THE UNLIKELY UNION OF PARTITIONS AND DIVISORS
|
|
- Chester Walters
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 THE UNLIKELY UNION OF PARTITIONS AND DIVISORS Abdulkadir Hasse, Thomas J. Osler, Mathematics Departmet ad Tirupathi R. Chadrupatla, Mechaical Egieerig Rowa Uiversity Glassboro, NJ 828 I the multiplicative umber theory we decompose a atural umber ito prime factors = p p 2 p 3... p k ad cosider the cosequeces. I the additive theory we decompose a atural umber ito a sum of elemets from some set. For eample we could try to epress as a sum of squares. I [3], ad [4], the authors treated the properties of the partitio fuctio, which is a good eample of additive umber theory. A good eample of fuctios studied i multiplicative theory is the divisor fuctio σ ( ). σ ( ) is defied as the sum of the positive divisors of. For eample the divisors of 6 are, 2, 3, ad 6. Thus the sum of the divisors of 6 is σ ( 6) = = 2. Now divisors of umbers are related to primes, ad primes seem urelated to partitios. We are ot surprised that partitios satisfy a recursio relatio. We do ot epect σ ( ) to satisfy a recursio relatio. What do the divisors of have to do with the divisors of, 2,...? Yet Euler showed that σ ( ) satisfies the same recursio relatio as does p( ), the partitio of.(see []) Oly σ ( ) is differet from p(). Euler was astoished at this result, ad you ca read a traslatio of his ow words i Polya [5] ad i Youg [8]. There are eve relatios marryig the two fuctios such as (Schroeder [6]) p ( ) = σ ( k) p ( k). k = I this paper we will eamie this ad other properties of σ ( ) ad p().
2 . BASIC PROPERTIES OF THE DIVISOR FUNCTION We use the covetio that σ () =. It is clear that σ ( p) = p + for ay prime umber p, sice the oly positive divisors of p are ad p. Also the oly divisors of 2 p are, p ad 2 p. 2 2 Thus σ ( p ) = p + p+ ad little bit of algebra shows that this ca be epressed as 2 2 σ ( p ) = p + p+ = 3 p. It should ow easy to prove p Lemma. If p is a prime ad k is a oegative iteger, the p k k k p + σ ( p ) = p + p+ = The followig is a stadard theorem i Number Theory tetbooks. (See [9]). Lemma 2. σ ( ) is multiplicative, that is, if m ad are relatively prime( they have o commo divisor other tha ), the σ ( m) = σ( ) σ( m). A immediate cosequece of Lemma ad 2 is the followig formula that ca be used to evaluate the sum of the divisors of a give iteger. k k2 k m Propositio. If = p p2 p m, where p, p2,, p m are primes ad k, k2,, k m are oegative itegers, the k+ k2+ km + k k2 k p p2 p m m 2 m p p2 pm σ( ) = σ( p p p ) = Propositio has a misleadig simplicity. Suppose we take 23 = 2 +. What are the prime factors of? I other words, if is a large umber whose prime factors caot easily be obtaied, the formula becomes less useful. It is i this sese that we ow look at the recurrece relatios that σ ( ) satisfies.
3 2. RECURENCE RELATIONS INVOLVING THE DIVISOR FUNCTION Let p( ) be the partitio of, that is, the umber of ways we ca write as a sum of positive itegers. We defie p ( ) = if. Let k(3k ) f( k) =. Euler proved the 2 followig recurrece relatio for p( ). { )} k + (.) ( ) ( p( ) = ( ) p f( k) + p f( k) k = The mai tool that Euler used to prove this formula was the fuctio give by the ifiite product properties: g ( ) = ( ). He showed that this fuctio has the followig two remarkable = ( ) ( ) (A) ( ) ( f k f k g= ) = ( ) (B) = = = g ( ) k = = ( ) = p( ) For more o this, see [3]. We ow defie the so-called Lambert series ad look at the relatio of this series with partitio ad divisor fuctios. Let { a ( )} be a sequece of real umber. The Lambert s series associated with{ a ( )} is defied by La ( ) = a( ) = This Lambert series is Taylor series epasio give by where L ( ) = A( ), a = A ( ) = ad ( ) (the summatio is take over the positive divisors of.) Note the that if A ( ) = σ ( ). Thus we have the followig result. d a ( ) = the
4 Lemma 3. = σ ( ) = = For more iterestig properties ad the may other applicatios of Lambert series the reader is hereby ivited to idulge i the classic book of Kopp [2]. We are ow i a positio to prove our first recurrece relatio that coects σ ( ) ad p( ). Let us rewrite the ifiite ( ) f ( k) f ( k) product of Euler as g ( ) = = ( ) = e. Theorem. (.2) = σ ( ) = ke p( k) k= = The sum of divisor ad partitio fuctio are related by the followig formula k = k Proof: If we take the logarithmic differetiatio of g ( ) =, ad multiply the resultig equatio by, we get (.3) O the other had, g ( ) = e = g'( ) = g ( ) implies that = = ( = g'( ) = e. We ow recall that k = p( ). Usig Lemma 3 ad substitutig these last two series for g ( ) = g '( ) ad i (.3), we get g ( ) (.4) k p( ) e = = σ ( ) = = = = Multiplyig out the two series o the left side of (.4)ad comparig coefficiets proves the theorem. I the same lie of reasoig we ca show the followig recurrece. Theorem 2. The divisor fuctio satisfies the recurrece relatio (.5) σ( ) = e e kσ ( k) Proof: We have oted that = k = = g '( ) = σ ( ). Multiply both sides by g() to get g ( ) g'( ) = g( ) σ ( ). Now use the fact that g ( ) = e ad g'( ) = e to get e = e σ ( ). Sice e =, the theorem follows from comparig = = = coefficiets of the two power series. = ) =
5 Theorem 3. The partitio fuctio ad the divisor fuctio are also related by the formula (.6) Proof: (.7) p( ) = σ ( k) p( k) k = Defie F( ) = = = p( ). The g ( ) = ( g ( )) 2 ( ) = g'( ) g'( ) g'( ) F'( ) = = F( ) g ( ) g ( ) = g ( ) O the other had, we have F'( ) = p( ) = g'( ) g ( ) = σ. Also F( ) p( ) implies that = ( ). Substitutig all these i (.7), we get (.8) ( ) p = σ ( ) p( ) = = = Multiply (.8) by to get ( ) p = σ ( ) p( ) = =. = Multiplyig the ifiite series o the right ad compare coefficiet to get the formula i the theorem. Remark: [3] cotais a combiatorial proof of Theorem 3. He first shows by a combiatorial argumet that m m= k= = p( ) = m p( km). Covertig the double sum ito a sigle sum the gives the formula i Theorem QBASIC PROGRAM FOR THE SUM OF DIVISORS Formula (.) ca be rewritte as p ( ) = p ( ) + p ( 2) p ( 5) p ( 7) p ( 2) + p ( 5) p ( 22) p ( 26) + = The authors used this recurrece formula i [3] to write a simple QBASIC program t costruct a table for the values of p(). We ca use the same program with a slight modificatio to geerate a table of values for σ ( ). Here is the modified program of [Osler ] that uses formula (.2). Program : Calculate Partitios ad Sum of Divisor
6 'Calculate partitios of N, P()=p(N), ad the sum of divisors DN ( ) = σ ( N) 'eactly up to P(3) ad D(3). 'Set double precisio, dimesio array P ad D, iitialize P ad D 'Mai loop, for each N fid P(N) ad D(N). 9 CLS DEFDBL A-Z DIM P(4) DIM D(4) 2 P() = 2 D() = INPUT "ENTER A POSITIVE INTEGER", J 'Mai loop, for each N fid P(N)ad D(N) 2 FOR N = TO J 2 SIGN = 25 P(N) = 26 D(N) = 22 FOR K = TO N 'Calculate two terms i recursio relatio for P(N)ad D(N) 23 F = K * (3 * K - ) / 2 'Eit loop if argumet egative 24 IF N - F < THEN GOTO 4 25 P(N) = P(N) + SIGN * P(N - F) 25 D(N) = D(N) + F * SIGN * P(N - F) 26 F = K * (3 * K + ) / 2 'Eit loop if argumet egative 27 IF N - F < THEN GOTO 4 28 P(N) = P(N) + SIGN * P(N - F) 28 D(N) = D(N) + F * SIGN * P(N - F) 29 SIGN = -SIGN 3 NEXT K 'Prit results 4 PRINT N, P(N), D(N) 'Pause after pritig 2 lies o the scree 45 IF 2 * INT(N / 2) = N THEN INPUT A$: CLS 5 NEXT N REFERENCES
7 . Grosswald, Emil, Topics from the Theory of Numbers, MacMilla Co., N. Y., 966, p Kopp, K. The Theory ad Applicatios of Ifiite Series. 3. Hasse, Abdul ad Osler, Thomas, Playig With Partitios O The Computer Mathematics ad Computer Educatio. Vol. 35 No., page 5-7 (Witer 2) 4. Chadrupatla, T R; Hasse, Abdul; ad Osler, Thomas, A Table of Partitio Fuctio. Mathematical Spectrum, Vol. 34 No 3, page (2/22) 5. Polya, G., Mathematics ad Plausible Reasoig, Vol., Iductio ad Aalogy i Mathematics, Priceto Uiversity Press, Priceto, NJ, 954, pp Schroeder, M. H., Number Theory i Sciece ad Commuicatio, (Secod Ed.), Spriger-Verlag, New York, 986, p Specer, Doald D., Eplorig Number Theory with Microcomputers, Camelot Publishig, Orlado Beach, Florida, Youg, Robert M., Ecursios i Calculus, A Iterplay of the Cotiuous ad the Discrete, Mathematical Associatio of America, 992, pp Rose, Keeth, Elemetary Number Theory ad Its Applicatios, 4th ed., Addiso- Wesley Pub. Co.
1. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
1. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION EXAMPLE 1: Prove that for ay iteger 1. Proof: 1 + 2 + 3 +... + ( + 1 2 (1.1 STEP 1: For 1 (1.1 is true, sice 1 1(1 + 1. 2 STEP 2: Suppose (1.1 is true for some k 1, that is 1
More informationA probabilistic proof of a binomial identity
A probabilistic proof of a biomial idetity Joatho Peterso Abstract We give a elemetary probabilistic proof of a biomial idetity. The proof is obtaied by computig the probability of a certai evet i two
More informationTheorems About Power Series
Physics 6A Witer 20 Theorems About Power Series Cosider a power series, f(x) = a x, () where the a are real coefficiets ad x is a real variable. There exists a real o-egative umber R, called the radius
More informationSoving Recurrence Relations
Sovig Recurrece Relatios Part 1. Homogeeous liear 2d degree relatios with costat coefficiets. Cosider the recurrece relatio ( ) T () + at ( 1) + bt ( 2) = 0 This is called a homogeeous liear 2d degree
More informationInfinite Sequences and Series
CHAPTER 4 Ifiite Sequeces ad Series 4.1. Sequeces A sequece is a ifiite ordered list of umbers, for example the sequece of odd positive itegers: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29...
More informationFIBONACCI NUMBERS: AN APPLICATION OF LINEAR ALGEBRA. 1. Powers of a matrix
FIBONACCI NUMBERS: AN APPLICATION OF LINEAR ALGEBRA. Powers of a matrix We begi with a propositio which illustrates the usefuless of the diagoalizatio. Recall that a square matrix A is diogaalizable if
More informationIn nite Sequences. Dr. Philippe B. Laval Kennesaw State University. October 9, 2008
I ite Sequeces Dr. Philippe B. Laval Keesaw State Uiversity October 9, 2008 Abstract This had out is a itroductio to i ite sequeces. mai de itios ad presets some elemetary results. It gives the I ite Sequeces
More informationTrigonometric Form of a Complex Number. The Complex Plane. axis. ( 2, 1) or 2 i FIGURE 6.44. The absolute value of the complex number z a bi is
0_0605.qxd /5/05 0:45 AM Page 470 470 Chapter 6 Additioal Topics i Trigoometry 6.5 Trigoometric Form of a Complex Number What you should lear Plot complex umbers i the complex plae ad fid absolute values
More informationSAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR FINAL EXAM. (1) (2) (3) (4) Find the following using the definition of the Riemann integral: (2x + 1)dx
SAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR FINAL EXAM REAL ANALYSIS I FALL 006 3 4 Fid the followig usig the defiitio of the Riema itegral: a 0 x + dx 3 Cosider the partitio P x 0 3, x 3 +, x 3 +,......, x 3 3 + 3 of the iterval
More informationCS103A Handout 23 Winter 2002 February 22, 2002 Solving Recurrence Relations
CS3A Hadout 3 Witer 00 February, 00 Solvig Recurrece Relatios Itroductio A wide variety of recurrece problems occur i models. Some of these recurrece relatios ca be solved usig iteratio or some other ad
More informationA Note on Sums of Greatest (Least) Prime Factors
It. J. Cotemp. Math. Scieces, Vol. 8, 203, o. 9, 423-432 HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com A Note o Sums of Greatest (Least Prime Factors Rafael Jakimczuk Divisio Matemática, Uiversidad Nacioal de Luá Bueos
More informationOur aim is to show that under reasonable assumptions a given 2π-periodic function f can be represented as convergent series
8 Fourier Series Our aim is to show that uder reasoable assumptios a give -periodic fuctio f ca be represeted as coverget series f(x) = a + (a cos x + b si x). (8.) By defiitio, the covergece of the series
More informationWHEN IS THE (CO)SINE OF A RATIONAL ANGLE EQUAL TO A RATIONAL NUMBER?
WHEN IS THE (CO)SINE OF A RATIONAL ANGLE EQUAL TO A RATIONAL NUMBER? JÖRG JAHNEL 1. My Motivatio Some Sort of a Itroductio Last term I tought Topological Groups at the Göttige Georg August Uiversity. This
More informationSection 8.3 : De Moivre s Theorem and Applications
The Sectio 8 : De Moivre s Theorem ad Applicatios Let z 1 ad z be complex umbers, where z 1 = r 1, z = r, arg(z 1 ) = θ 1, arg(z ) = θ z 1 = r 1 (cos θ 1 + i si θ 1 ) z = r (cos θ + i si θ ) ad z 1 z =
More informationCS103X: Discrete Structures Homework 4 Solutions
CS103X: Discrete Structures Homewor 4 Solutios Due February 22, 2008 Exercise 1 10 poits. Silico Valley questios: a How may possible six-figure salaries i whole dollar amouts are there that cotai at least
More informationSequences and Series
CHAPTER 9 Sequeces ad Series 9.. Covergece: Defiitio ad Examples Sequeces The purpose of this chapter is to itroduce a particular way of geeratig algorithms for fidig the values of fuctios defied by their
More informationChapter 5 O A Cojecture Of Erdíos Proceedigs NCUR VIII è1994è, Vol II, pp 794í798 Jeærey F Gold Departmet of Mathematics, Departmet of Physics Uiversity of Utah Do H Tucker Departmet of Mathematics Uiversity
More informationFactors of sums of powers of binomial coefficients
ACTA ARITHMETICA LXXXVI.1 (1998) Factors of sums of powers of biomial coefficiets by Neil J. Cali (Clemso, S.C.) Dedicated to the memory of Paul Erdős 1. Itroductio. It is well ow that if ( ) a f,a = the
More informationOn Formula to Compute Primes. and the n th Prime
Applied Mathematical cieces, Vol., 0, o., 35-35 O Formula to Compute Primes ad the th Prime Issam Kaddoura Lebaese Iteratioal Uiversity Faculty of Arts ad cieces, Lebao issam.kaddoura@liu.edu.lb amih Abdul-Nabi
More informationAsymptotic Growth of Functions
CMPS Itroductio to Aalysis of Algorithms Fall 3 Asymptotic Growth of Fuctios We itroduce several types of asymptotic otatio which are used to compare the performace ad efficiecy of algorithms As we ll
More informationS. Tanny MAT 344 Spring 1999. be the minimum number of moves required.
S. Tay MAT 344 Sprig 999 Recurrece Relatios Tower of Haoi Let T be the miimum umber of moves required. T 0 = 0, T = 7 Iitial Coditios * T = T + $ T is a sequece (f. o itegers). Solve for T? * is a recurrece,
More informationA Recursive Formula for Moments of a Binomial Distribution
A Recursive Formula for Momets of a Biomial Distributio Árpád Béyi beyi@mathumassedu, Uiversity of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 ad Saverio M Maago smmaago@psavymil Naval Postgraduate School, Moterey,
More informationElementary Theory of Russian Roulette
Elemetary Theory of Russia Roulette -iterestig patters of fractios- Satoshi Hashiba Daisuke Miematsu Ryohei Miyadera Itroductio. Today we are goig to study mathematical theory of Russia roulette. If some
More information3. Greatest Common Divisor - Least Common Multiple
3 Greatest Commo Divisor - Least Commo Multiple Defiitio 31: The greatest commo divisor of two atural umbers a ad b is the largest atural umber c which divides both a ad b We deote the greatest commo gcd
More informationLecture 13. Lecturer: Jonathan Kelner Scribe: Jonathan Pines (2009)
18.409 A Algorithmist s Toolkit October 27, 2009 Lecture 13 Lecturer: Joatha Keler Scribe: Joatha Pies (2009) 1 Outlie Last time, we proved the Bru-Mikowski iequality for boxes. Today we ll go over the
More informationDepartment of Computer Science, University of Otago
Departmet of Computer Sciece, Uiversity of Otago Techical Report OUCS-2006-09 Permutatios Cotaiig May Patters Authors: M.H. Albert Departmet of Computer Sciece, Uiversity of Otago Micah Colema, Rya Fly
More informationTHE ARITHMETIC OF INTEGERS. - multiplication, exponentiation, division, addition, and subtraction
THE ARITHMETIC OF INTEGERS - multiplicatio, expoetiatio, divisio, additio, ad subtractio What to do ad what ot to do. THE INTEGERS Recall that a iteger is oe of the whole umbers, which may be either positive,
More informationSECTION 1.5 : SUMMATION NOTATION + WORK WITH SEQUENCES
SECTION 1.5 : SUMMATION NOTATION + WORK WITH SEQUENCES Read Sectio 1.5 (pages 5 9) Overview I Sectio 1.5 we lear to work with summatio otatio ad formulas. We will also itroduce a brief overview of sequeces,
More informationChapter 5: Inner Product Spaces
Chapter 5: Ier Product Spaces Chapter 5: Ier Product Spaces SECION A Itroductio to Ier Product Spaces By the ed of this sectio you will be able to uderstad what is meat by a ier product space give examples
More informationLecture 4: Cheeger s Inequality
Spectral Graph Theory ad Applicatios WS 0/0 Lecture 4: Cheeger s Iequality Lecturer: Thomas Sauerwald & He Su Statemet of Cheeger s Iequality I this lecture we assume for simplicity that G is a d-regular
More informationTHE ABRACADABRA PROBLEM
THE ABRACADABRA PROBLEM FRANCESCO CARAVENNA Abstract. We preset a detailed solutio of Exercise E0.6 i [Wil9]: i a radom sequece of letters, draw idepedetly ad uiformly from the Eglish alphabet, the expected
More informationON THE DENSE TRAJECTORY OF LASOTA EQUATION
UNIVERSITATIS IAGELLONICAE ACTA MATHEMATICA, FASCICULUS XLIII 2005 ON THE DENSE TRAJECTORY OF LASOTA EQUATION by Atoi Leo Dawidowicz ad Najemedi Haribash Abstract. I preseted paper the dese trajectory
More informationBasic Elements of Arithmetic Sequences and Series
MA40S PRE-CALCULUS UNIT G GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES CLASS NOTES (COMPLETED NO NEED TO COPY NOTES FROM OVERHEAD) Basic Elemets of Arithmetic Sequeces ad Series Objective: To establish basic elemets of arithmetic
More informationLecture 5: Span, linear independence, bases, and dimension
Lecture 5: Spa, liear idepedece, bases, ad dimesio Travis Schedler Thurs, Sep 23, 2010 (versio: 9/21 9:55 PM) 1 Motivatio Motivatio To uderstad what it meas that R has dimesio oe, R 2 dimesio 2, etc.;
More information5.3. Generalized Permutations and Combinations
53 GENERALIZED PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS 73 53 Geeralized Permutatios ad Combiatios 53 Permutatios with Repeated Elemets Assume that we have a alphabet with letters ad we wat to write all possible
More informationIncremental calculation of weighted mean and variance
Icremetal calculatio of weighted mea ad variace Toy Fich faf@cam.ac.uk dot@dotat.at Uiversity of Cambridge Computig Service February 009 Abstract I these otes I eplai how to derive formulae for umerically
More information2-3 The Remainder and Factor Theorems
- The Remaider ad Factor Theorems Factor each polyomial completely usig the give factor ad log divisio 1 x + x x 60; x + So, x + x x 60 = (x + )(x x 15) Factorig the quadratic expressio yields x + x x
More informationTaking DCOP to the Real World: Efficient Complete Solutions for Distributed Multi-Event Scheduling
Taig DCOP to the Real World: Efficiet Complete Solutios for Distributed Multi-Evet Schedulig Rajiv T. Maheswara, Milid Tambe, Emma Bowrig, Joatha P. Pearce, ad Pradeep araatham Uiversity of Souther Califoria
More informationCME 302: NUMERICAL LINEAR ALGEBRA FALL 2005/06 LECTURE 8
CME 30: NUMERICAL LINEAR ALGEBRA FALL 005/06 LECTURE 8 GENE H GOLUB 1 Positive Defiite Matrices A matrix A is positive defiite if x Ax > 0 for all ozero x A positive defiite matrix has real ad positive
More informationConvexity, Inequalities, and Norms
Covexity, Iequalities, ad Norms Covex Fuctios You are probably familiar with the otio of cocavity of fuctios. Give a twicedifferetiable fuctio ϕ: R R, We say that ϕ is covex (or cocave up) if ϕ (x) 0 for
More informationIrreducible polynomials with consecutive zero coefficients
Irreducible polyomials with cosecutive zero coefficiets Theodoulos Garefalakis Departmet of Mathematics, Uiversity of Crete, 71409 Heraklio, Greece Abstract Let q be a prime power. We cosider the problem
More informationSampling Distribution And Central Limit Theorem
() Samplig Distributio & Cetral Limit Samplig Distributio Ad Cetral Limit Samplig distributio of the sample mea If we sample a umber of samples (say k samples where k is very large umber) each of size,
More informationProperties of MLE: consistency, asymptotic normality. Fisher information.
Lecture 3 Properties of MLE: cosistecy, asymptotic ormality. Fisher iformatio. I this sectio we will try to uderstad why MLEs are good. Let us recall two facts from probability that we be used ofte throughout
More informationChapter 6: Variance, the law of large numbers and the Monte-Carlo method
Chapter 6: Variace, the law of large umbers ad the Mote-Carlo method Expected value, variace, ad Chebyshev iequality. If X is a radom variable recall that the expected value of X, E[X] is the average value
More informationSection 11.3: The Integral Test
Sectio.3: The Itegral Test Most of the series we have looked at have either diverged or have coverged ad we have bee able to fid what they coverge to. I geeral however, the problem is much more difficult
More informationMath 114- Intermediate Algebra Integral Exponents & Fractional Exponents (10 )
Math 4 Math 4- Itermediate Algebra Itegral Epoets & Fractioal Epoets (0 ) Epoetial Fuctios Epoetial Fuctios ad Graphs I. Epoetial Fuctios The fuctio f ( ) a, where is a real umber, a 0, ad a, is called
More informationOverview of some probability distributions.
Lecture Overview of some probability distributios. I this lecture we will review several commo distributios that will be used ofte throughtout the class. Each distributio is usually described by its probability
More informationLecture 2: Karger s Min Cut Algorithm
priceto uiv. F 3 cos 5: Advaced Algorithm Desig Lecture : Karger s Mi Cut Algorithm Lecturer: Sajeev Arora Scribe:Sajeev Today s topic is simple but gorgeous: Karger s mi cut algorithm ad its extesio.
More informationSolving Logarithms and Exponential Equations
Solvig Logarithms ad Epoetial Equatios Logarithmic Equatios There are two major ideas required whe solvig Logarithmic Equatios. The first is the Defiitio of a Logarithm. You may recall from a earlier topic:
More informationLecture 4: Cauchy sequences, Bolzano-Weierstrass, and the Squeeze theorem
Lecture 4: Cauchy sequeces, Bolzao-Weierstrass, ad the Squeeze theorem The purpose of this lecture is more modest tha the previous oes. It is to state certai coditios uder which we are guarateed that limits
More informationBuilding Blocks Problem Related to Harmonic Series
TMME, vol3, o, p.76 Buildig Blocks Problem Related to Harmoic Series Yutaka Nishiyama Osaka Uiversity of Ecoomics, Japa Abstract: I this discussio I give a eplaatio of the divergece ad covergece of ifiite
More informationApproximating Area under a curve with rectangles. To find the area under a curve we approximate the area using rectangles and then use limits to find
1.8 Approximatig Area uder a curve with rectagles 1.6 To fid the area uder a curve we approximate the area usig rectagles ad the use limits to fid 1.4 the area. Example 1 Suppose we wat to estimate 1.
More informationExample 2 Find the square root of 0. The only square root of 0 is 0 (since 0 is not positive or negative, so those choices don t exist here).
BEGINNING ALGEBRA Roots ad Radicals (revised summer, 00 Olso) Packet to Supplemet the Curret Textbook - Part Review of Square Roots & Irratioals (This portio ca be ay time before Part ad should mostly
More informationPermutations, the Parity Theorem, and Determinants
1 Permutatios, the Parity Theorem, ad Determiats Joh A. Guber Departmet of Electrical ad Computer Egieerig Uiversity of Wiscosi Madiso Cotets 1 What is a Permutatio 1 2 Cycles 2 2.1 Traspositios 4 3 Orbits
More informationI. Chi-squared Distributions
1 M 358K Supplemet to Chapter 23: CHI-SQUARED DISTRIBUTIONS, T-DISTRIBUTIONS, AND DEGREES OF FREEDOM To uderstad t-distributios, we first eed to look at aother family of distributios, the chi-squared distributios.
More informationThe following example will help us understand The Sampling Distribution of the Mean. C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 50 miles 84 miles 38 miles 120 miles 48 miles
The followig eample will help us uderstad The Samplig Distributio of the Mea Review: The populatio is the etire collectio of all idividuals or objects of iterest The sample is the portio of the populatio
More informationAP Calculus AB 2006 Scoring Guidelines Form B
AP Calculus AB 6 Scorig Guidelies Form B The College Board: Coectig Studets to College Success The College Board is a ot-for-profit membership associatio whose missio is to coect studets to college success
More informationTHE REGRESSION MODEL IN MATRIX FORM. For simple linear regression, meaning one predictor, the model is. for i = 1, 2, 3,, n
We will cosider the liear regressio model i matrix form. For simple liear regressio, meaig oe predictor, the model is i = + x i + ε i for i =,,,, This model icludes the assumptio that the ε i s are a sample
More informationGCE Further Mathematics (6360) Further Pure Unit 2 (MFP2) Textbook. Version: 1.4
GCE Further Mathematics (660) Further Pure Uit (MFP) Tetbook Versio: 4 MFP Tetbook A-level Further Mathematics 660 Further Pure : Cotets Chapter : Comple umbers 4 Itroductio 5 The geeral comple umber 5
More informationSEQUENCES AND SERIES
Chapter 9 SEQUENCES AND SERIES Natural umbers are the product of huma spirit. DEDEKIND 9.1 Itroductio I mathematics, the word, sequece is used i much the same way as it is i ordiary Eglish. Whe we say
More information1 Computing the Standard Deviation of Sample Means
Computig the Stadard Deviatio of Sample Meas Quality cotrol charts are based o sample meas ot o idividual values withi a sample. A sample is a group of items, which are cosidered all together for our aalysis.
More informationMultiplexers and Demultiplexers
I this lesso, you will lear about: Multiplexers ad Demultiplexers 1. Multiplexers 2. Combiatioal circuit implemetatio with multiplexers 3. Demultiplexers 4. Some examples Multiplexer A Multiplexer (see
More information.04. This means $1000 is multiplied by 1.02 five times, once for each of the remaining sixmonth
Questio 1: What is a ordiary auity? Let s look at a ordiary auity that is certai ad simple. By this, we mea a auity over a fixed term whose paymet period matches the iterest coversio period. Additioally,
More informationSequences and Series Using the TI-89 Calculator
RIT Calculator Site Sequeces ad Series Usig the TI-89 Calculator Norecursively Defied Sequeces A orecursively defied sequece is oe i which the formula for the terms of the sequece is give explicitly. For
More informationHow To Solve The Homewor Problem Beautifully
Egieerig 33 eautiful Homewor et 3 of 7 Kuszmar roblem.5.5 large departmet store sells sport shirts i three sizes small, medium, ad large, three patters plaid, prit, ad stripe, ad two sleeve legths log
More informationSolutions to Exercises Chapter 4: Recurrence relations and generating functions
Solutios to Exercises Chapter 4: Recurrece relatios ad geeratig fuctios 1 (a) There are seatig positios arraged i a lie. Prove that the umber of ways of choosig a subset of these positios, with o two chose
More informationFOUNDATIONS OF MATHEMATICS AND PRE-CALCULUS GRADE 10
FOUNDATIONS OF MATHEMATICS AND PRE-CALCULUS GRADE 10 [C] Commuicatio Measuremet A1. Solve problems that ivolve liear measuremet, usig: SI ad imperial uits of measure estimatio strategies measuremet strategies.
More informationNormal Distribution.
Normal Distributio www.icrf.l Normal distributio I probability theory, the ormal or Gaussia distributio, is a cotiuous probability distributio that is ofte used as a first approimatio to describe realvalued
More informationTHE HEIGHT OF q-binary SEARCH TREES
THE HEIGHT OF q-binary SEARCH TREES MICHAEL DRMOTA AND HELMUT PRODINGER Abstract. q biary search trees are obtaied from words, equipped with the geometric distributio istead of permutatios. The average
More informationHypothesis testing. Null and alternative hypotheses
Hypothesis testig Aother importat use of samplig distributios is to test hypotheses about populatio parameters, e.g. mea, proportio, regressio coefficiets, etc. For example, it is possible to stipulate
More informationModified Line Search Method for Global Optimization
Modified Lie Search Method for Global Optimizatio Cria Grosa ad Ajith Abraham Ceter of Excellece for Quatifiable Quality of Service Norwegia Uiversity of Sciece ad Techology Trodheim, Norway {cria, ajith}@q2s.tu.o
More informationDefinition. A variable X that takes on values X 1, X 2, X 3,...X k with respective frequencies f 1, f 2, f 3,...f k has mean
1 Social Studies 201 October 13, 2004 Note: The examples i these otes may be differet tha used i class. However, the examples are similar ad the methods used are idetical to what was preseted i class.
More informationDiscrete Mathematics and Probability Theory Spring 2014 Anant Sahai Note 13
EECS 70 Discrete Mathematics ad Probability Theory Sprig 2014 Aat Sahai Note 13 Itroductio At this poit, we have see eough examples that it is worth just takig stock of our model of probability ad may
More information4.3. The Integral and Comparison Tests
4.3. THE INTEGRAL AND COMPARISON TESTS 9 4.3. The Itegral ad Compariso Tests 4.3.. The Itegral Test. Suppose f is a cotiuous, positive, decreasig fuctio o [, ), ad let a = f(). The the covergece or divergece
More informationMATH 083 Final Exam Review
MATH 08 Fial Eam Review Completig the problems i this review will greatly prepare you for the fial eam Calculator use is ot required, but you are permitted to use a calculator durig the fial eam period
More informationOn the L p -conjecture for locally compact groups
Arch. Math. 89 (2007), 237 242 c 2007 Birkhäuser Verlag Basel/Switzerlad 0003/889X/030237-6, ublished olie 2007-08-0 DOI 0.007/s0003-007-993-x Archiv der Mathematik O the L -cojecture for locally comact
More informationON AN INTEGRAL OPERATOR WHICH PRESERVE THE UNIVALENCE
Proceedigs of the Iteratioal Coferece o Theory ad Applicatios of Mathematics ad Iformatics ICTAMI 3, Alba Iulia ON AN INTEGRAL OPERATOR WHICH PRESERVE THE UNIVALENCE by Maria E Gageoea ad Silvia Moldoveau
More informationChair for Network Architectures and Services Institute of Informatics TU München Prof. Carle. Network Security. Chapter 2 Basics
Chair for Network Architectures ad Services Istitute of Iformatics TU Müche Prof. Carle Network Security Chapter 2 Basics 2.4 Radom Number Geeratio for Cryptographic Protocols Motivatio It is crucial to
More informationNotes on exponential generating functions and structures.
Notes o expoetial geeratig fuctios ad structures. 1. The cocept of a structure. Cosider the followig coutig problems: (1) to fid for each the umber of partitios of a -elemet set, (2) to fid for each the
More informationNotes on Combinatorics. Peter J. Cameron
Notes o Combiatorics Peter J Camero ii Preface: What is Combiatorics? Combiatorics, the mathematics of patters,, helps us desig computer etwors, crac security codes, or solve sudous Ursula Marti, Vice-Pricipal
More information1 Correlation and Regression Analysis
1 Correlatio ad Regressio Aalysis I this sectio we will be ivestigatig the relatioship betwee two cotiuous variable, such as height ad weight, the cocetratio of a ijected drug ad heart rate, or the cosumptio
More informationCooley-Tukey. Tukey FFT Algorithms. FFT Algorithms. Cooley
Cooley Cooley-Tuey Tuey FFT Algorithms FFT Algorithms Cosider a legth- sequece x[ with a -poit DFT X[ where Represet the idices ad as +, +, Cooley Cooley-Tuey Tuey FFT Algorithms FFT Algorithms Usig these
More information4. Trees. 4.1 Basics. Definition: A graph having no cycles is said to be acyclic. A forest is an acyclic graph.
4. Trees Oe of the importat classes of graphs is the trees. The importace of trees is evidet from their applicatios i various areas, especially theoretical computer sciece ad molecular evolutio. 4.1 Basics
More informationDegree of Approximation of Continuous Functions by (E, q) (C, δ) Means
Ge. Math. Notes, Vol. 11, No. 2, August 2012, pp. 12-19 ISSN 2219-7184; Copyright ICSRS Publicatio, 2012 www.i-csrs.org Available free olie at http://www.gema.i Degree of Approximatio of Cotiuous Fuctios
More informationMaximum Likelihood Estimators.
Lecture 2 Maximum Likelihood Estimators. Matlab example. As a motivatio, let us look at oe Matlab example. Let us geerate a radom sample of size 00 from beta distributio Beta(5, 2). We will lear the defiitio
More informationBINOMIAL EXPANSIONS 12.5. In this section. Some Examples. Obtaining the Coefficients
652 (12-26) Chapter 12 Sequeces ad Series 12.5 BINOMIAL EXPANSIONS I this sectio Some Examples Otaiig the Coefficiets The Biomial Theorem I Chapter 5 you leared how to square a iomial. I this sectio you
More information0.7 0.6 0.2 0 0 96 96.5 97 97.5 98 98.5 99 99.5 100 100.5 96.5 97 97.5 98 98.5 99 99.5 100 100.5
Sectio 13 Kolmogorov-Smirov test. Suppose that we have a i.i.d. sample X 1,..., X with some ukow distributio P ad we would like to test the hypothesis that P is equal to a particular distributio P 0, i.e.
More information7.1 Finding Rational Solutions of Polynomial Equations
4 Locker LESSON 7. Fidig Ratioal Solutios of Polyomial Equatios Name Class Date 7. Fidig Ratioal Solutios of Polyomial Equatios Essetial Questio: How do you fid the ratioal roots of a polyomial equatio?
More informationMultiple Representations for Pattern Exploration with the Graphing Calculator and Manipulatives
Douglas A. Lapp Multiple Represetatios for Patter Exploratio with the Graphig Calculator ad Maipulatives To teach mathematics as a coected system of cocepts, we must have a shift i emphasis from a curriculum
More informationClass Meeting # 16: The Fourier Transform on R n
MATH 18.152 COUSE NOTES - CLASS MEETING # 16 18.152 Itroductio to PDEs, Fall 2011 Professor: Jared Speck Class Meetig # 16: The Fourier Trasform o 1. Itroductio to the Fourier Trasform Earlier i the course,
More informationAn Efficient Polynomial Approximation of the Normal Distribution Function & Its Inverse Function
A Efficiet Polyomial Approximatio of the Normal Distributio Fuctio & Its Iverse Fuctio Wisto A. Richards, 1 Robi Atoie, * 1 Asho Sahai, ad 3 M. Raghuadh Acharya 1 Departmet of Mathematics & Computer Sciece;
More informationConfidence Intervals for One Mean
Chapter 420 Cofidece Itervals for Oe Mea Itroductio This routie calculates the sample size ecessary to achieve a specified distace from the mea to the cofidece limit(s) at a stated cofidece level for a
More information1. Introduction. Scheduling Theory
. Itroductio. Itroductio As a idepedet brach of Operatioal Research, Schedulig Theory appeared i the begiig of the 50s. I additio to computer systems ad maufacturig, schedulig theory ca be applied to may
More informationEkkehart Schlicht: Economic Surplus and Derived Demand
Ekkehart Schlicht: Ecoomic Surplus ad Derived Demad Muich Discussio Paper No. 2006-17 Departmet of Ecoomics Uiversity of Muich Volkswirtschaftliche Fakultät Ludwig-Maximilias-Uiversität Müche Olie at http://epub.ub.ui-mueche.de/940/
More information2. Degree Sequences. 2.1 Degree Sequences
2. Degree Sequeces The cocept of degrees i graphs has provided a framewor for the study of various structural properties of graphs ad has therefore attracted the attetio of may graph theorists. Here we
More informationLECTURE 13: Cross-validation
LECTURE 3: Cross-validatio Resampli methods Cross Validatio Bootstrap Bias ad variace estimatio with the Bootstrap Three-way data partitioi Itroductio to Patter Aalysis Ricardo Gutierrez-Osua Texas A&M
More informationOutput Analysis (2, Chapters 10 &11 Law)
B. Maddah ENMG 6 Simulatio 05/0/07 Output Aalysis (, Chapters 10 &11 Law) Comparig alterative system cofiguratio Sice the output of a simulatio is radom, the comparig differet systems via simulatio should
More informationAnnuities Under Random Rates of Interest II By Abraham Zaks. Technion I.I.T. Haifa ISRAEL and Haifa University Haifa ISRAEL.
Auities Uder Radom Rates of Iterest II By Abraham Zas Techio I.I.T. Haifa ISRAEL ad Haifa Uiversity Haifa ISRAEL Departmet of Mathematics, Techio - Israel Istitute of Techology, 3000, Haifa, Israel I memory
More informationINFINITE SERIES KEITH CONRAD
INFINITE SERIES KEITH CONRAD. Itroductio The two basic cocepts of calculus, differetiatio ad itegratio, are defied i terms of limits (Newto quotiets ad Riema sums). I additio to these is a third fudametal
More information10/14/08 ON NUMBERS EQUAL TO THE SUM OF TWO SQUARES IN MORE THAN ONE WAY
1 10/14/08 ON NUMBERS EQUAL TO THE SUM OF TWO SQUARES IN MORE THAN ONE WAY Ming-Sun Li, Kathryn Robertson, Thomas J. Osler, Abdul Hassen, Christopher S. Simons and Marcus Wright Department of Mathematics
More information