PERIPHERAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANT INTRODUCTION This booklet was designed to help you and the important people in your life understand the treatment of high dose chemotherapy with stem cell support: a procedure
More informationMississippi Board of Nursing
Mississippi Board of Nursing Regulating Nursing Practice www.msbn.state.ms.us 713 Pear Orchard Road, Suite 300 Ridgeland, MS 39157 Administration and Management of Intravenous (IV) Moderate Sedation POSITION
More informationADAPTABILITY AND STABILITY OF ALFALFA CULTIVARS. alda.lgm@zaz.com.br. Abstract
ID # 13-16 ADAPTABILITY AND STABILITY OF ALFALFA CULTIVARS A. C. Ruggieri 1 A.L.G.Monteiro, R. Gualberto 3 1 Estação Experimental de Zootecnia, Instituto de Zootecnia, Sertãozinho, São Paulo, Brasil Dept.
More informationCare Pathway for the Administration of Intravenous Iron Sucrose (Venofer )
Departments of Haematology, Nephrology and Pharmacy Care Pathway for the Administration of Intravenous Iron Sucrose (Venofer ) [Care Pathway Review Date] Guidance for use This Care Pathway is intended
More informationPediatric Anesthesia/Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia/ Pain Management Elective
Pediatric Anesthesia/Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia/ Pain Management Elective Introduction: This elective may be undertaken as a full-time elective in pediatric anesthesia, pediatric cardiac anesthesia,
More informationIV and Drug Calculations for Busy Paramedics
IV and Drug Calculations for Busy Paramedics By Kent R. Spitler, MSEd, RN, NREMT-P EMS Educator Charlotte, North Carolina Introduction Medication calculations can cause frustration for EMS providers. Math
More informationFour Systematic Breeding Programs with Timed Artificial Insemination for Lactating Dairy Cows: A Revisit
Four Systematic Breeding Programs with Timed Artificial Insemination for Lactating Dairy Cows: A Revisit Amin Ahmadzadeh Animal and Veterinary Science Department University of Idaho Why Should We Consider
More informationSurgery in Individuals Age 65+ Possible Risks. Possible Benefits. Potential Causes of POCD 11/24/2014. What is POCD?
Surgery in Individuals Age 65+ Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Older Adults Ryan W. Schroeder, Psy.D., LP, ABPP-CN Neuropsychologist & Assistant Professor University of Kansas School of Medicine
More informationA Patient s Guide to PAIN MANAGEMENT. After Surgery
A Patient s Guide to PAIN MANAGEMENT After Surgery C o m p a s s i o n a n d C o m m i t m e n t A Patient s Guide to Pain Management After Surgery If you re facing an upcoming surgery, it s natural to
More informationInfluence of ph Most local anesthetics are weak bases.
Local anesthetics The agent must depress nerve conduction. The agent must have both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties to be effective by parenteral injection. Structure-activity relationships The typical
More informationCODING AND COMPLIANCE NEW APPOINTMENT AND REAPPOINTMENT MODULE FOR ANESTHESIA FACULTY
CODING AND COMPLIANCE NEW APPOINTMENT AND REAPPOINTMENT MODULE FOR ANESTHESIA FACULTY ANESTHESIA BILLING: MUST BE DOCUMENTED AS: Personally performed: you perform the case without a resident or a CRNA
More informationLiver Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) Cancer treatment
Patient Education Liver Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) Cancer treatment This handout explains what liver transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is and what to expect with this cancer treatment.
More informationHow To Get A License To Practice Medicine In Florida
STATE OF FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Final Order No. DOH- 11-2321- FILED DATE Department o ealth By Agency Clerk ECO -MQA IN RE: ORDER OF EMERGENCY RESTRICTION OF LICENSE H. Frank Farmer, Jr., M.D., Ph.D.,
More informationElectroconvulsive Therapy - ECT
Electroconvulsive Therapy - ECT Introduction Electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT, is a safe and effective treatment that may reduce symptoms related to depression or mental illness. During ECT, certain parts
More informationEpinephrine Administration by the EMT
Epinephrine Administration by the EMT Pilot Project for the Administration of Epinephrine by Washington EMTs Tamara Coulter BS, FF/PM and Captain/MSO Steven Engle North Kitsap Fire & Rescue Objectives
More informationWhat s in your medicine cabinet: a guide to the common horse drugs. Dr. Chris Bell BSc, DVM, MVetSc, DACVS
What s in your medicine cabinet: a guide to the common horse drugs Dr. Chris Bell BSc, DVM, MVetSc, DACVS Have you ever had the call that your horse is colicky or been the stable owner/trainer that finds
More informationNon-Surgical Treatments for Spasticity in Cerebral Palsy and Similar Conditions by Susan Agrawal
www.complexchild.com Non-Surgical Treatments for Spasticity in Cerebral Palsy and Similar Conditions by Susan Agrawal Children with cerebral palsy and other conditions that affect muscle tone often present
More information5.1 Funding for Healthcare Needs
Section 5: Accessing Healthcare Funding G BAND 5.1 Funding for Healthcare Needs 5.1 Some pupils with medical conditions require support so that they can attend school regularly and take part in school
More informationIB Biology HL: Heart Rate Internal Assessment
IB Biology HL: Heart Rate Internal Assessment Meher Pandher Design Question Which yoga pose, if any, lowers heart rate the most after strenuous exercise? Hypothesis If the experiment is carried out correctly,
More informationAnalgesics Dosage/Frequency/Duration Max Volume/A/S Route
Animal Care Unit Pharmaceuticals For Use In Laboratory Animals NOTES: 1. Where appropriate, dilute all medications to an appropriate workable volume based on species. 2. Refer to a published formulary
More informationThe American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) has defined MAC as:
Medical Coverage Policy Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC) sad EFFECTIVE DATE: 09 01 2004 POLICY LAST UPDATED: 11 04 2014 OVERVIEW The intent of this policy is to address anesthesia services for diagnostic
More informationThere are four anesthesia categories as determined by CMS that affect payment of anesthesia services based on the provider rendering the services:
PROVIDER BILLING GUIDELINES Anesthesia Background Qualified medical professionals administer anesthesia to relieve pain while at the same time monitoring and controlling the patients health and vital bodily
More informationVeterinary Technology Program Application Packet
Veterinary Technology Program Application Packet The Associate of Applied Science in Veterinary Technology program is a very rewarding and demanding program that includes hands-on experience and academia.
More informationGuide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources Commission on Life Sciences National Research Council National Academy Press Washington, D.C. Copyright 1996 by
More informationAlways present... A Nurse Anesthetist Leaflet. The Norwegian Nurses Association and the Norwegian Association of Nurse Anesthetists
Always present... A Nurse Anesthetist Leaflet The Norwegian Nurses Association and the Norwegian Association of Nurse Anesthetists A brief history Nurses started giving general anesthetics to patients
More informationPost anesthesia recovery rate evaluated by using White fast tracking scoring system
Munevera Hadžimešiæ et al. Journal of Health Sciences 2013;3(3):88-195 http://www.jhsci.ba Journal of Health Sciences RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Post anesthesia recovery rate evaluated by using White
More informationCHAP2-CPTcodes00000-01999_final103115.doc Revision Date: 1/1/2016
CHAP2-CPTcodes00000-01999_final103115.doc Revision Date: 1/1/2016 CHAPTER II ANESTHESIA SERVICES CPT CODES 00000-09999 FOR NATIONAL CORRECT CODING INITIATIVE POLICY MANUAL FOR MEDICARE SERVICES Current
More information- NALOXONE/NARCAN. This training is designed to teach you about one action you can take in case of an overdose of opiates.
OVERDOSE MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL - NALOXONE/NARCAN TRAINING This training is designed to teach you about one action you can take in case of an overdose of opiates. This training program will not make you a
More informationIndirect Blood Pressure Measurement
P r o c e d u r e s P r o C A R D I O L O G Y Peer Reviewed Indirect Blood Pressure Measurement Maintenance of appropriate systemic arterial blood pressure is vital for survival. Because many common situations
More informationIntraosseous Vascular Access and Lidocaine
Intraosseous Vascular Access and Lidocaine Intraosseous (IO) needles provide access to the medullary cavity of a bone. It is a technique primarily used in emergency situations to administer fluid and medication
More informationChapter 3. Ulnar nerve infiltration
Chapter 3 LOCAL ANESTHESIA KEY FIGURES: Digital block/anatomy Sensation to hand Median nerve infiltration Ulnar nerve infiltration Facial block: skeleton Full surgical evaluation of a wound and suture
More informationThe science of medicine. The compassion to heal.
A PATIENT S GUIDE TO ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY STUDIES OF THE HEART The science of medicine. The compassion to heal. This teaching booklet is designed to introduce you to electrophysiology studies of the heart.
More information8/6/2010. Name of medication Concentration (1:1,000 or 1mg/1ml) Expiration date
Learning Objectives: Anaphylaxis & Epinephrine Administration by the EMT Adapted with permission from the Pilot Project for the Administration of Epinephrine by Washington EMTs With successful completion
More information