Survey Report March
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1 The Odonata of St Lucia (Lesser Antilles) Survey Report March Céline Poiron & François Meurgey L Herminier Natural History Society Contribution to odonatology # 2 May 2011
2 The Odonata of St Lucia (Lesser Antilles) Survey Report March Céline Poiron & François Meurgey Cover: Cul-de-Sac Flooded Forest at Castries L Herminier Natural History Society contribution to odonatology # 2- François Meurgey
3 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...4 MATERIAL AND METHODS...5 Localities surveyed...5 Comments on the list...7 ODONATA RECORDED FROM ST LUCIA...8 Comments on the list...8 RESULTS...9 SPECIES ACCOUNT...9 ZYGOPTERA...9 ANISOPTERA...12 DISCUSSION...17 CONSERVATION...18 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS...19 BIBLIOGRAPHY...19 DISTRIBUTION MAPS...Erreur! Signet non défini.
4 INTRODUCTION Studies on odonata of the Lesser Antilles have begun in 2000 in order to increase knowledge on species biology, ecology and biogeography. The L Herminier Natural History Society and the Nantes Museum of Natural History carried out several studies in Guadeloupe, Martinique, Dominica, St Vincent and Grenada since 2000 and a book on the Dragonflies of the Lesser Antilles is actually in progress. Recent data from the Lesser Antillean islands were greatly needed in order to understand the biogeography of the Lesser Antillean Dragonflies. Where the species did came from? What is exactly the dragonfly fauna composition? These questions remain to be solved. This is why an intensive survey of St Lucia was carried out from March 9th to March 30th This study was financed by both the L Herminier Natural History Society (LHNHS). Our primary aim was to update the checklist of species, since only two papers are known to us concerning the dragonfly fauna of the island (Klots, 1932; Sibley, 2009). Fred Sibley spent few days in St Lucia where he collected 21 species. Our major aim was to point out the distribution of species to establish distribution maps, in a way to obtain information on the conservation status of species. Generally speaking, a checklist of species must be considered as a tool for conservation matters. Data gathered on both ecology and biology on the field are intended to allow us to estimate the conservation status of species and their habitats, and then to apply the correct conservatory management.
5 MATERIAL AND METHODS The Island was prospected during three weeks (march 9 to March 29) in a way to survey the most of aquatic habitats. The most of adults were caught with an aerial net. Exuviae were collected along with adult stage. Dragonflies larvae lives under water and after several numerous molts, reach metamorphosis. Emergence take place out of water and remains the skin of the larva, called exuvia. Collecting exuviae (Fig.1) provides a good idea about odonate breeding habitats. For each species a minimum of two pairs were caught, to constitute a reference collection in the NMNH and to try to answer taxonomic problems concerning neotropical species. Identification of species was first realized on the field, and in France, specimens were closely checked and named with the help of the NMNH collection and specialized books. Stations were first located on a map, and chosen after their accessibility and their repartition on the Island. The objective was to explore the island the most homogeneously as possible. We decided to separate St Lucia in three parts (north, south, center) and to spend one week by part. Localities cited by Fred Sibley were not visited. We considered that the data were recent and we preferred to conduct our researches in unknown sites. Geographical data were completed with a GARMIN GPS (GPSMAP 60 CSx ). A protocol was developed to describe similarly the habitats of each station : lentic or lotic aquatic habitat, depth, length, width, vegetation and we noted the number and the sex of species present. To describe more precisely aquatic habitats we also collected some plants with Mr. Leroy St Louis's permit. The herbarium was described at the museum. In order to maximize the chance to see the totality of species living in the surveyed localities we spend between 30 minutes to one hour by station. Projection datum is UTM zone 20N/WGS84. We surveyed 76 stations, distributed as follows : Localities surveyed Exuviae of Orthemis macrothemis (C.POIRON, 2011). Vieux-Fort parish X UTM Y UTM SLU001 Vieux-Fort Police divisional headquarters, ditch SLU002 Hewanorra airport, ditch near the pists SLU003 Pointe des sables, ditch SLU004 Anse de Sables, river mouth SLU005 Builder's choice, canal SLU006 Charlery's inn, swamped canal SLU007 Jetty 1, littoral trail, xerophile area SLU008 Jetty 2, temporary pond near a quarry SLU020 Grace, river SLU021 Warwick, affluent of the river Piaye SLU022 Daban, trail in banana plantation
6 SLU023 Stade George Odlum stadium, pond SLU027 Rivière de Vieux-Fort 1, river SLU028 Rivière de Vieux-Fort 2, swamp and pond SLU045 Black Bay River Micoud Parish SLU009 Ravine Bethel (Anse Ger) SLU010 Troumasse Estate 1, lake SLU011 Troumasse Estate 2, shaded pond SLU012 Ravine Conore, stream SLU013 Planard, ditch SLU014 Ravine Victorine, stream SLU015 Ravine Viancelle, stream SLU016 Canelles River 1, river SLU017 Canelles River 2, stream under the road SLU018 Calypso 1, stream SLU019 Calypso 2, river SLU059 Mahaut 1, open area at the top of a hill SLU060 Mahaut 2, stream SLU061 Mahaut 3, trail SLU062 Volet Estate, river Gros-Islet Parish SLU064 Gros Islet, puddle SLU065 Cas en Bas Estate, stream SLU066 Trims Riding Stables, pond SLU067 La Feuillet, stream SLU068 Monchy 1, stream SLU071 Grande Rivière 1, river SLU072 Grande Rivière 2, stream Laborie Parish SLU024 Mont Lezard estate 1, dry pond SLU025 Mont Lezard estate 2, pond in cultures SLU026 Gayabois Dauphin Parish SLU029 Ravine Marquis River, affluent of Marquis river SLU030 Marquis River, river SLU031 Boguis, ravine of Marquis River SLU069 La Borne, stream SLU070 Monchy 2, river SLU074 Vergallier river Dennery Parish SLU032 Bazile, stream SLU033 Deux-Branches1, puddles SLU034 Deux-Branches2, stream SLU035 Deux-Branches3, Dennery River SLU054 Fond d'or River 1, river SLU055 Fond d'or River 2, pond near the river SLU056 Grande Ravine 1, seeps SLU057 Grande Ravine 2, puddles Praslin Parish
7 SLU058 L'Orangerie, trail SLU063 Praslin Bay, mangrove Castries Parish SLU036 Ravine Poisson, Minvielle, stream SLU037 Bexon, swamp SLU073 La Fitte, stream SLU075 Cul de Sac River, flooded forest SLU076 Cul de Sac River, ponds Anse-La-Raye Parish SLU038 Millet 1, stream SLU039 Millet 2, swamp SLU040 Millet 3, stream SLU041 Dame de traversay, little affluent of Millet river SLU042 Grande Riviere, stream SLU043 Mouth of Petite Rivière SLU053 Canaries River Soufriere Parish SLU044 Soufrière, beach SLU046 Fond St-Jacques 1, river SLU047 Fond St-Jacques 2, basin resulting from the collapse of a stream SLU048 Malgrétoute, mouth of stream, near the beach SLU049 Ravine Claire, stream SLU050 Cresslands, pond SLU051 Ravine Torail, stream SLU052 Ravine Duval, stream Comments on the list The localities distributional map show that the island was relatively well prospected. The majority of aquatic habitats were surveyed : river (SLU046, SLU053 ), mangrove (SLU063), swamps ( SLU039,SLU037 ), ravine (SLU051,SLU052 ), lake (SLU010), pond (SLU023, SLU024, SLU025 ), forest (SLU075, ). Some dragonflies were found in puddles, ditches, littoral trails, drain, canal which are anthropic habitats.
8 ODONATA RECORDED FROM ST LUCIA 21 species of Odonata were recorded from St Lucia during this study, as follows. Species observed by Sibley (2009) are in brackets. New island records are in bold. ZYGOPTERA Family Lestidae Lestes forficula Rambur, 1842 Lestes spumarius Hagen in Selys, 1862 Lestes tenuatus Rambur, 1842 Family Protoneuridae Protoneura ailsa Donnelly, 1961 Family Coenagrionidae Enallagma coecum (Hagen, 1861) Ischnura ramburii (Selys, 1850) Telebasis corallina (Selys, 1876) ANISOPTERA Family Aeshnidae Gynacantha nervosa Rambur, 1842 Triacanthagyna caribbea (Williamson, 1923) [Triacanthagyna trifida (Rambur, 1842)] Family Libellulidae [Brachymesia furcata (Hagen, 1861)] Brachymesia herbida (Gundlach, 1889) Brechmorhoga archboldi (Donnelly, 1970) Dythemis sterilis Hagen, 1861 Erythemis vesiculosa (Fabricius, 1775) Erythrodiplax umbrata (Linné, 1758) Miathyria marcella (Selys, 1856) Micrathyria aequalis (Hagen, 1861) Micrathyria didyma (Sélys, 1857) Orthemis macrostigma (Rambur, 1872) Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798) Tholymis citrina (Hagen, 1861) Tramea abdominalis (Rambur, 1842) Tramea calverti Muttkowski, 1910 [Tramea insularis Hagen, 1861] Comments on the list On the 21 species mentioned by Sibley (20089), two weren t collected during this study. We failed to find Triacanthagyna trifida but we observed several T. caribbea in a single location. Brachymesia furcata was mentioned by Sibley (2009) from the Golf Course at Cap Estate but we didn t survey this location and Tramea insularis is totally absent in the surveyed stations. On the other hand, 5 species are reported for the first time from St Lucia : Lestes spumarius, Triacanthagyna caribbea (common in Guadeloupe and Martinique), Brechmorhoga archboldi (previously known only from Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique and Grenada), Miathyria marcella (widespread in the Neotropics) and Tramea calverti which is a vagrant species from Central and South America. If some of these species was expected (Miathyria marcella, Tramea calverti), the remaining three are more interesting. The checklist of species number actually 25 species.
9 RESULTS SPECIES ACCOUNT ZYGOPTERA During this study we observed, captured and identified 7 species belonging to three families and to 5 genera. Actually Zygopterans are represented in the Lesser Antilles by 10 species, St Lucia host 60% of the species of which one is an endemic species at regional scale, being present only in Dominica, Martinique and St Lucia (Protoneura ailsa). Family Lestidae Three species have been recorded during this survey. St Lucia is actually the single island which host the three West Indian species of this genus. Lestes forficula Rambur, 1842 Rainpool Spreadwing Distribution: SLU025, SLU066. This species is widespread throughout the West Indies, and often abundant in ponds, lakes in agricultural areas. Lack of ponds in St Lucia can explain the paucity of this taxa. Sibley (2009) report this species from only two localities in the north of the island ; Castries (2 males) and Cap Estate (4 males, 1 female). Lestes tenuatus (Rambur, 1842) Blue-striped Spreadwing Distribution: SLU063 Uncommon in the Lesser Antilles. Contrary to L. forficula, Lestes tenuatus is found mainly in shaded areas, in woody edges, forested habitats such as forest ponds and mangrove swamps. We found a single male at Praslin Bay, in a heavily disturbed mangrove swamp. Sibley (2009) report this species from only one locality, north of Fond D Or River near Micoud. 9
10 Lestes spumarius Hagen in Selys, 1862 Antillean Spreadwing Distribution: SLU075 This is the first record for this species on St Lucia, and the single recent record for the Lesser Antilles, being known only from the Greater Antilles. In spite of intensive researches, we failed to find other specimens. It appears that this species is rare, but deserve special attention due to its habitat. Family Protoneuridae Only two species of this family occurs in the Lesser Antilles. One is endemic from Dominica, Martinique and St Lucia and the other is restricted to Guadeloupe. Protoneura ailsa Donnelly, 1961 Ailsa s Threadtail Distribution: SLU014, SLU015, SLU018, SLU018, SLU019, SLU020, SLU021, SLU029, SLU031, SLU034, SLU035, SLU038, SLU040, SLU042, SLU046, SLU049, SLU052, SLU060, SLU073, SLU074 Regional endemic. This species, described from St Lucia is the only species of its genus in St Lucia. Although present in Dominica and Martinique, P. ailsa appear to be more abundant and widely distributed on St Lucia than in other two islands. The distribution of this species show that the most of existing populations are not concerned by natural reserves areas. Sibley (2009) mention P. ailsa from 4 stations (Soufrière, Micoud, Millet). We recorded this species from 20 localities distributed throughout the island (26%). Family Coenagrionidae Enallagma coecum (Hagen, 1861) Antillean Bluet Distribution: SLU015,SLU017,SLU018,SLU019,SLU021,SLU035,SLU046, SLU047,SLU049,SLU060 As for neighboring Martinique, E. coecum seems to be common and widely distributed in St Lucia, being present from the sea level up to 150 ft. This species was found in 9 of the 76 localities surveyed (12%). In Guadeloupe, Dominica and Martinique, this species inhabits swamps, bogs, springs generally highly vegetated. At the reverse, it frequents in St Lucia lotic habitats such as montane streams and rivers, even in forest and can be found in shaded parts of small tributaries in forest. 10
11 Ischnura ramburii (Selys, 1850) Rambur s Forktail Distribution: SLU001,SLU002,SLU003,SLU004,SLU005,SLU006,SLU010, SLU011SLU012,SLU014,SLU016,SLU023,SLU025,SLU026, SLU027,SLU028,SLU029,SLU031,SLU037,SLU042,SLU043, SLU045, SLU053,SLU054,SLU062,SLU063,SLU068,SLU070, SLU071, SLU074,SLU075 Common and widespread throughout the West Indies. I. ramburii was found on 31 of the 76 surveyed localities (41%). Generally abundant, populations reach often 100 individuals. This species frequent lentic habitats such as ponds, lakes but can also be found on slow flowing montane rivers. Telebasis corallina (Selys, 1876) Coral Firetail Distribution: SLU017, SLU025, SLU026, SLU066 This species is scarcely distributed on St Lucia, being commonest and often abundant in Martinique, Dominica and Guadeloupe, and absent from the islands south of St Lucia. We found T. corallina in 4 of the 76 surveyed localities (0,50%). Generally, this species frequent lentic habitats, heavily covered with dense vegetation such as Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) or Water Hiacynth (Eicchornia crassipes). The lack of such habitats on St Lucia can explain the rarity of this species. It appears that the island constitute the southernmost West Indian locality for this species. This species have been already mentioned by Sibley (2009) at Cap Estate (Golf Course) and Vieux-Fort. 11
12 ANISOPTERA During this study we observed, captured and identified 15 species belonging to 2 families and 13 genera. Actually Anisopterans are represented in the Lesser Antilles by 35 species, St Lucia host 43% of them, mainly in the family Libellulidae which contain highly vagrant species. Family Aeshnidae Three species, all nocturnal, have been recorded from St Lucia of which one was not observed during this survey (Triacanthagyna trifida). We failed to find Anax junius, which is a common species in Martinique and Guadeloupe. Several other species, such as Anax concolor, Rhionaeschna psilus, Coryphaeshna anexa or Triacanthagyna septima seems to be absent from the island, being only known from islands north of St Lucia. Species of this family deserve more attention and need further researches. Gynacantha nervosa Rambur, 1842 Twilight Darner Distribution: SLU029, SLU058 Gynacantha nervosa is a nocturnal species appearing generally just after sunset. This species could be more widely distributed on the island but need to be more intensively searched. Gynacantha nervosa was previously mentioned by Sibley (2009) near Micoud. Triacanthagyna caribbea Williamson, 1923 Caribbean Darner Distribution: SLU009, SLU020, SLU075 Recorded for the first time from St Lucia, being known from Guadeloupe and Martinique. This species is nocturnal and can be very common and often abundant in some locations. Fred Sibley in his 2009 paper mention Triacanthagyna trifida from several localities. We failed to find this species 12
13 Family Libellulidae This family is undoubtedly the most important in the West Indies. 12 species have been previously mentioned by Sibley (2009) of which 2 were not observed during this study. We surveyed 13 species from which 3 constitute new island records. Undoubtedly, several other species could be recorded from St Lucia during the next year, such as Pantala hymenaea, Tramea basilaris (an Afrotropical species appearing irregularly in the New World). Brachymesia herbida (Gundlach, 1889) Tawny Pennant Distribution: SLU004, SLU005, SLU006, SLU016, SLU023, SLU027, SLU043, SLU045, SLU062, SLU070, SLU074, Common in lowlands and dry areas, especially in the southern part of St Lucia. This species frequent generally ponds and lakes, but can also be found in slow flowing rivers, even polluted. This species was recorded from 11 locations (14%). Brechmorhoga archboldi (Donnelly, 1970) Archbold s Skimmer Distribution: SLU059 Recorded for the first time from St Lucia, being previously known from Guadeloupe, Dominica and Martinique. Rare, a single female collected at the top of a hill near Dennery, an other individual missed. This species is a Lesser Antillean endemic which lives in fast flowing montane rivers, often covered with canopy. This species needs further studies in a way to pint out its distribution and to find larval habitats. Dythemis sterilis Hagen, 1861 Brown Setwing Distribution: SLU014, SLU015, SLU016, SLU019, SLU020, SLU021, SLU022, SLU029, SLU032, SLU034, SLU035, SLU036, SLU038, SLU040, SLU045, SLU046, SLU047, SLU049, SLU052, SLU060, SLU061, SLU067, SLU068, SLU069, SLU070, SLU073, SLU074 This species was recorded by Sibley but misidentified as Dythemis multipunctata which is endemic from St Vincent. Although slightly different in color pattern, specimens from St Lucia belongs to D. sterilis. Common and often abundant, D. sterilis frequents fast flowing water such as rivers and streams, generally up to 100 meters altitude. 13
14 Erythemis vesiculosa (Fabricius, 1775) Great Pondhawk Erythrodiplax umbrata (Linné, 1758) Band-winged Dragonlet Distribution: SLU002, SLU005, SLU012, SLU014, SLU016, SLU020, SLU027, SLU028, SLU043, SLU045, SLU046, SLU049, SLU054, SLU055, SLU070, SLU074, SLU076 Widespread in the West Indies, E. vesiculosa is one of the commonest species. Generally this species lives in standing water such as ponds, lakes in lowlands and we were surprised to observe this species in open, slow flowing rivers and streams. Distribution: SLU002, SLU003, SLU015, SLU016, SLU020, SLU023, SLU025, SLU028, SLU033, SLU037, SLU039, SLU043, SLU045, SLU050, SLU052, SLU053, SLU055, SLU059, SLU061, SLU063, SLU065, SLU066, SLU068, SLU074, SLU076 Common and abundant, widespread in the West Indies. Erythrodiplax umbrata lives in standing water generally in seepages, ditches or ponds. Populations can be very important reaching frequently up to 100 individuals. It is important to notice that this species do not breeds in open water, but always at the edges of aquatic habitats, in the mud, bogs and springs. This is why it is very important to manage and conserve the neighbourhoods of standing water habitats. Miathyria marcella (Selys, 1856) Hiacynth Glider Distribution: SLU026 Recorded for the first time from St Lucia. Rare to uncommon in the West Indies, typically a lacustrine species. Larvae are strongly associated with floating mats of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) or Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) and the species has spread into the West Indies with the spread of these plants. Populations in densely vegetated habitats can be very important, reaching often individuals. The eradication of the Water Lettuce in some areas can have an impact on the populations of this species. 14
15 Micrathyria aequalis (Hagen, 1861) Spot-tailed Dasher Distribution : SLU004, SLU005, SLU010, SLU012, SLU014, SLU016, SLU025, SLU026, SLU027, SLU028, SLU037, SLU043, SLU045, SLU054, SLU066, SLU070, SLU071, SLU074, SLU076 Common, abundant and widely distributed throughout the West Indies. This species lives in standing water habitats such as ponds in agricultural areas. However, we observed important populations in open, slow flowing rivers in St Lucia. Micrathyria didyma (Selys, 1857) Three-striped Dasher Distribution: SLU004 Uncommon in the Lesser Antilles. This species frequents flooded forests and forested swamps in shaded areas. This is one of the very few species that reproduce in this type of habitat. Orthemis macrostigma (Rambur, 1872) Antillean Skimmer Distribution: SLU001, SLU002, SLU003, SLU004, SLU005, SLU008, SLU011, SLU012, SLU013, SLU016, SLU020, SLU021, SLU022, SLU024, SLU025, SLU026, SLU028, SLU030, SLU033, SLU034, SLU035, SLU037, SLU038, SLU039, SLU041, SLU045, SLU046, SLU047, SLU048, SLU049, SLU050, SLU057, SLU059, SLU061, SLU063, SLU064, SLU065, SLU066, SLU067, SLU068, SLU070, SLU073, SLU074, SLU076 Very common in the Lesser Antilles. O. macrostigma lives in standing water habitats and prefer cattle ponds and also ditches. It virtually can breed in every type of standing water habitat. Adults can be observed far away from water in terrestrial environment; trails, pastures or beaches. This species was recorded on 44 of the 76 locations surveyed (57%, n=76). 15
16 Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798) Wandering Glider Distribution: SLU003, SLU007, SLU016, SLU027, SLU028, SLU037, SLU039, SLU043, SLU047, SLU054, SLU059, SLU064, SLU068, SLU076 A cosmopolitan species that can breed in virtually every type of standing water habitat available. Larva can grow within three weeks and can support temporary dryness. Tholymis citrina (Hagen, 1861) Evening Skimmer Distribution: SLU011, SLU044 Nocturnal species generally uncommon, but may be abundant in some localities. Only two individuals seen during this survey. Tholymis citrina lives in standing water habitats such as forested ponds or ditches. Tramea abdominalis (Rambur, 1842) Vermillion Saddlebags Distribution: SLU016 SLU025 SLU026 SLU037 SLU039 SLU045 SLU063 SLU066 SLU070 SLU071 SLU074 SLU075 Highly common species throughout the West Indies. Very common and often abundant. Not really common in St Lucia because of the lack of suitable habitats, such as cattle ponds and lakes. Tramea calverti Muttkowski, 1910 Calvert s Saddlebags Distribution: SLU043 Recorded for the first time from St Lucia. Tramea calverti is a highly vagrant species distributed in Central and South America, reaching the West Indies irregularly. This species frequent standing water habitats and prefer swamps in open land or seepages and sea shore. 16
17 DISCUSSION The dragonfly fauna of the Lesser Antilles actually numbers 48 valid species (Meurgey & Poiron, in prep). There are 38 species in Guadeloupe (Meurgey, 2006b), 30 in Martinique (Meurgey, 2005) which both are the richest islands. Species richness decrease to the south with only 7 species in St Vincent (Meurgey, 2010) and 19 in Grenada (Meurgey, 2009). Saint Lucia appear as a medium rich island, and the paucity of species could be due to 1) the lack of standing water habitats (95% of odonata reproduce in standing water), and 2) the lack of studies, with only two surveys known to us. Among surveyed stations, 62% belongs to lotic habitats and 30% to lentic habitats. The remaining pertain to specific habitats : trail, grassland, ditch The number of species in Martinique, which is quite equal to those of St Lucia, is due to a high level of disturbances, pollutions and urbanization. We think that the fauna of St Lucia could reach species. Hurricane Tomas passed by the Island in November He especially opened many forested areas. We observed that several streams and rivers are now open, without canopy and colonized by vagrant species such as Pantala flavescens, Orthemis macrostigma or Tramea abdominalis. We also saw trees down across rivers creating microhabitats and promoting the development of some species such as Protoneura ailsa. This information must be verify with further surveys before and after the passage of an hurricane. It is difficult to have an idea of what species could be present in these habitats before Tomas. As for other islands, the odonate fauna of St Lucia is dominated by wide ranging species. Two of them, Ischnura ramburii and Orthemis macrostigma are the commonest species in a great variety of habitat. The most interesting thing is that these two common species are followed by Lesser Antillean endemics (Protoneura ailsa and Dythemis sterilis), which have been recorded from 20 (26%) and 27 (36%) localities respectively Ischnura ramburii Protoneura ailsa Enallagma coecum Telebasis corallina Lestes spumarius Lestes tenuatus Fig. 1. Frequency per species (number of stations, n=76) - Zygoptera 17
18 Orthemis macrostigma Dythemis sterilis Erythrodiplax umbrata Micrathyria aequalis Erythemis vesiculosa Pantala flavescens Tramea abdominalis Brachymesia herbida Tholymis citrina Miathyria marcella Micrathyria didyma Tramea calverti CONSERVATION Species and protected areas The map shows the distribution of the regional endemic Protoneura ailsa (light blue dots) depending on the protected areas. Note that the most of surveyed populations were found outside these areas. This could be explain by the inaccessibility of the central forest reserve which could, or not, harbor this species. Among the 20 stations surveyed on the island, 9 are situated within protected areas, and only 4 of them harbour populations of P. ailsa. Generally speaking, the most of odonates species in St Lucia, as for other Lesser Antillean islands, lives in standing water habitats. We strongly suggest to survey and manage ponds, lakes and flooded forests to preserve the odonate biodiversity. 18
19 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to thank warmly Rebecca Rocks (Forestry Department) who kindly provided us with island maps and GIS, Alwin Dornelly (Forestry Department) who provided us with collecting permit and Saint Louis (Plant Quarantine Unit Vieux-Fort) for providing us with export permit. Thanks to Pierre and Claudine Guezennec for the use of their photos. We also thank Fred Sibley (New York, USA) for is previous work on the odonate fauna of St Lucia and for his infos. BIBLIOGRAPHY Barbour T., A contribution to the Zoogeography of the West Indies with especial reference to Amphibians and Reptiles, Cambridge, USA. Blondel J., Biogéographie : Approche écologique et évolutive. Ed. Masson, Paris, 297 p. Clarke A.H., Notes on insects of Barbados, St. Vincent, the Grenadines and Grenada. Psyche 11: Corbet P.S., Dragonflies. Behavior and ecology of Odonata. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 829p. Diamond J. M. & May R. M Island biogeography and the design of Natural reserves in: Theoretical Ecology, Principles and applications, May R. M. ed.,, 2nd edition. Blackwell Scientific Publications Donnelly T.W., A new species of damselfly from St. Lucia, British West Indies (Odonata: Protoneuridae), The Florida Entomologist, 44(3): Donnelly T.W., The Odonata of Dominica British West Indies, Smithsonian Contr. Zool., 37:1-20. Donnelly T.W., A new species of Macrothemis from central America with notes on the distinction Donnelly T.W., Clé d identification des Odonates de Guadeloupe, Dominique et Martinique. Martinia, 16(3) : Flint O.S., Probable origins of the West Indian Trichoptera and Odonata fauna, Proc. of the 2nd Int. Symp. On Trichoptera, Junk, the Hague : Förster S., The dragonflies of Central America exclusive of Mexico and the West Indies. A guide to their identification. Second edition, Gunnar Rehfeldt, Wolfenbüttel, Allemagne, odonatological monographs 2, 142p. Garrison R.W. & von Ellenrieder N., Generic dignoses within a closely related group of genera: Brechmorhoga, Gynothemis, Macrothemis, and Scapanea (Odonata: Libellulidae). Canadian Entomologist 138 :
20 Garrison R.W., von Ellenrieder N. & Louton J.A., Dragonfly genera of the New World: An illustrated and annotated key to the Anisoptera. The John Hopkins University Press, 368 p. Geijskes D. C., The dragonfly-fauna of Trinidad in the British West Indies. Part I, Zygoptera. Zool. Geijskes D. C., Distribution and zoogeography of odonata on the Lesser Antilles. Notul. Odonatol., 1(6) : Hedges S.B., Vicariance and dispersal in Caribbean biogeography, Herpetologica 52(3): Hedges S.B., More on the West Indian Zoogeography, Herpetologica 52 (4): Kirby W.F., On some small collections of Odonata recently received from the West-Indies. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 6 (14): Klots E.B., Insects of Porto-Rico and the Virgin Islands. Odonata or Dragon-Flies. In: Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. New York academy of sciences: Vol. 14, part p., 7 pl. Lescure J., Jérémie J., Lourenço W., Mauriès J.P., Pierre J. & Sastre C., Biogéographie et insularité : l exemple des Petites Antilles, Biogeographica, 67 (1) : Meurgey F., 2005a. Etude faunistique des odonates de Martinique. SFO/DIREN Martinique, 81 p + annexes. Meurgey F. (coord.), 2006a. Les odonates des départements et Territoires d Outre-mer français. Société Française d Odonatologie, 137 pages. Meurgey F., Description of the adult male and larva of Brechmorhoga archboldi (Donnelly) from the West Indies (Anisoptera: Libellulidae). Odonatologica 37(2): Meurgey F. & Daigle J.J., New status for Orthemis macrostigma from Lesser West Indies. Odonatologica 36(1): Meurgey F., 2007a. A contribution to the knowledge of the odonata of Dominica (British West Indies). Odonata report 4, Muséum d Histoire Naturelle de Nantes/Ministry of Agriculture and the Enviroment, Forestry, Wildlife and Parks Division, 21p. Meurgey F., 2007e. The Argia concinna Rambur Type Locality Mystery: Can it be Solved? Argia 19(3): Meurgey F., 2008c. Description of the larva of Protoneura ailsa Donnelly (Zygoptera: Protoneuridae). Odonatologica 37(3): Meurgey F. & Daigle J.J., Collecting Trip to Grenada (West Indies); an updated checklist of species. Argia 21 (3): Meurgey F., Redescription of Argia concinna (Rambur) with a description of Argia telesfordi spec.nov. from Grenada. West Indies (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae). Zootaxa 2272:
21 Meyerhoff A.A. & Meyerhoff H.A., Continental drift, IV: the Caribbean plate, Jour. Geol. Vol Needham J.G., Westfall M.J. & May M.L., Damselflies of North America. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville (USA), 649p. Needham J.G., Westfall M.J. & May M.L., Dragonflies of North America. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville (USA), 939p. Novelo-Gutierrez R. & Gonzalez-Soriano E., The larva of Dythemis maya Calvert, 1906 and the redescription of the larva of D. sterilis Hagen, 1861 with a key to the larvae of the genus (Anisoptera: Libellulidae). Odonatologica 33(3): Paulson D.R., Critical species of odonata in the Neotropics. International Journal of Odonatology, 7(2): Paulson D. R., The importance of forests to neotropical dragonflies. Pp in Forests and Dragonflies, Fourth WDA International Symposium of Odonatology, Pontevedra (Spain), July 2005, A. Cordero Rivera ed. Picard L., Applications géomatiques pour l étude des invertébrés. L exemple des odonates de Guadeloupe. IGARUN, Nantes, Master 2 «Terres et Mers Atlantiques», 104 p. Rambur M.P., Histoire naturelle des insectes Névroptères. Paris (France), Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret : 529 p. Rosen D.E., A vicariance model of Caribbean biogeography. Systematic Zoology 24: Sibley F., List of Dragonflies from Guadeloupe, West Indies. Argia, 11(1): von Ellenrieder N. & Garrisson R.W., A synopsis of the genus Triacanthagyna (Odonata: Aeshnidae). Int. J. Odonatology 6: Woodruff R.E., Beck B.M., Kelley P.E.S., Schotman C.Y.L., & Thomas M.C., A checklist and bibliography of the insects of Grenada and the Grenadines. FAO/UN Report. Center for Systematic Entomology Memoir 2:1-207, 2 color photo covers, 1 map. Woods C.A., Biogeography of the West Indies: Past, present and future. Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, Florida, 878p. 21
22 22
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