Opportunities for biofuels in New Zealand
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- Sherilyn Cynthia Tucker
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1 Newsletter Issue #40 Tsk 39 Newsletter August 2015 Opportunities for biofuels in New Zelnd In Suckling, Scion, Rotoru, New Zelnd With contributions from: Dr Pul Bennett, Dr Rupert Crggs, Dr Ferrn de Miguel Mercder, Prof. Mohmmed Frid, Peter Hll, Prof. Shusheng Png, Dr Mthew Stott nd Dr Kirk Torr. Introduction New Zelnd is geogrphiclly-isolted country with lnd re of 269,190 km 2 (between tht of Itly nd the United Kingdom), but with comprtively smll popultion (4.47 M). It hs temperte climte, with n exportfocussed economy highly dependent on griculture, prticulrly diry products, met, wood nd wood products, fruit nd sefood. Consumer energy demnd in New Zelnd in 2014 ws 573 PJ, dominted by oil (44%) nd electricity (25%) (Fig. 1) [1]. Of prticulr note: Almost ll of New Zelnd s fossil oil is imported, minly (80%) to meet the country s trnsport fuel needs. There re however lso significnt exports of unrefined crude oil (30% of totl oil consumption) s these sweet crudes re not processed t New Zelnd s only oil refinery. Per-cpit use of trnsport fuels is reltively high due to the country s low popultion density nd the nture of the economy. A totl of 80% of New Zelnd s electricity ws generted from renewble resources in 2014, minly using hydro (57%), geotherml (16%) nd wind (5%). New Zelnd is on trck to meet the country s trget of 90% renewble electricity by Bioenergy, minly s woody biomss, is used primrily in the wood processing sector s source of process het, but portion is lso burnt to het privte homes. The lrgest opportunity for incresed use of bioenergy in New Zelnd is therefore s replcement for imported fossil trnsport fuels, prticulrly diesel nd vition fuels where there re no current replcements for liquid fuels. There re lso significnt shorter-term opportunities to increse the use of bioenergy for commercil nd industril het. Col 4.7% Gs 14.8% Geotherml 2.0% Wood 9.3% Electricity 24.6% Other renewbles 0.1% Oil 44.4% Figure 1. Consumer energy use in New Zelnd in 2014 [1]. Bioenergy Feedstock Options Wood from plnttion forests is the lrgest biomss resource in New Zelnd nd lso the one with the most potentil to expnd to llow lrge-scle biofuels production [2]. While existing residul biomss resources offer n ttrctive nd potentilly low-cost feedstock for biofuel production, they could only ever provide 6% of the country s totl trnsport fuel demnd, mening purpose-grown feedstocks would be required for high levels of biofuels implementtion [3]. New Zelnd could sustinbly supply ll its trnsport fuel demnd by 2030 from forests grown on lower productivity lnd [5]. There is 9.2 million h of hill country tht is either mrginl lnd, or low to moderte productivity hill country grzing, nd converting just 30% of this lnd to forests would be sufficient to meet the country s totl trnsport fuel 4 P g e
2 Newsletter Issue #40 Tsk 39 Newsletter August 2015 demnd while still retining the higher-vlue flt lnd for food production. Such lrge-scle forestry for bioenergy will lso hve significnt economic nd environmentl benefits. New Zelnd lredy hs well-estblished plnttion forest estte nd wood processing industry, providing strong bse to grow future biofuel nd biochemicls industry [4]. The forest estte, totlling pproximtely 1.73 million hectres, is composed lrgely of rdit pine (Pinus rdit, ~90%, grown on rottion of yers) nd Douglsfir (6%, yer rottion). New Zelnd Bioenergy Strtegy The New Zelnd Bioenergy Strtegy, developed jointly by the New Zelnd forestry nd bioenergy sectors, envisions bioenergy supplying more thn 25% of the country s consumer energy needs by 2040, including 30% of the country s trnsport fuels (Tble 1) [6]. Plnttion forests re seen to be the min feedstock for this expnsion, building on the strong existing forestry sector, lthough biofuels from griculturl sourced mterils, lge nd municipl nd industril process residues will lso be importnt. A preliminry mcro-economic nlysis of the scenrio proposed in the NZ Bioenergy Strtegy hs provided support for prim fcie cse tht expnsion of the bioenergy sector hs the potentil to yield significnt positive economic, environmentl nd socil benefits for the country [7]. These benefits re significntly greter if co-products re lso produced. Tble 1. Impct of implementtion of the NZ Bioenergy Strtegy [6,7]. Yer Biofuels Biofuels plus coproducts Bioenergy sector production (PJ) GHG svings (CO 2-e, m tonnes) 10.8 Difference from Business-s-usul GDP (2010 $b) 6.09 b 6.30 Trde blnce (2010 $m) 1,942 2,037 Employment (000s) 27 c 28 Assumes n dditionl export revenue equl to 10% of bioenergy production. b New Zelnd s GDP in the yer to December 2014 ws $240 billion. c Approximtely 1.1% of ntionl employment. Support for Biofuel Production New Zelnd currently provides only limited Government incentives to encourge biofuel implementtion, with neither mndte nor ny trget for biofuel use in plce. This my chnge in the future, depending on the politicl climte nd greenhouse gs (GHG) reduction trgets. Currently, fuel ethnol (including imported bioethnol) is exempt from excise duty, providing some incentive for its use in trnsport fuels. On top of this, the New Zelnd Emissions Trding Scheme zero-rtes the biofuel component of ny trnsport fuel. In prctice the ltter hs hd little impct, due to the low prices for crbon (NZ Units) nd the fct tht only hlf of the emissions from trnsport fuels incur crbon price. The New Zelnd Energy Strtegy, which sets the strtegic direction for the energy sector, recognises biomss s resource hving considerble potentil, nd indictes tht the Government will encourge biomss-to-energy developments [8]. 5 P g e
3 Newsletter Issue #40 Tsk 39 Newsletter August 2015 Greenhouse Gs Emissions New Zelnd s GHG emissions re dominted by emissions from the griculturl (48%) nd energy (39%) sectors (Fig. 2) [9]. The high proportion of emissions from the griculturl sector, mostly s methne nd nitrous oxide, reflects the country s high level of griculturl production. In spite of improvements in emissions intensity, New Zelnd s totl greenhouse gs emissions (81 Mt CO 2-e in 2013) hve incresed by 21.3% over 1990 levels, while energy sector emissions hve grown by 32%. This hs been lrgely driven by strong economic nd popultion growth. Liquid fuel combustion emissions, driven by the trnsport sector, hve incresed by 50% over 1990 levels nd re now responsible for over 55% of the totl energy sector emissions [10]. Liquid trnsport biofuels therefore represent one of the few options to significntly reduce the country s emissions, s New Zelnd lredy hs high proportion of renewble electricity, growing popultion nd lmost hlf the country s emissions come from griculture where wys to significntly reduce emissions without reducing production re not yet vilble. Figure 2. New Zelnd s greenhouse gs emissions for 2013 [11]. Ministry for Environment. Used with permission. Conventionl Biofuel Production The production of conventionl biofuels is lredy well estblished in New Zelnd. However, biofuel use remins low compred to mny other countries (<0.1% of totl trnsporttion energy), reflecting the low level of Government incentives. An estimted 4.2 million litres of conventionl biofuels were produced in New Zelnd in 2014, minly s ethnol from whey nd biodiesel from tllow nd used cooking oils (Figure 3) [1]. Totl biofuel consumption ws 5.7 M litres in 2014, including imports of further 1.5 million litres of bioethnol. 6 P g e
4 Newsletter Issue #40 Tsk 39 Newsletter August 2015 Production (million litres) Biodiesel Bioethnol Figure 3. Biofuel production in New Zelnd. Adpted from ref. [1]. Biodiesel production levels still remin well below those reched when the biodiesel grnts scheme ws in plce, but hve incresed over 2013 levels. The lrgest current domestic producer is Green Fuels, which produces biodiesel from recycled vegetble oil [12]. Biodiesel production is set to rise further next yer, with fuel distributor Z Energy constructing 20 million litre per yer plnt to produce biodiesel (B100) from tllow ( by-product of the met industry) for sle to commercil customers. It hs been estimted tht New Zelnd produces sufficient tllow to produce up to round 5% of the country s diesel fuel needs [13]. Bioethnol is currently produced by Anchor Ethnol Ltd t three diry fctories by fermenttion of whey, cheese by-product [14]. Interestingly, locl brewery hs developed process to strip ethnol from the yest slurry, by-product of the beer brewing process, nd then distill it to produce bioethnol. This bioethnol, vilble in quite limited mounts, is blended with fossil petroleum to crete trnsport fuel mrketed s DB Export Brewtroleum [15]. Reserch nd Development Activity A number of New Zelnd universities nd reserch institutes re ctively involved in biofuels reserch s summrised below. The University of Aucklnd s biofuels reserch hs focussed minly on the conversion of wste products into biofuels, including [16]: Upgrding of low-grde tllow nd used vegetble oil to esterify the free ftty cid impurities with glycerol, mking them esier to convert into biodiesel Development of fst rector for biodiesel production, cpble of reducing the rection time to few seconds Production of oil nd chemicls by pyrolysis of wste plstic, including using microwve pyrolysis. The University of Cnterbury s reserch hs focussed on the development of thermochemicl technologies to convert woody biomss to liquid biofuels [17]. This hs included work on stem gsifiction of biomss, including development of 100 kwth dul fluidised bed gsifier, two lb-scle rectors for removl of trs nd gs contminnts from biomss gsifiction producer gs nd construction of micro-chnnel Fischer-Tropsch (FT) rector for synthesis of liquid fuels from wood-derived producer gs. More recent reserch hs focussed on producing high grde liquid fuels by biomss pretretment followed by fst pyrolysis. GNS Science is the leding erth sciences provider in New Zelnd. GNS specilises in the enrichment nd isoltion of novel microorgnisms from New Zelnd s geotherml res. Since 2007, they hve focused on bioprospecting for novel cellulolytic nd thermotolernt bcteri nd enzymes tht could be used to increse the rte of cellulose degrdtion, nd improve biofuel production [18]. 7 P g e
5 Newsletter Issue #40 Tsk 39 Newsletter August 2015 One option to produce lgl biomss for use s biofuel feedstock, potentilly lredy economiclly vible tody, is to grow nd hrvest lge produced s prt of the opertion of wstewter tretment pond systems. Over the lst 20 yers the Ntionl Institute of Wter nd Atmospheric Reserch (NIWA) hs mintined reserch progrm involving lbortory, pilot-scle nd full-scle studies to ddress the mjor issues limiting the widespred ppliction of wstewter lge production nd biofuel conversion [19]. NIWA is currently operting demonstrtion enhnced pond system contining two fullscle 1 h high rte lgl ponds (HRAP), nd including the lrgest wstewter tretment HRAPs ugmented with CO 2 ddition in the world (Figure 4). This system will enble ctul mesurement of the hydrodynmics of hectre-scle ponds, demonstrte the performnce improvements with CO 2 ddition nd provide lrge quntities of lgl biomss for further lgl biofuels reserch, currently being conducted in collbortion with The University of Aucklnd. Figure 4. NIWA s demonstrtion-scle high rte lgl pond system t Cmbridge. Scion is Government-owned reserch institute, focussed on improving the interntionl competitiveness of the New Zelnd forest industry nd building stronger biobsed economy. This includes rnge of bioenergy nd biorefinery reserch nd development ctivities cross the whole vlue chin from resource estblishment through to product development. Ares of focus include [20]: Biochemicl routes for converting softwoods to biofuels nd chemicls, focussing prticulrly on pretretment, scchrifiction nd fermenttion of the resultnt sugrs to biochemicls nd bioplstics Thermochemicl technologies for converting wood to liquid fuels nd chemicls Wood-bsed biorefinery co-products extrctives, lignin nd hemicelluloses Woody biomss feedstock supply nd growing plnttion forests for energy production Defining the best options for biofuel deployment in New Zelnd Opportunities to integrte bioenergy production into existing wood processing sites, including synergies between geotherml energy nd wood processing. In this cse Scion is collborting with the University of Wikto nd GNS Science. Commercil Developments LnzTech, founded in 2005 in New Zelnd, hs developed gseous feedstockbsed fermenttion process to tke crbon-rich wste gses (contining crbon monoxide, crbon dioxide nd/or hydrogen) from sources like steel mill chimneys nd convert them into biofuels like ethnol or green chemicls like 2,3-butnediol [21]. They hve successfully scled up their gs feedstock fermenttion process from the lbortory through pilot plnt t the Glenbrook Steel Mill south of Aucklnd, on to two pre-commercil scle demonstrtion plnts (100,000 gl/yr ethnol) in Chin, nd re now looking to build their first commercil-scle ethnol plnt in Chin. The compny hs recently relocted to Chicgo in the United Sttes. Alterntive Energy Solutions hs demonstrtion pyrolysis plnt which turns wste wood into bio-oil nd biochr [22]. This compny proposes building smll bio-oil plnts ner to where wste wood is produced, cutting trnsport costs nd providing distributed power for rurl nd provincil communities. CrbonScpe [23] hs developed technology tht uses microwve heting of wste biomss such s swdust to produce ctivted crbon products suitble for dsorbent pplictions or steel-mking, together with bio-oil trgeted towrds end uses such s heting 8 P g e
6 Newsletter Issue #40 Tsk 39 Newsletter August 2015 nd higher vlue phrmceuticl nd cosmetic products. Christchurch compny Solvent Rescue Ltd [24] hs developed processes for producing crude oils vi hydrotherml liquefction of rnge of biomss sources including fresh wter lge, wood, wool-scouring wste nd treted wood wste fter first removing the wood tretment chemicls (copper, chrome nd rsenic) [25]. Newsprint mnufcturer Norske Skog nd fuel distributor Z Energy hve recently completed their Stump to Pump study to determine the technicl nd commercil fesibility of estblishing business in New Zelnd to convert forest wste into sustinble liquid trnsport fuel biofuels [26]. The prtners concluded tht sufficient forestry residues exist to support such n industry nd tht techniclly fesible pth exists to convert forestry residues to liquid fuels. However, they hve put this project on hold until economic conditions for it re more fvourble. References 1. Ministry of Business, Innovtion nd Employment,. Energy in New Zelnd ; Avilble from: 2. P. Hll, Bioenergy options for New Zelnd: Key findings from five studies. Wiley Interdisciplinry Reviews: Energy nd Environment, : p P. Hll, J. Gifford, S. Sggr, D. Giltrp, V. Forgie, R. Renquist, S. Huebeck, et l. Bioenergy options for New Zelnd. A sitution nlysis of biomss resources nd conversion technologies Avilble on request from 4. New Zelnd Forest Owners Assocition nd Ministry of Primry Industries. New Zelnd plnttion forest industry. Fcts nd figures. 2013; Avilble from: 5. P. Hll nd M. Jck, Bioenergy options for New Zelnd - Anlysis of lrge-scle bioenergy from forestry. 2009, Scion. Avilble on request from 6. Bioenergy Assocition of New Zelnd, Forest Owners Assocition, New Zelnd Frm Forestry Assocition, New Zelnd Institute of Forestry, NZBio, Forest Industry Contrctors Assocition, nd Future Forests Reserch, New Zelnd Bioenergy Strtegy. 2010, Bioenergy Assocition of New Zelnd. Avilble from: 7. G. Nn, J. Boshier, nd A. Generos. Preliminry nlysis of the economic impct of the New Zelnd Bioenergy Strtegy Report for Bioenergy Assocition of New Zelnd 2011; Avilble from: 8. Ministry of Economic Development. Developing our energy potentil. New Zelnd energy strtegy nd New Zelnd energy efficiency nd conservtion strtegy ; Avilble from: 9. Ministry for the Environment. New Zelnd's greenhouse gs inventory Snpshot April ; Avilble from: Ministry of Business, Innovtion nd Employment. Energy greenhouse gs emissions. 2015; Avilble from: Ministry for the Environment. New Zelnd's Climte Chnge Trget. 2015; Avilble from: For dditionl informtion plese contct Prof. Mohmmed Frid (m.frid@ucklnd.c.nz) 17. For dditionl informtion plese contct Prof. Shusheng Png (shusheng.png@cnterbury.c.nz) 18. For more informtion plese contct Dr Mtthew Stott (extremophiles@gns.cri.nz) 19. For more informtion plese contct Dr. Rupert Crggs (rupert.crggs@niw.co.nz) 20. For dditionl informtion plese contct Dr Pul Bennett (pul.bennett@scionreserch.com) or Dr In Suckling (in.suckling@scionreserch.com) For dditionl informtion plese contct Gvin Hedley t gvin@esbioenergy.co.nz Norske Skog Tsmn/Z Energy stump to pump project. Finl report. 2014; Avilble from: 9 P g e
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