What are the advantages (pros) What are the disadvantages (cons)? Is it right to create an animal like this simply to make our lives easier?
|
|
- Noel McGee
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Notes:
2 What are the advantages (pros) What are the disadvantages (cons)? Is it right to create an animal like this simply to make our lives easier? What is it?
3 Genetic Engineering Means making changes to DNA in order to change the way living things work. Creates new crops and farm animals. Makes bacteria that can make medicines. Can grow human body parts. Can prevent genetic diseases, change humans.
4 Altering Organisms isn t NEW, we ve been doing it for 1000 s of years It s called - Selective Breeding.
5 Selective Breeding
6 For Example: The Labradoodle Look at the following dogs - crossing a Poodle and a Labrador results in a Labradoodle What features has the Labradoodle inherited from the Labrador? What features has the Labradoodle inherited from the Poodle? + Poodle + Labrador Labradoodle
7 Labradoodle The Labradoodle is large (like the Labrador), has a fluffy coat (like the Poodle) which sheds much less than a Labrador s coat. They are also generally well tempered and good swimmers (like both its parent breeds). So the Labradoodle has favorable characteristics from both of its parent breeds. + Poodle + Labrador Labradoodle
8 Selective Breeding Selective breeding is a process used to produce different breeds of animals or varieties of plants that have useful characteristics Using selective breeding you can produce a specific offspring with useful characteristics of both parents What organisms do farmers selectively breed?
9 Selective Breeding Farmers can choose individual cows to mate in order to produce a generation of cows that will yield more milk. Farmers could also selectively breed for docile animals. Apple growers want to produce a type of apple that is tasty and resistant to disease. This can be done by crossing a variety of apple known for taste with another variety that shows strong resistance to disease. Farmers could also selectively breed for crops of a uniform height / when they are ready for harvest.
10 Another Example: Cows Suppose you wanted a variety of cow that produced a lot of milk: - Choose or select the cows in your herd that produce the most milk Only let these cows reproduce Select the offspring that produce the most milk Only let these offspring reproduce Keep repeating the process of selection and breeding until you achieve your goal
11 The key is to identify the feature you want, and only breed from the individuals that have that feature it is achieved by Select parents with the desired traits (things you want) Cross the parents (breed them) Select from the offspring Repeat (over many generations) Selective breeding is used to: - Choose characteristics of the food item required Produce a more uniform crop (size / harvest time) Extend the tolerance range of an organism
12 Perfect Pet Imagine you wanted to create your perfect dog how would you selectively breed for it? What two parents are you going to choose? What qualities do each of them have (which you want) How are you going to get these qualities in your pet?
13 However, the traits inherited are RANDOM and UNPREDICTABLE.
14 With Genetic Engineering, Traits are selected intentionally. Offspring receive specific DNA from parents. Desired results are usually obtained.
15 The simple addition, deletion, or manipulation of a single trait in an organism to create a desired change.
16 -Major tool is recombinant DNA. -Recombinant DNA (rdna) - DNA joined to other unrelated foreign DNA. -also called gene splicing. -tiny segments of a gene are taken out and replaced.
17
18 How is it different from Selective Breeding? In selective breeding, we are combining the traits of two organisms randomly to get a random mixture of their genes and hoping for the results we seek. In genetic engineering, a single gene, a half page recipe in the 52-thousand-page set of recipe books, can direct the plant to make new traits or remove them
19 Transgenic Organisms: Are organisms that have been altered by genetic engineering. Genetic material changed by other than random natural breeding. Gene transfer - moving a gene from one organism to another.
20 Time for a quick poll: Raise your hand if you would eat food (plant or animal) that had been created through genetic modification.
21 Time for a quick poll II: Raise your hand if you would eat vegetables that had been created through genetic modification but NOT meat.
22 Time for a quick poll III: Raise your hand if you would eat meat that had been created through genetic modification but NOT vegetables.
23 Time for a quick poll IV: Raise your hand if you would eat both meat & vegetables that had been created through genetic modification.
24 Types of Transgenic Organisms GMO- Genetically Modified Organism. Uses genes not found in the organism to provide new traits. GEO - Genetically Enhanced Organism Uses superior versions of genes already found in the organisms genome.
25 What are Genetically Modified (GM) Foods? ( Frankenfoods?) You have probably already eaten GM foods. Some GM tomatoes, for example, have had their genes altered to stop them from going soft while they are still growing. For several years they were widely sold in tomato paste. The GM foods we eat have all been tested for safety. But some people worry about the long term effects of eating genetically modified foods.
26
27 What Have I Eaten? Genetically modified (GM) foods possess specific traits such as tolerance to herbicides or resistance to insects or viruses. By most estimates, up to 70% of the processed foods at your local grocery store contain at least one ingredient that s been genetically altered Genetically modified to travel better so don t have to be picked when green better tasting! Genetically modified to reduce being eaten by insects.
28 Going Bananas? According to recent reports, the world may soon be out of bananas. Because of the starchy fruit s unique method of reproduction, it seems, banana plantations in Africa, Asia and Central America are uniquely susceptible to fungi, viruses and pests. Unless scientists can find a way to genetically enhance the banana s ability to ward off parasites, we could be bananaless in ten years. Several agroscience companies believe they can genetically engineer such an invincible banana by copying parts of the genetic codes of other fruits and instilling them into the banana.
29 Pros of Genetic Engineering: Crops Better taste and quality Less time to ripen. More nutrients, more food, and stress tolerance Improved resistance to disease, pests, and herbicides New products and growing techniques Animals Increased resistance, productivity, hardiness, and feed efficiency Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk Improved animal health and diagnostic methods Environment "Friendly" bioherbicides and bioinsecticides Conservation of soil, water, and energy Better natural waste management More efficient processing Society More food for growing populations
30 Safety Cons of Genetic Engineering Potential human health impact: allergens, transfer of antibiotic resistance markers, unknown effects Potential environmental impact: unintended transfer of transgenes through cross-pollination, loss of flora and fauna biodiversity Access and Intellectual Property Domination of world food production by a few companies Increasing dependence on Industralized nations by developing countries Ethics Violation of natural organisms' intrinsic values Tampering with nature by mixing genes among species Objections to consuming animal genes in plants and vice versa Stress for animal Labeling Not mandatory in some countries (e.g., U. States) Mixing GM crops with non-gm confounds labeling attempts
31 How can we use gen. eng. to help people? Right now, doctors are using pig hearts for transplants but there are still rejection problems. One day soon, scientists will be able to genetically engineer pigs to grow human organs for use in transplants. By inserting a gene for human insulin into an E.Coli bacterium, the E. coli will make lots of insulin, which scientists and doctors can collect and use.
32 In Minnesota researchers at the Mayo Clinic created pigs with human blood flowing through their bodies. And at Stanford University in California an experiment is being planned to create mice with human brain organization. Scientists feel that, the more humanlike the animal, the better research model it makes for testing drugs or possibly growing "spare parts," such as livers, to transplant into humans.
33 GM crops Crops can be given extra genes for new and useful characteristics. They are genetically modified (GM).What characteristics might be useful in crops? pest resistance frost resistance disease resistance herbicide resistance drought resistance longer shelf life
34 Pest-resistant crops Potatoes can be genetically modified so they are toxic to pests, such as the Colorado beetle. The gene for a powerful bacterial toxin is added to the potato plant. If the beetle tries to eat the potato plant, it is killed by the toxin.
35 Frost-resistant crops Crops can be genetically modified so they are resistant to adverse environmental conditions. For example, lettuces could be genetically modified to be resistant to frost. GM lettuce Why are some people against the development and use of GM crops? non- GM lettuce
36 Transgenic goats For example, the gene for a human antibody can be introduced into goats. Additional controlling DNA is also introduced, so the human antibody is only produced in the goat s mammary gland at a certain time. The antibody is then expressed in the goat s milk, where it can be purified and used to treat diseases.
37 Which came first? The eggs of this transgenic chicken contain a human antibody that could one day help to treat skin cancer. What advantages does this method of producing antibodies have?
38 Plants with extra vitamins Rice can be genetically modified to make beta-carotene, a substance that is converted into vitamin A in the body. The colour of the rice is an indication of how much more betacarotene it contains. The GM rice is called Golden Rice and is being developed to help fight vitamin A deficiency and blindness in developing countries.
39 What is Gene Therapy? 1. In people with cystic fibrosis, one of the genes is faulty and cannot do its job properly. 2. To fix the problem, a copy of the same gene from a healthy person is spliced into a virus. 3. The patient s lungs are infected with the virus. It delivers the working gene into the patient s cells. The cells can then make the right protein, and the patient can breathe normally. Patient s cell Patient s DNA Faulty Gene Virus DNA New working gene Patient s DNA Virus DNA with new gene
40 Will We Be Able To Cure Cancer With Gene Therapy? Cancer happens when body cells grow out of control. Scientists have found a gene called p-53 which normally keeps cells under control. They think that in some people with cancer, the disease begins because the p-53 gene doesn t work properly perhaps because of a mistake in the gene code. Experts are now looking for a way to cure cancer by modifying faulty DNA to make the p-53 gene work. Lung cancer cells (530x). These cells are from a tumor located in the alveolus (air sac) of a lung.
41 What s Going On Here? Photo of mouse growing a "human ear" - a shape made of cartilage
42 Mixing humans and animals The mythic beast had a lion's body, serpent's tail, and goat's head. Scientists have begun blurring the line between human and animal by producing chimeras a hybrid creature that's part human, part animal. Chinese scientists at the Shanghai Second Medical University in 2003 successfully fused human cells with rabbit eggs. The embryos were reportedly the first human-animal chimeras successfully created. They were allowed to develop for several days in a laboratory dish before the scientists destroyed the embryos to harvest their stem cells.
43 The First Clone! Her name was Dolly.
44 Now cats may have more than nine lives. The company that funded the first successful cloning of a domestic cat, has gone commercial. You can clone your own kitty. Your cost? U.S. $50,000 each.
45 "Cc," the first-ever cloned cat shown here at seven weeks old with Allie, her surrogate mother. The cat was cloned by transplanting DNA from Rainbow, a female three-colored tortoiseshell (or calico) cat into an egg cell whose nucleus had been removed, and then implanting this embryo into Allie, the surrogate mother. "CC's coat color suggests that she is a clone, and a genetic match between CC and the donor mother confirms this," the researchers say.
46
47 Scientists at the Oregon Regional Primate Research Center announced the birth of the first genetically engineered primate, named ANDi (for "inserted DNA" spelled backwards), a rhesus monkey whose cells contained the gene that makes jellyfish glow in the dark. The experiment was something of a flop; ANDi does not glow. (Rodents implanted with the gene do.) ANDi
48 The Spider Goat, from the University of Wyoming, was engineered with genes to produce spider silk in its milk. This is important because spider silk is incredibly strong, and has been used in Kevlar vests.
49 Bovine somatotropin BST A hormone composed of protein that is produced by the cows pituitary gland. Helps control the production of milk by assisting the regulation of nutrients into the production of milk or fat.
50 BST Supplementary BST causes the cow to produce less fat and more milk. By splicing genetic material into E. coli bacteria the hormone can be produced at relatively low cost.
51 1982 Humulin is approved for the treatment of diabetes.
52 1. The flounder s antifreeze gene is copied and inserted into a small ring of DNA taken from a bacteria cell. 2. The DNA ring containing the flounder gene is put into a second bacterium. 3. This second bacterium is used to infect the strawberry cell. The flounder s antifreeze gene enters the strawberry s DNA. 4. The new GM strawberry cell is grown into a GM strawberry plant which can be bred many times. Strawberry cell with Antifreeze gene This diagram shows how one type of GM food, a strawberry that resists frost damage is made. The flounder is a fish that live in icy seas. It has a gene that stops it from freezing to death. Strawberries are soft fruits that can easily be damaged by frost. Wonder what they used to make this one blue? A different gene from another organism. Thanks to the new gene, GM strawberries make a protein which helps them resist frost. They don t contain any other fish genes and, and do not taste or smell of fish.
53 Recombinant DNA The ability to combine the DNA of one organism with the DNA of another organism. Recombinant DNA technology was first used in the 1970 s with bacteria.
54 Making Recombinant Bacteria 1. Remove bacterial DNA (plasmid). 2. Cut the Bacterial DNA with restriction enzyme. 3. Cut the DNA from another organism with same restriction enzyme. 4. Combine the cut pieces of DNA together with another enzyme and insert them into bacteria. 5. Reproduce the recombinant bacteria. 6. The foreign genes will be expressed in the bacteria.
55 Basic Steps of Genetic Engineering Step 1: DNA Isolation Isolation of Foreign DNA or - Finding the gene you want to put into another organism. Step 2: Recombinant DNA Insertion of this DNA into Bacterial Plasmid. Step 3: Transformation Insertion of Recombinant plasmid DNA into Bacteria.
56 Step 1 Isolation of Foreign DNA Involves finding the gene you want to sequence. Then cutting it out of the chromosome (DNA) with restriction enzymes that produce sticky ends.
57 Sticky End of EcoR1 EcoRI G AATTC TTAAG S. Stevens
58 HpaI AT HindIII A AGCTT TCGAA PstI CTGCA G ACGT
59 Step 2: Recombinant DNA Formation Involves cutting the vector DNA (the plasmid or other DNA used to deliver the gene chosen) with the same restriction enzyme. Allowing sticky ends to anneal. Bonding the pieces together with Ligase.
60 Recombinant DNA
61 Plasmid Restriction Enzyme Example EcoR1 EcoR1
62 Recombinant DNA Formation
63 Recombinant DNA Formation
64 Recombinant DNA
65 Recombination Insert a foreign gene into a host (Plasmid for example) into the bacterial cell. Goal To produce many copies ( clones) of a particular gene. Reporter gene / Marker Gene tags gene of interest to identify the presence of a gene. Often an antibiotic resistance gene.
66 Distinguishing between transformed and nontransformed cells: Typically involves incorporating an antibiotic resistance gene in the plasmid and then plating the cells on a medium containing that antibiotic. Only the transformed cells are resistant, so only they can grow on the medium.
67 Step 3 Transformation Insert recombinant plasmid into bacteria. Bacteria produced with the recombinant DNA expresses the gene of interest.
68 Vectors The way you get the DNA into the new cell: Plasmids Viruses Particles ( DNA coated bullets) Exogenous DNA
69 Ballistic Gene Transfer - the use of tiny DNAcoated projectiles as carriers. It is important to transport DNA through the walls of intended recipient cells. Projectiles are often known as micro projectiles
70 Plasmids were discovered in the late sixties, and it was quickly realized that they could be used to amplify a gene of interest. A plasmid containing resistance to an antibiotic is used as a vector. The gene of interest is inserted into the vector plasmid and this newly constructed plasmid is then put into E. coli that are sensitive to ampicillin. The bacteria are then spread over a plate that contains ampicillin. As long as you grow the bacteria in ampicillin, it will need the plasmid to survive and it will continually replicate it, along with your gene of interest that has been inserted into the plasmid.
71 Characteristics of a Vector Can replicate independently in the host cell contains an Origin site. Has restriction sites in the vector. Has a reporter gene that will announce its presence in the host cell. Is a small size in comparison to the host chromosome for ease of isolation.
72 Transformation - process of introducing free DNA into bacteria. Competent cell - a cell that is capable of taking up DNA. Electroporation - The use of an electric shock to momentarily open or disrupt cell walls (which allows DNA to enter the cell).
73 Transformation: The purpose of this technique is to introduce a foreign plasmid into a bacteria and to use that bacteria to amplify the plasmid in order to make large quantities of it. This is based on the natural function of a plasmid: to transfer genetic information vital to the survival of the bacteria.
74 3 Types of Transformation:
75 Competent Cells: Since DNA is a very hydrophilic molecule, it won't normally pass through a bacterial cell's membrane. In order to make bacteria take in the plasmid, they must first be made "competent" to take up DNA.
76 This is done by creating small holes in the bacterial cells by suspending them in a solution with a high concentration of calcium. DNA can then be forced into the cells by incubating the cells and the DNA together on ice, placing them briefly at a high temperature (heat shock), and then putting them back on ice. This causes the bacteria to take in the DNA.
77 Competency The procedure to prepare competent cells can sometimes be tricky. Bacteria aren't very stable when they have holes in them, and they die easily. A poorly performed procedure can result in cells that aren't very competent to take up DNA. A well- performed procedure will result in very competent cells. This is typically where the process failed if cells do not transform.
78 S. Stevens Gene (or DNA) Cloning
79 Traditional Cloning is NOT DNA Cloning DNA Cloning (many identical copies of specific DNA molecules) is NOT the same as Organismal Cloning (identical genetic copies of specific individuals).
80 Cloning of Plasmid
81 2 Main purposes of Cloning: 1. It allows for a large number of recombinant molecules to be produced from limited starting materials. 2. Purification limiting the production of extra DNA molecules that do not contain the target gene to be cloned.
82 pglo Gfp Green fluorescent protein
83 Fluorescent In the laboratory, fluorescence is easily achieved by exposing the protein to long range UV light or black" light. The fluorophore absorbs light in the UV-B region (395 nm.. plus a smaller absorbance peak at 470 nm). It emits light (fluoresces) at 509 nm, which is in the green part of the visible spectrum.
84 GFP and Land Mines Neal Stewart at the University of North Carolina is developing plants that can detect land mines. Plants could be ideal biosensors for land mines as seeds would be spread widely and evenly in a suspect field. The gene that can announce the presence of land mines is gfp. The gene will be expressed in the presence of a land mine.
85 GFP and mice
86 Glo fish Fluorescent zebra fish were specially bred to help detect environmental pollutants. By adding a natural fluorescence gene to the fish, scientists are able to quickly and easily determine when waterways are contaminated.
Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP): Genetic Transformation, Synthesis and Purification of the Recombinant Protein
Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP): Genetic Transformation, Synthesis and Purification of the Recombinant Protein INTRODUCTION Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) is a novel protein produced by the bioluminescent
More informationRecombinant DNA and Biotechnology
Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology Chapter 18 Lecture Objectives What Is Recombinant DNA? How Are New Genes Inserted into Cells? What Sources of DNA Are Used in Cloning? What Other Tools Are Used to Study
More informationGENE CLONING AND RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
GENE CLONING AND RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY What is recombinant DNA? DNA from 2 different sources (often from 2 different species) are combined together in vitro. Recombinant DNA forms the basis of cloning.
More informationCHAPTER 6: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY YEAR III PHARM.D DR. V. CHITRA
CHAPTER 6: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY YEAR III PHARM.D DR. V. CHITRA INTRODUCTION DNA : DNA is deoxyribose nucleic acid. It is made up of a base consisting of sugar, phosphate and one nitrogen base.the
More informationGenetic Technology. Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Name: Class: Date: Genetic Technology Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. An application of using DNA technology to help environmental scientists
More informationStem Cell Quick Guide: Stem Cell Basics
Stem Cell Quick Guide: Stem Cell Basics What is a Stem Cell? Stem cells are the starting point from which the rest of the body grows. The adult human body is made up of hundreds of millions of different
More informationAnimal Pharming: The Industrialization of Transgenic Animals December 1999
Animal Pharming: The Industrialization of Transgenic Animals December 1999 Animal pharming, the process of using transgenic animals to produce human drugs, is staking its claim in a lucrative world market.
More informationDNA Fingerprinting. Unless they are identical twins, individuals have unique DNA
DNA Fingerprinting Unless they are identical twins, individuals have unique DNA DNA fingerprinting The name used for the unambiguous identifying technique that takes advantage of differences in DNA sequence
More informationGenetic Engineering and Biotechnology
1 So, what is biotechnology?? The use of living organisms to carry out defined chemical processes for industrial or commercial application. The office of Technology Assessment of the U.S. Congress defines
More informationLesson 13 Genetic modification
77 Lesson 13 modification 78 modification Suitable for: 14 16 years Curriculum and learning links: modification Learning objectives: Describe the process of genetic modification. Explain some of the ethical
More informationBasic Concepts Recombinant DNA Use with Chapter 13, Section 13.2
Name Date lass Master 19 Basic oncepts Recombinant DN Use with hapter, Section.2 Formation of Recombinant DN ut leavage Splicing opyright lencoe/mcraw-hill, a division of he Mcraw-Hill ompanies, Inc. Bacterial
More informationThe E. coli Insulin Factory
The E. coli Insulin Factory BACKGROUND Bacteria have not only their normal DNA, they also have pieces of circular DNA called plasmids. Plasmids are a wonderfully ally for biologists who desire to get bacteria
More informationCCR Biology - Chapter 9 Practice Test - Summer 2012
Name: Class: Date: CCR Biology - Chapter 9 Practice Test - Summer 2012 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Genetic engineering is possible
More informationBioBoot Camp Genetics
BioBoot Camp Genetics BIO.B.1.2.1 Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of genetic information DNA Replication is the process of DNA being copied before
More informationBiotechnology and Recombinant DNA (Chapter 9) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College
Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA (Chapter 9) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Primary Source for figures and content: Eastern Campus Tortora, G.J. Microbiology
More informationBacterial Transformation with Green Fluorescent Protein. Table of Contents Fall 2012
Bacterial Transformation with Green Fluorescent Protein pglo Version Table of Contents Bacterial Transformation Introduction..1 Laboratory Exercise...3 Important Laboratory Practices 3 Protocol...... 4
More informationFAQs: Gene drives - - What is a gene drive?
FAQs: Gene drives - - What is a gene drive? During normal sexual reproduction, each of the two versions of a given gene has a 50 percent chance of being inherited by a particular offspring (Fig 1A). Gene
More informationHUMAN PROTEINS FROM GENETIC ENGINEERING OF ORGANISMS
HUMAN PROTEINS FROM GM BACTERIA Injecting insulin is an everyday event for many people with diabetes. GENETIC ENGINEERING OF ORGANISMS involves transferring genes from one species into another. Genetic
More informationBacterial Transformation and Plasmid Purification. Chapter 5: Background
Bacterial Transformation and Plasmid Purification Chapter 5: Background History of Transformation and Plasmids Bacterial methods of DNA transfer Transformation: when bacteria take up DNA from their environment
More informationTransformation of the bacterium E. coli. using a gene for Green Fluorescent Protein
Transformation of the bacterium E. coli using a gene for Green Fluorescent Protein Background In molecular biology, transformation refers to a form of genetic exchange in which the genetic material carried
More informationBiotechnology: DNA Technology & Genomics
Chapter 20. Biotechnology: DNA Technology & Genomics 2003-2004 The BIG Questions How can we use our knowledge of DNA to: diagnose disease or defect? cure disease or defect? change/improve organisms? What
More informationBiotechnology. Biology. Grade 10-12 LEARNING OUTCOMES DESCRIPTION READINESS ACTIVITIES MATERIALS. Science
Biotechnology Science Grade 10-12 Classroom Individual reading DESCRIPTION Biotechnology is a relatively new science with direct applications to the Agriculture industry. This article describes some of
More informationa mutation that occurs during meiosis results in a chromosomal abnormality B.
Biotechnology 1. Which of the following is an example of gene splicing? a segment of human DNA is inserted into the DNA sequence of a bacterium a mutation that occurs during meiosis results in a chromosomal
More informationGCSE BITESIZE Examinations
GCSE BITESIZE Examinations General Certificate of Secondary Education AQA SCIENCE A BLY1B Unit Biology B1b (Evolution and Environment) AQA BIOLOGY Unit Biology B1b (Evolution and Environment) HIGHER TIER
More informationGenetics Test Biology I
Genetics Test Biology I Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Avery s experiments showed that bacteria are transformed by a. RNA. c. proteins.
More informationSection 16.1 Producing DNA fragments
Section 16.1 Producing DNA fragments Recombinant DNA combined DNA of two different organisms The process of using DNA technology to make certain proteins is as follows: 1.) Isolation of the DNA fragments
More informationGCSE BITESIZE Examinations
GCSE BITESIZE Examinations General Certificate of Secondary Education AQA SCIENCE A BLY1B Unit Biology B1b (Evolution and Environment) AQA BIOLOGY Unit Biology B1b (Evolution and Environment) FOUNDATION
More informationTransfection-Transfer of non-viral genetic material into eukaryotic cells. Infection/ Transduction- Transfer of viral genetic material into cells.
Transfection Key words: Transient transfection, Stable transfection, transfection methods, vector, plasmid, origin of replication, reporter gene/ protein, cloning site, promoter and enhancer, signal peptide,
More information1 Mutation and Genetic Change
CHAPTER 14 1 Mutation and Genetic Change SECTION Genes in Action KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What is the origin of genetic differences among organisms? What kinds
More informationGENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF BACTERIA WITH THE GENE FOR GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (GFP)
GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF BACTERIA WITH THE GENE FOR GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (GFP) LAB BAC3 Adapted from "Biotechnology Explorer pglo Bacterial Transformation Kit Instruction Manual". (Catalog No. 166-0003-EDU)
More informationMutations: 2 general ways to alter DNA. Mutations. What is a mutation? Mutations are rare. Changes in a single DNA base. Change a single DNA base
Mutations Mutations: 2 general ways to alter DNA Change a single DNA base Or entire sections of DNA can move from one place to another What is a mutation? Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA Here
More informationDNA Scissors: Introduction to Restriction Enzymes
DNA Scissors: Introduction to Restriction Enzymes Objectives At the end of this activity, students should be able to 1. Describe a typical restriction site as a 4- or 6-base- pair palindrome; 2. Describe
More informationRespiration occurs in the mitochondria in cells.
B3 Question Which process occurs in the mitochondria in cells? Why do the liver and muscle cells have large number of mitochondria? What is the function of the ribosomes? Answer Respiration occurs in the
More informationName Date Class. This section explains what kinds of organisms cause infectious disease and how infectious diseases are spread.
Fighting Disease Name Date Class Infectious Disease This section explains what kinds of organisms cause infectious disease and how infectious diseases are spread. Use Target Reading Skills Before you read,
More informationA and B are not absolutely linked. They could be far enough apart on the chromosome that they assort independently.
Name Section 7.014 Problem Set 5 Please print out this problem set and record your answers on the printed copy. Answers to this problem set are to be turned in to the box outside 68-120 by 5:00pm on Friday
More informationAP BIOLOGY 2007 SCORING GUIDELINES
AP BIOLOGY 2007 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 4 A bacterial plasmid is 100 kb in length. The plasmid DNA was digested to completion with two restriction enzymes in three separate treatments: EcoRI, HaeIII,
More informationLecture 13: DNA Technology. DNA Sequencing. DNA Sequencing Genetic Markers - RFLPs polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of biotechnology
Lecture 13: DNA Technology DNA Sequencing Genetic Markers - RFLPs polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of biotechnology DNA Sequencing determine order of nucleotides in a strand of DNA > bases = A,
More informationA trait is a variation of a particular character (e.g. color, height). Traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes.
1 Biology Chapter 10 Study Guide Trait A trait is a variation of a particular character (e.g. color, height). Traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes. Genes Genes are located on chromosomes
More informationHow Cancer Begins???????? Chithra Manikandan Nov 2009
Cancer Cancer is one of the most common diseases in the developed world: 1 in 4 deaths are due to cancer 1 in 17 deaths are due to lung cancer Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men Breast cancer
More informationTransgenic technology in the production of therapeutic proteins
Transgenic technology in the production of therapeutic proteins Transgenic technology represents a new generation of biopharmaceutical production system to meet the medical needs of the new millennium.
More informationChapter 23 Definitions of GMO/LMO and modern biotechnology. Three different definitions but the same legal interpretation?
Chapter 23 Definitions of GMO/LMO and modern biotechnology JAN HUSBY NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF GENE ECOLOGY (GENØK), TROMSØ, NORWAY Three different definitions but the same legal interpretation? There are
More informationProcess 3.5. A Pour it down the sink. B Pour it back into its original container. C Dispose of it as directed by his teacher.
Process 3.5 Biology EOI sample test questions Objective numbers correspond to the State Priority Academic Student Skills (PASS) standards and objectives. This number is also referenced with the local objective
More informationGenetic Mutations. Indicator 4.8: Compare the consequences of mutations in body cells with those in gametes.
Genetic Mutations Indicator 4.8: Compare the consequences of mutations in body cells with those in gametes. Agenda Warm UP: What is a mutation? Body cell? Gamete? Notes on Mutations Karyotype Web Activity
More informationGenetics Module B, Anchor 3
Genetics Module B, Anchor 3 Key Concepts: - An individual s characteristics are determines by factors that are passed from one parental generation to the next. - During gamete formation, the alleles for
More informationEndocrine System: Practice Questions #1
Endocrine System: Practice Questions #1 1. Removing part of gland D would most likely result in A. a decrease in the secretions of other glands B. a decrease in the blood calcium level C. an increase in
More informationAppendix J. Genetic Implications of Recent Biotechnologies. Appendix Contents. Introduction
Genetic Improvement and Crossbreeding in Meat Goats Lessons in Animal Breeding for Goats Bred and Raised for Meat Will R. Getz Fort Valley State University Appendix J. Genetic Implications of Recent Biotechnologies
More informationAdditional Science. Biology BL2FP. (Jun15BL2FP01) General Certificate of Secondary Education Foundation Tier June 2015.
Centre Number Surname Candidate Number For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials Question Mark Additional Science Unit Biology B2 Biology Unit Biology B2 General Certificate
More informationChapter 18: Applications of Immunology
Chapter 18: Applications of Immunology 1. Vaccinations 2. Monoclonal vs Polyclonal Ab 3. Diagnostic Immunology 1. Vaccinations What is Vaccination? A method of inducing artificial immunity by exposing
More informationLab 10: Bacterial Transformation, part 2, DNA plasmid preps, Determining DNA Concentration and Purity
Lab 10: Bacterial Transformation, part 2, DNA plasmid preps, Determining DNA Concentration and Purity Today you analyze the results of your bacterial transformation from last week and determine the efficiency
More informationThe Human Genome Project. From genome to health From human genome to other genomes and to gene function Structural Genomics initiative
The Human Genome Project From genome to health From human genome to other genomes and to gene function Structural Genomics initiative June 2000 What is the Human Genome Project? U.S. govt. project coordinated
More informationReproductive System & Development: Practice Questions #1
Reproductive System & Development: Practice Questions #1 1. Which two glands in the diagram produce gametes? A. glands A and B B. glands B and E C. glands C and F D. glands E and F 2. Base your answer
More informationBio EOC Topics for Cell Reproduction: Bio EOC Questions for Cell Reproduction:
Bio EOC Topics for Cell Reproduction: Asexual vs. sexual reproduction Mitosis steps, diagrams, purpose o Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis Meiosis steps, diagrams, purpose
More informationHeredity - Patterns of Inheritance
Heredity - Patterns of Inheritance Genes and Alleles A. Genes 1. A sequence of nucleotides that codes for a special functional product a. Transfer RNA b. Enzyme c. Structural protein d. Pigments 2. Genes
More informationHemophilia Care. Will there always be new people in the world with hemophilia? Will hemophilia be treated more effectively and safely in the future?
Future of This chapter provides answers to these questions: Will there always be new people in the world with hemophilia? Will hemophilia be treated more effectively and safely in the future? Will the
More informationHCS604.03 Exercise 1 Dr. Jones Spring 2005. Recombinant DNA (Molecular Cloning) exercise:
HCS604.03 Exercise 1 Dr. Jones Spring 2005 Recombinant DNA (Molecular Cloning) exercise: The purpose of this exercise is to learn techniques used to create recombinant DNA or clone genes. You will clone
More informationFOR TEACHERS ONLY. The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION LIVING ENVIRONMENT
FOR TEACHERS ONLY LE The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION LIVING ENVIRONMENT Tuesday, June 21, 2011 9:15 a.m. to 12:15 p.m., only SCORING KEY AND RATING GUIDE Directions
More informationGUIDELINES FOR THE REGISTRATION OF BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL AGENTS FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
GUIDELINES FOR THE REGISTRATION OF BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL AGENTS FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS -ii- GUIDELINES ON THE REGISTRATION OF BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL AGENTS FOOD AND
More informationLAB 16 Rapid Colony Transformation of E. coli with Plasmid DNA
LAB 16 Rapid Colony Transformation of E. coli with Plasmid DNA Objective: In this laboratory investigation, plasmids containing fragments of foreign DNA will be used to transform Escherichia coli cells,
More informationThe use of genetically modified crops in developing countries
The use of genetically modified crops in developing countries a guide to the Discussion Paper Introduction The Nuffield Council on Bioethics provoked vigorous debate with the publication of its Report,
More informationF1 Generation. F2 Generation. AaBb
How was DNA shown to be the genetic material? We need to discuss this in an historical context. During the 19th century most scientists thought that a bit of the essence of each and every body part was
More informationrestriction enzymes 350 Home R. Ward: Spring 2001
restriction enzymes 350 Home Restriction Enzymes (endonucleases): molecular scissors that cut DNA Properties of widely used Type II restriction enzymes: recognize a single sequence of bases in dsdna, usually
More informationFOR TEACHERS ONLY. The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION LIVING ENVIRONMENT
LE FOR TEACHERS ONLY The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION LIVING ENVIRONMENT Thursday, January 29, 2004 9:15 a.m. to 12:15 p.m., only SCORING KEY AND RATING GUIDE Directions
More informationThe Immune System and Disease
Chapter 40 The Immune System and Disease Section 40 1 Infectious Disease (pages 1029 1033) This section describes the causes of disease and explains how infectious diseases are transmitted Introduction
More informationTransformation Kit BACTERIAL TRANSFORMATION: GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN. Partnership for Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Transformation Kit BACTERIAL TRANSFORMATION: GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN Partnership for Biotechnology and Genomics Education Barbara Soots Linda Curro Education Coordinator University of California Davis
More informationPatent issues in Industrial Biotech:
Patent issues in Industrial Biotech: Nucleic Acids, Life Forms & Natural Products Konrad Sechley PhD, Vancouver, Canada 18 April, 2016 OVERVIEW Gene patenting Life Forms & Natural Products Conclusions
More informationBacteria: The good, the bad, and the ugly. SEPA BioScience Montana Module 2
Bacteria: The good, the bad, and the ugly. SEPA BioScience Montana Module 2 Introduction: The following reading will give you a basic introduction to bacteria and their role in illness. It will explore
More informationBacteria vs. Virus: What s the Difference? Grade 11-12
Bacteria vs. Virus: What s the Difference? Grade 11-12 Subject: Biology Topic: Bacteria, viruses, and the differences between them. The role that water plays in spreading bacteria and viruses, and the
More informationStudent Manual. pglo Transformation
Student Manual pglo Transformation Lesson 1 Introduction to Transformation In this lab you will perform a procedure known as genetic transformation. Remember that a gene is a piece of DNA which provides
More informationLesson Overview. Biodiversity. Lesson Overview. 6.3 Biodiversity
Lesson Overview 6.3 6.3 Objectives Define biodiversity and explain its value. Identify current threats to biodiversity. Describe how biodiversity can be preserved. THINK ABOUT IT From multicolored coral
More informationBlue Print III Biology. Class XII. Genetics and Evolution 2 (2) 4 (2) 9 (3) 5 (1) 20 (8) Types of Questions VSA SA II SA I LA Total
Blue Print III Biology Class XII Types of Questions VSA SA II SA I LA Total Units (1 mark) ( marks) (3 marks) (5 marks) - Sexual Reproduction () 4 () 6 () _ 1 (6) Genetics and Evolution () 4 () 9 (3) 5
More informationBiological Sciences Initiative. Human Genome
Biological Sciences Initiative HHMI Human Genome Introduction In 2000, researchers from around the world published a draft sequence of the entire genome. 20 labs from 6 countries worked on the sequence.
More informationDiscover Entomology. Discover Entomology. A Science, a Career, a Lifetime. A Science, a Career, a Lifetime
Discover Entomology A Science, a Career, a Lifetime Discover Entomology A Science, a Career, a Lifetime What is Entomology? Entomology is the study of insects. Entomologists study bees, ants, beetles,
More informationSpecimen Paper. Biology 1F. General Certificate of Secondary Education Foundation Tier. Unit Biology B1. Unit Biology B1. Time allowed 60 minutes
Centre Number Surname Candidate Number Specimen Paper For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials Question Mark General Certificate of Secondary Education Foundation Tier 1 2
More informationKEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. binomial nomenclature
Section 17.1: The Linnaean System of Classification Unit 9 Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. VOCABULARY taxonomy taxon binomial nomenclature genus MAIN
More informationtop 5 fat burning tips by steve dennis
top 5 fat burning tips by steve dennis top 5 fat burning tips by steve dennis Are you frustrated about trying to lose body fat? Confused about what foods to eat? Do you often wonder why carbs are bad?
More informationAbortion and Stem Cell Debate Background Information
Abortion and Stem Cell Debate Background Information 1 Fetal Development 2 Terms Syngamy: fusion of two gametes in fertilization Zygote: name of the cell resulting from fertilization until it implants
More informationfood webs reflect look out! what do you think?
reflect Imagine for a moment that you stay after school one day to clean up the classroom. While cleaning, you move some plants away from the sunny windows. A week later, you remember to move the plants
More informationWhy are some drugs only available on prescription? Depressants. Pain killers. Stimulants. Performance enhancers. Hallucinogens
Explain the terms Addiction Tolerance How are drugs classified? Class A = Class C= In tobacco smoke what do the following cause? Explain the effect of a depressant on the synapse CO Withdrawal symptoms
More informationTuesday 14 May 2013 Morning
THIS IS A NEW SPECIFICATION H Tuesday 14 May 2013 Morning GCSE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY SCIENCE BIOLOGY A A161/02 Modules B1 B2 B3 (Higher Tier) *A137150613* Candidates answer on the Question Paper. A calculator
More informationIntroduction. Introduction Nutritional Requirements. Six Major Classes of Nutrients. Water 12/1/2011. Regional Hay School -- Bolivar, MO 1
Cattle and Horse Nutrition Dona Goede Livestock Specialist Introduction Many health, reproductive and production problems can be prevented with good nutrition. Poor nutrition results in: Poor conception
More information2 nd Grade Science Unit B: Life Sciences Chapter 3: Plants and Animals in Their Environment Lesson 1: How are plants and animals like their parents?
2 nd Grade Science Unit B: Life Sciences Chapter 3: Plants and Animals in Their Environment Lesson 1: How are plants and animals like their parents? offspring Offspring are young plants and animals. Offspring
More informationDraw one line from each structure in List A to the correct information about the structure in List B.
Q. The drawing shows the cell of a bacterium. (a) List A gives the four structures labelled on the diagram. List B includes information about each structure. Draw one line from each structure in List A
More informationIntroducing stem cells
Introducing stem cells 1 Dear speaker This presentation is intended as a flexible tool for scientists, science communicators and educators. Not all the slides will be useful for any one occasion. Choose
More informationAPES ~ BIOENGINEERED FOODS and IRRADIATED FOODS
APES ~ BIOENGINEERED FOODS and IRRADIATED FOODS WHAT TO TURN IN (paper-clip them together): BIOENGINEERED FOOD BOOKLET IRRADIATED FOODS TRUE-FALSE QUIZ, GRADED IRRADIATED FOODS SIGN/MINI-POSTER PART 1:
More informationCloning GFP into Mammalian cells
Protocol for Cloning GFP into Mammalian cells Studiepraktik 2013 Molecular Biology and Molecular Medicine Aarhus University Produced by the instructors: Tobias Holm Bønnelykke, Rikke Mouridsen, Steffan
More informationImmunity. Humans have three types of immunity innate, adaptive, and passive: Innate Immunity
Immunity Humans have three types of immunity innate, adaptive, and passive: Innate Immunity Everyone is born with innate (or natural) immunity, a type of general protection. Many of the germs that affect
More informationClass Time: 30 minutes. Other activities in the Stem Cells in the Spotlight module can be found at: http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/teachers/tindex/
Teacher Guide: Color-Label-Learn: Creating Stem Cells for Research ACTIVITY OVERVIEW Abstract: Students color and label images on a worksheet and answer questions about the on-line content featured in
More informationWorksheet: The theory of natural selection
Worksheet: The theory of natural selection Senior Phase Grade 7-9 Learning area: Natural Science Strand: Life and living Theme: Biodiversity, change and continuity Specific Aim 1: Acquiring knowledge of
More informationOne of the more complex systems we re looking at. An immune response (a response to a pathogen) can be of two types:
Immune system. One of the more complex systems we re looking at. An immune response (a response to a pathogen) can be of two types: (pathogen - disease causing organism) 1) Non specific. Anything foreign
More informationUnit 1 Higher Human Biology Summary Notes
Unit 1 Higher Human Biology Summary Notes a. Cells tissues organs body systems Division of labour occurs in multicellular organisms (rather than each cell carrying out every function) Most cells become
More informationBile Duct Diseases and Problems
Bile Duct Diseases and Problems Introduction A bile duct is a tube that carries bile between the liver and gallbladder and the intestine. Bile is a substance made by the liver that helps with digestion.
More informationMANAGING ANEMIA. When You Have Kidney Disease or Kidney Failure. www.kidney.org
MANAGING ANEMIA When You Have Kidney Disease or Kidney Failure www.kidney.org About the Information in this Booklet Did you know that the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) offers guidelines and commentaries
More informationNutrients: Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats. Chapter 5 Lesson 2
Nutrients: Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats Chapter 5 Lesson 2 Carbohydrates Definition- the starches and sugars found in foods. Carbohydrates are the body s preferred source of energy providing four
More information16 Very Important THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW About Cancer Cells
16 Very Important THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW About Cancer Cells By Ingo Logé and Fitness Forever 1. Every person has cancer cells in the body. These cancer cells do not show up in the standard tests until
More informationBacterial Transformation Post lab Questions:
Bacterial Transformation Post lab Questions: 1. This graph represents typical bacteria growth and death on any culture plate. This trend occurs in both Luria Broth/ agarose and Luria broth/ Agarose/ Ampicillin/Arabinose
More informationTech Prep Articulation
Tech Prep Articulation Agriculture & Natural Resources Tech Prep Education: Tech Prep education in Missouri is an articulated two-year secondary and two or more year post-secondary education program which:
More informationBiology BL1FP. (Jun15BL1FP01) General Certificate of Secondary Education Foundation Tier June 2015. Unit Biology B1. Unit Biology B1 TOTAL
Centre Number Surname Candidate Number For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials Question Mark Science A Unit Biology B1 Biology Unit Biology B1 Friday 5 June 2015 General
More informationScience of Life Explorations
Science of Life Explorations Celebrate the Growing Year: The Farmer s Year A Farmer s Year While you are in school or on a vacation, farmers are working hard to provide us with the foods we eat and the
More informationWHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?
CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS MICROBIOLOGY AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? WHO / TDR / Crump WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? Microbiology is more relevant than ever in today s world. Infectious diseases are a leading health-related
More informationBiopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology Unit 2 Student Handout. DNA Biotechnology and Enzymes
DNA Biotechnology and Enzymes 35 Background Unit 2~ Lesson 1 The Biotechnology Industry Biotechnology is a process (or a technology) that is used to create products like medicines by using micro-organisms,
More information