A Matter of Perspective?

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "A Matter of Perspective?"

Transcription

1 A Matter of Perspective? Some comments to the draft report from the project In Search of Process Based Regional Policy (PROB) Knut H. Sørensen Introductory remarks The PROB project has produced three case studies, one on biotechnology and regional development focusing on Turku, Finland, one on the development of an ICT cluster in the Jyväskylä region, Finland, and one on the Digital North Denmark Programme in the North Jutland region, Denmark. All three case studies make for interesting and thoughtprovoking reading and they seem to be competently done and well written. The idea of focusing on processes rather than the structural context of regional development is clearly a good one, but perhaps not quite as original as it may appear from the case study papers. The papers argue the importance of, in particular, locally available relevant knowledge, university-industry-local government collaboration and actors able to make things happen. In this way, the initiation, growth and stabilisation of focused networks is a sine qua non of regional development. However, the question remains to what extent regional government may nurture and manage such networks. Trailing the discovery in the early 1980s of Silicon Valley as the ultimate success story of regional development, a whole industry of efforts has attempted to identify the Silicon Valley recipe. A main set of such recipes focused on the idea of Science Parks, trying to emulate the role of Stanford University in the establishment of new high tech companies. But there have also been arguments pointing to particular cultural conditions, inter-company relations combining competition and collaboration, the high turnover of highly skilled labour, etc. No region has been able to copy the success of Silicon Valley on the same level. Some regions have been able to develop high tech industries through conscious efforts to learn from the Silicon Valley experience, others have not. To my knowledge, there is no uncontested explanation of these differences. It is my impression from all three case studies that the regions in question are influenced by the Silicon Valley experience, although no 253

2 direct references are made to this in the papers. This is not meant as a critical comment, but rather to point to the massive influence of this experience. I believe that, when assessing efforts to build high tech programmes for regional development, we need to be reminded of where this idea originated. All too frequently, the Silicon Valley experience is used with a disregard for context, implying that this is the same kind of place as marginal regions, fir example in Europe, struggling to maintain their level of population. I have been asked to comment on the case studies with a particular emphasis on whether Norwegian research on high tech development programmes have made similar arguments and whether the pattern of development of Norwegian regions is similar to what has been observed from the analysis of Turku and Jyväskylä. In addition, I will make some general remarks about some challenges raised in this type of research, in particular when it is supposed to provide a basis for policy action. Comparisons to the Norwegian scene To begin with, it should be noted that it is no straightforward matter to compare the Norwegian and the Finnish situation with regard to the role of high tech as the backbone of regional development strategies. First, there are differences in the understanding of what regional means. In the Norwegian context, regional policy is concerned with non-urban areas that are threatened by de-population. This means that, for example, Bergen or Trondheim or Stavanger would not be explicitly targeted as objects of regional policy. However, Bergen and Stavanger have hosted industrial networks that as early as the 1950s aimed to support industrial development in the region, although public support of these networks was weak. Arguably, no Norwegian local government has developed any clear, extensive local technology policy. The main effort has been to lobby to get investments from central government for infrastructure or to host national institutions. For example, in this way, Trondheim managed to become the location of the only technical university in Norway, making Norway the only known industrialised country to have a capital without a technical university. Second, Norway has a very different industrial structure from Finland, with much more emphasis on the production of raw materials, including oil and gas. Salmon farming is probably the most important growth industry in non-urban areas. While there is a growing ICT industry, Norway does not have the sort of ICT locomotive that Finland has with Nokia. On average, Norwegian industry is less R&D intensive because it produces raw materials rather than consumer goods or machinery. 254

3 Third, Norway has been less concerned with the development of a strong innovation policy than Finland. Norwegian industrial policy has been dominated by financial instruments, rather than support of R&D investments. Industrial policy is also heavily influenced by liberal rhetoric and deregulation ideology, which does not facilitate the participation of local government in local innovation programmes. Probably the most influential concept in Norwegian research as well as in policy related to regional innovation is Michael Porter's idea about the importance of industrial clusters. This concept is also found in the PROB case studies, but the case studies do not make any extensive engagement with the cluster concept. Emphasis on networks, industrial as well as knowledge-based, is another similarity. However, Norwegian research has been more concerned with quantitative measures, like the large surveys made by the STEP group in Oslo. Also, Norwegian studies are more influenced by systems approaches like industrial districts or thinking in terms of strategic alliances. The PROB effort to apply actor network theory as a part of the theoretical and conceptual apparatus is not found in Norwegian studies of regional innovation. The PROB case studies of Turku and Jyväskylä describe two regions where successful attempts have been made to establish a strong local activity in the area of biotechnology and ICT, respectively. As far as I can see, no Norwegian regions have been developed in a similar way. Arguably, the Trondheim area could be compared to Jyväskylä, since both regions have succeeded in establishing a strong knowledge base in the ICT area. Trondheim, with the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and SINTEF, musters a very strong research network related to ICT. Moreover, a number of new companies have been started in the last years, some of which have been reasonably successful. While it is commonly held that Trondheim has not yet reached the level of industrial growth that one should expect, given its R&D base, there is still substantial activity. A major difference between Trondheim and Jyväskylä seems to be in the relative level of engagement of local government. While the case study of Jyväskylä describes an active local government as a partner in setting up ICT innovation activities, local government in Trondheim has played a less active role. However, both NTNU and SINTEF have provided support for start-ups and have stepped up the level of support in the last couple of years. In addition, national programmes have played a major role. 255

4 Probably, the main difference is simply that there is no Norwegian counterpart to Nokia that could set up activities in the Trondheim area. Traditional industry in Trondheim has been dismantled over the last couple of decades and there is really no company or cluster of companies that can play a similar role as an industrial locomotive for a local ICT industry. This provides a different industrial logic for the ICT start-ups in Trondheim than those in Jyväskylä and probably Turku as well. In order to survive, start-ups in Trondheim have had to grow by exporting their products, directly addressing an international market. There has been no serious establishment locally of multinationals, with the exception of the factory that Siemens has run in Trondheim for a long time. However, this factory produces electrotechnical equipment rather than electronics or ICT products. Thus, we may see a complex issue emerging, related to the relative importance of push and pull factors. My impression from the three PROB case studies is that they tend to emphasise push factors, probably since these are the factors that are most clearly open to influence through political measures, like R&D support, financial support for new high tech companies, network facilitating measures or the set-up of protected spaces for initial growth. However, pull factors are present in the accounts, and in my interpretation, these factors are more critical for success. No action within reach of a local or even central government has the same effect as heavy investments of large industrial companies with existing international links that facilitate sale of the goods. This is not to say that efforts by local or central government are not important. On the contrary, they may even be the keys to the kind of local investment of large companies that we observe in the Turku and Jyväskylä cases. Some other issues While I like the three case studies provided by PROB, I also see some potentially important weaknesses. Some of these are discussed above and are related to fundamental problems with case studies of success stories: What do we mean by success, and is it possible to understand success in a way that transcends the understanding of participating actors? Thus, it would have been useful to have access also to a failure story. Analysing failure in such situations often focuses on the distribution of blame and the identification of incompetent actors. In success stories, incompetence may be hidden behind the success. In failure stories, incompetence may become an explanation too easily made use of. 256

5 Arguably, there could be little difference between the actions and strategies of local government in the Turku and Jyväskylä cases and in less successful cases. I believe that knowledge is plentiful about how to go about facilitating high tech growth, which would tend to make public strategies quite standardised. Success may thus be a product of accident or a particular ability to get the right companies to establish local branches. This possibility is not sufficiently reflected in the case studies, which may imply that the policy advice that one tries to derive from the case studies is not that accurate. The idea of a process-based regional policy may still be a good and valid one, but it is sometimes quite difficult to see just what the critical processes are. Looking for critical processes, the processes that are more involved in producing success or failure, rather than trying to provide a kind of complete picture could have been an interesting alternative mode of analysis. Finally, I have some reservations about the theoretical arguments made in the three papers. First, I think that Castells ideas of a new economy and concepts like space of flows are used as if it were obvious that Castells provides the correct understanding of the phenomena in question. It would take too long to really assess the ideas, but in the context of regional policy it is important to make a critical note about assumptions that new ICT makes issues of geographical space less pertinent. Silicon Valley itself provides ample evidence that space in the physical meaning is still of great importance. A lot of time and money is spent on physical encounters, even if mediated encounters are very frequent. Electronic mediation seems to be unable to replace physical encounters, which creates problems when starting new businesses "in the middle of nowhere". Second, while I like the authors belief that there is great potential in using constructivist approaches like actor network theory, I feel that the way this is done in the case studies is problematic. A main reason for this is in the lack of concern for the semiotic nature of phenomena like technological development or networking. Action implies decisionmaking, which implies negotiations, which imply efforts at stabilisation and destabilisation of knowledge and points of view. There is probably a methodological difficulty here. To observe semiotics in action, one often needs access to data over time. The standard case study toolkit that seems to have been used in the PROB project, tends to make one focus more on structural features and ongoing arguments. Even if the case studies of PROB show a very skilled way of doing analysis, the actual observations and points made may not be as process-sensitive as one would have expected, given the goals of the project. 257

6 First published in 2002 by Nordregio. PO Box 1658, SE Stockholm, Sweden Tel , fax: nordregio@nordregio.se website: Nordic Perspectives on Process-Based Regional Development Policy. Editors Markku Sotarauta and Henrik Bruun. Stockholm: Nordregio 2002 (Nordregio Report 2002:3) ISSN ISBN Nordic co-operation takes place among the countries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, as well as the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. The Nordic Council is a forum for co-operation between the Nordic parliaments and governments. The Council consists of 87 parliamentarians from the Nordic countries. The Nordic Council takes policy initiatives and monitors Nordic co-operation. Founded in The Nordic Council of Ministers is a forum for co-operation between the Nordic governments. The Nordic Council of Ministers implements Nordic co-operation. The prime ministers have the overall responsibility. Its activities are co-ordinated by the Nordic ministers for co-operation, the Nordic Committee for co-operation and portfolio ministers. Founded in Stockholm, Sweden 2002

Education for Tomorrow. From research to policy and practice

Education for Tomorrow. From research to policy and practice Education for Tomorrow From research to policy and practice The programme Education for Tomorrow funds one Nordic Centre of Excellence (NCoE) and five research projects. These activities will shed light

More information

MASTER OF MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME. Innovation Management in a Global Business Perspective

MASTER OF MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME. Innovation Management in a Global Business Perspective MASTER OF MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME Innovation Management in a Global Business Perspective Innovation Management in a Global Business Perspective A management programme of 30 ECTS credits OBJECTIVES: To give

More information

Funding for the development of Nordic Master Programmes

Funding for the development of Nordic Master Programmes CALL FOR PROPOSALS Norwegian Centre for International Cooperation in Higher Education SIU Nordic Master Programme Funding for the development of Nordic Master Programmes Each project may be awarded up

More information

THE CULTURE OF INNOVATION AND THE BUILDING OF KNOWLEDGE SOCIETIES. - Issue Paper -

THE CULTURE OF INNOVATION AND THE BUILDING OF KNOWLEDGE SOCIETIES. - Issue Paper - THE CULTURE OF INNOVATION AND THE BUILDING OF KNOWLEDGE SOCIETIES - Issue Paper - UNESCO, Bureau of Strategic Planning September 2003 1 I. The past and present scope of innovation During the last two decades,

More information

The Concept Research Programme

The Concept Research Programme Introduction The Research Programme The Norwegian Ministry of Finance initiated in 2000 a quality assurance scheme to ensure improved quality-at-entry in large public projects. As a result 10-20 of the

More information

Freight transport as value adding activity: A case study of Norwegian fish transports

Freight transport as value adding activity: A case study of Norwegian fish transports Freight transport as value adding activity: A case study of Norwegian fish transports Ingar K. Larsen Institute of Transport Economics, PO Box 6110 Etterstad, N-0602 Oslo, Norway Abstract The Norwegian

More information

How to strengthen business ties between Norway & China?

How to strengthen business ties between Norway & China? How to strengthen business ties between Norway & China? Knut R. Sørlie, Regional Director China/Commercial Counsellor, NCCC meeting, March 27, 2014, Oslo Disposition 1. Innovation Norway s role 2. Present

More information

Positioning and potentials of Greenland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands on the German holiday travel market

Positioning and potentials of Greenland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands on the German holiday travel market Positioning and potentials of Greenland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands on the German holiday travel market Management Summary At one glance:» Preface: This report on Positioning and potentials for Greenland,

More information

The population in the Nordic Region is growing

The population in the Nordic Region is growing 2 NORDREGIO REPORT 216 Chapter 3 MIGRATION: An important source of population increase Authors: Timothy Heleniak, Julien Grunfelder, Lisbeth Greve Harbo Maps and data: Julien Grunfelder, Timothy Heleniak

More information

CMFE. Community TV and digitalisation in the Nordic countries. By Christer Hedërstrom

CMFE. Community TV and digitalisation in the Nordic countries. By Christer Hedërstrom Community TV and digitalisation in the Nordic countries By Christer Hedërstrom Text prepared with occasion of the seminar Community TV and digital transition in Europe, organized by the UNESCO Chair in

More information

WRITING A CRITICAL ARTICLE REVIEW

WRITING A CRITICAL ARTICLE REVIEW WRITING A CRITICAL ARTICLE REVIEW A critical article review briefly describes the content of an article and, more importantly, provides an in-depth analysis and evaluation of its ideas and purpose. The

More information

Three Theories of Individual Behavioral Decision-Making

Three Theories of Individual Behavioral Decision-Making Three Theories of Individual Decision-Making Be precise and explicit about what you want to understand. It is critical to successful research that you are very explicit and precise about the general class

More information

Market Efficient Public Transport? An analysis of developments in Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim, Kristiansand, and Tromsø

Market Efficient Public Transport? An analysis of developments in Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim, Kristiansand, and Tromsø TØI report 428/1999 Authors: Bård Norheim and Erik Carlquist Oslo 1999, 63 pages Norwegian language Summary: Market Efficient Public Transport? An analysis of developments in Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim, Kristiansand,

More information

Evaluering av Internship-ordningen ved Universitetet i Tromsø. Asbjørn Kårstein Tone Cecilie Carlsten

Evaluering av Internship-ordningen ved Universitetet i Tromsø. Asbjørn Kårstein Tone Cecilie Carlsten Evaluering av Internship-ordningen ved Universitetet i Tromsø Asbjørn Kårstein Tone Cecilie Carlsten Rapport 26/2013 Rapport 26/2013 Utgitt av Adresse Oppdragsgiver Adresse Trykk Nordisk institutt for

More information

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland 2010

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland 2010 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland 2010 02/04/2010 2 GDP share of R&D expenditure in Finland % 3 3.43 3.45 3.48 3.45 3.47 3.72 3.92 2.1 1990 1998 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Source: Statistics

More information

Risk Based Distribution System Asset Management

Risk Based Distribution System Asset Management Risk Based Distribution System Asset Management Dag Eirik Nordgård Kjell Sand Birger Stene SINTEF Energy Research SINTEF Energy Research 1 Contents Background Current risk exposure within distribution

More information

International Trade and Corporate Social Responsibility

International Trade and Corporate Social Responsibility International Trade and Corporate Social Responsibility Professor Kevin Kolben Rutgers Business School, Newark and New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA Testimony Before the Committee on International Trade European

More information

Digitalisation and automation in the Nordic manufacturing sector. Status, potentials and barriers

Digitalisation and automation in the Nordic manufacturing sector. Status, potentials and barriers Digitalisation and automation in the Nordic manufacturing sector Status, potentials and barriers Digitalisation and automation in the Nordic manufacturing sector Status, potentials and barriers Iris

More information

Why are there so few women in the tech industry in Oslo, Norway?

Why are there so few women in the tech industry in Oslo, Norway? Why are there so few women in the tech industry in Oslo, Norway? I believe that these kinds of networks, such as Oda- Nettverk and others, give a united strength and community feeling, and there is obviously

More information

The innovation platform in the region of Turku: Why and how to design systemic innovation?

The innovation platform in the region of Turku: Why and how to design systemic innovation? The innovation platform in the region of Turku: Why and how to design systemic innovation? Antti Ainamo, aainamo@utu.fi Professor, Institutions and Social Mechanisms, University of Turku Academic visitor

More information

Fokus Bank - Den Danske Bank in Norway

Fokus Bank - Den Danske Bank in Norway Capital Market Day, Copenhagen, 29 June 2000 Fokus Bank - Den Danske Bank in Norway Svein Sivertsen Managing Director of Fokus Bank Agenda ❶ Introducing Fokus Bank ❷ The Norwegian banking industry ❸ Fokus

More information

Aalborg Portland. - a leading global building material supplier

Aalborg Portland. - a leading global building material supplier Aalborg Portland - a leading global building material supplier Cement and concrete are the building materials of today - and of the future: an indispensable element when we wish to continue development

More information

SB Seating Røros. Global Business Day Trondheim - April 2016

SB Seating Røros. Global Business Day Trondheim - April 2016 Global Business Day Trondheim - April 2016 SB Seating Røros Who is SB Seating? The history of HÅG How to stay competitive taking the responisbility Where we are today 2 Our brands 3 Our cornerstones 4

More information

Course equivalencies for Aarhus School of Business Denmark

Course equivalencies for Aarhus School of Business Denmark Course equivalencies for Aarhus School of Business Denmark I. ACCOUNTING 6579 International Financial Accounting = ACCT 499t Jr/Sr Business Elective Contents: To work in an international environment it

More information

Bank of Finland and Finland s economic internationalization. Turku 16.08.2011

Bank of Finland and Finland s economic internationalization. Turku 16.08.2011 Bank of Finland and Finland s economic internationalization Antti Kuusterä Juha Tarkka Turku 16.08.2011 Early history - towards independent exchange rate policy Monetary reform 1840 - silver standard stabilized

More information

Defining and Assessing Regulatory Excellence

Defining and Assessing Regulatory Excellence Defining and Assessing Regulatory Excellence Cary Coglianese University of Pennsylvania Law School Discussion Paper for the Penn Program on Regulation s International Expert Dialogue on Defining and Measuring

More information

The European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) and the Autorité des Normes Comptables (ANC) jointly publish on their websites for

The European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) and the Autorité des Normes Comptables (ANC) jointly publish on their websites for The European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) and the Autorité des Normes Comptables (ANC) jointly publish on their websites for information purpose a Research Paper on the proposed new Definition

More information

Preconditions. The application

Preconditions. The application Guidelines for application forms for project funding for 2016 from the Nordic Council of Ministers Arctic Co-operation Programme 2015-17 Project framework The objective of the Arctic Co-operation Programme

More information

Writing an essay. This seems obvious - but it is surprising how many people don't really do this.

Writing an essay. This seems obvious - but it is surprising how many people don't really do this. Writing an essay Look back If this is not your first essay, take a look at your previous one. Did your tutor make any suggestions that you need to bear in mind for this essay? Did you learn anything else

More information

European Standards and Guidelines in a Nordic Perspective

European Standards and Guidelines in a Nordic Perspective European Standards and Guidelines in a Nordic Perspective Joint Nordic Project 2005-06 Tue Vinther-Jørgensen Signe Ploug Hansen (eds.) NORDIC QUALITY ASSURANCE NETWORK IN HIGHER EDUCATION European Standards

More information

The Logistics Barometer in two minutes

The Logistics Barometer in two minutes Nordic Logistics Barometer 13 The Logistics Barometer in two minutes Special role for Finnish logistics buyers Finnish logistics buyers differ markedly from their colleagues in Sweden, Denmark and Norway.

More information

OFFSHORE WIND INDUSTRY IN DENMARK

OFFSHORE WIND INDUSTRY IN DENMARK OFFSHORE WIND INDUSTRY IN DENMARK ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN EMERGING BUSINESS SYSTEM Published in cooperation between Danish Wind Industry Association EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Offshore

More information

Effects of CEO turnover on company performance

Effects of CEO turnover on company performance Headlight International Effects of CEO turnover on company performance CEO turnover in listed companies has increased over the past decades. This paper explores whether or not changing CEO has a significant

More information

Financial framework and development of the public transport sector in six Norwegian cities

Financial framework and development of the public transport sector in six Norwegian cities Summary: TØI report 752/2004 Author: Bård Norheim Oslo 2004, 88 pages Norwegian language Financial framework and development of the public transport sector in six Norwegian cities The Norwegian Ministry

More information

Collaboration agreement between the National Library of Norway and

Collaboration agreement between the National Library of Norway and Collaboration agreement between the National Library of Norway and A The Agreement covers: 1. Digital depositing/receipt of newspapers 2. Digitalisation of existing archives 3. Joint archiving solution

More information

NEWS & VIEWS. Global Trustee and Fiduciary Services

NEWS & VIEWS. Global Trustee and Fiduciary Services 4 Can Asia Fund Passporting Emulate the Success of Europe s UCITS? A look at funds-passporting schemes announced across Asia and their chances of success. 13 Capital Markets Union: What Is It and What

More information

Trade Union Vision 2020 for the Baltic Sea Region

Trade Union Vision 2020 for the Baltic Sea Region Trade Union Vision 2020 for the Baltic Sea Region April 12, 2011 in Riga 1 Trade Union Vision 2020 for the Baltic Sea Region The Baltic Sea Trade Union Network (BASTUN) is a network of trade union confederations

More information

Study Skills. Multiple Choice Tests & Exams. Mount Allison University

Study Skills. Multiple Choice Tests & Exams. Mount Allison University Study Skills Multiple Choice Tests & Exams Mount Allison University Challenges in Preparing for Multiple Choice Tests & Exams Anxiety Time-constraints Volume of material covered Misconceptions about the

More information

Does student performance reduce imprisonment? *

Does student performance reduce imprisonment? * Does student performance reduce imprisonment? * Kaja Høiseth Brugård Center for Economic Research at NTNU and Department of Economics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Torberg Falch Department

More information

Reflections on Probability vs Nonprobability Sampling

Reflections on Probability vs Nonprobability Sampling Official Statistics in Honour of Daniel Thorburn, pp. 29 35 Reflections on Probability vs Nonprobability Sampling Jan Wretman 1 A few fundamental things are briefly discussed. First: What is called probability

More information

Companies already have customer data Creating a more effective sales team With all of this improved technology Most companies have a CRM

Companies already have customer data Creating a more effective sales team With all of this improved technology Most companies have a CRM Many sales organizations are faced with the underutilization of their sales assets, meaning the potential of available resources, both sales reps and territories, are not being used to their fullest. Every

More information

The Development of Information and Communication Technologies Sector in the Context of the New Economy RADU IOAN 1 and PODAŞCĂ RALUCA 2

The Development of Information and Communication Technologies Sector in the Context of the New Economy RADU IOAN 1 and PODAŞCĂ RALUCA 2 The Development of Information and Communication Technologies Sector in the Context of the New Economy RADU IOAN 1 and PODAŞCĂ RALUCA 2 Abstract Information and communication technologies have a vital

More information

GREEN GROWTH. Content. The Nordic Way - september 2013 web magazine. Introduction 2. Who are we? 3

GREEN GROWTH. Content. The Nordic Way - september 2013 web magazine. Introduction 2. Who are we? 3 GREEN GROWTH The Nordic Way - september 2013 web magazine GREEN GROWTH What is green growth? Read more Content Subscribe to Green growth the Nordic Way Introduction 2 Who are we? 3 Feature article: Ambitious

More information

Purposes and Processes of Reading Comprehension

Purposes and Processes of Reading Comprehension 2 PIRLS Reading Purposes and Processes of Reading Comprehension PIRLS examines the processes of comprehension and the purposes for reading, however, they do not function in isolation from each other or

More information

INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF PART-TIME WORK

INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF PART-TIME WORK OECD Economic Studies No. 29, 1997/II INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF PART-TIME WORK Georges Lemaitre, Pascal Marianna and Alois van Bastelaer TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction... 140 International definitions

More information

Announcement. Interreg Project Management Camp. 28 June 1July 2016 Gothenburg, Sweden. Dear Colleague,

Announcement. Interreg Project Management Camp. 28 June 1July 2016 Gothenburg, Sweden. Dear Colleague, Interreg Project Management Camp 28 June 1July 2016 Gothenburg, Sweden Announcement Dear Colleague, Following the success of the Project Management Camps held in 2015, two more Camps are being planned

More information

Greatest Common Factor and Least Common Multiple

Greatest Common Factor and Least Common Multiple Greatest Common Factor and Least Common Multiple Intro In order to understand the concepts of Greatest Common Factor (GCF) and Least Common Multiple (LCM), we need to define two key terms: Multiple: Multiples

More information

Nordsyn ecodesign and energy labelling requirements for hot water storage tanks

Nordsyn ecodesign and energy labelling requirements for hot water storage tanks Nordsyn ecodesign and energy labelling requirements for hot water storage tanks Nordsyn surveillance co-operation for green products THE NORDIC REGION leading in green growth Nordsyn ecodesign and energy

More information

Towards an Entrepreneurship Policy A Nordic Perspective

Towards an Entrepreneurship Policy A Nordic Perspective Towards an Entrepreneurship Policy A Nordic Perspective Anders Lundström (editor) FSF 2003:2 ISBN 91-89301-15-3 List of authors Denmark Frank Skov Kristensen is senior consultant at the Danish Technological

More information

President & Group CEO Håkan Ericsson s speech to the PostNord Annual General Meeting on April 23, 2014. Chairman, valued meeting participants.

President & Group CEO Håkan Ericsson s speech to the PostNord Annual General Meeting on April 23, 2014. Chairman, valued meeting participants. President & Group CEO Håkan Ericsson s speech to the PostNord Annual General Meeting on April 23, 2014 NOTE: The speech as delivered orally supersedes this written script. Page 1/6 Chairman, valued meeting

More information

Part-Time Work in the Nordic Region. Part-time work, gender and economic distribution in the Nordic countries

Part-Time Work in the Nordic Region. Part-time work, gender and economic distribution in the Nordic countries Part-Time Work in the Nordic Region Part-time work, gender and economic distribution in the Nordic countries Part-Time Work in the Nordic Region Part-time work, gender and economic distribution in the

More information

BANKS IN SWEDEN Crisis of the 1990's and the Situation 2003

BANKS IN SWEDEN Crisis of the 1990's and the Situation 2003 BANKS IN SWEDEN Crisis of the 1990's and the Situation 2003 I am very grateful to Nikko Asset Management for giving me this opportunity to share with you how Sweden successfully dealt with its banking

More information

Sustainable development and strategic transport management in the Øresund region

Sustainable development and strategic transport management in the Øresund region Urban XII: Urban and the Environment in the 21st Century 123 Sustainable development and strategic transport management in the Øresund region S. L. Jeppesen & S. Leleur Centre of Traffic and, Technical

More information

Evidence based-practice and the reflective teacher

Evidence based-practice and the reflective teacher 1 Evidence based-practice and the reflective teacher 22.11.12 By Professor Thomas Nordahl Visible Learning has received, and continue to receive, a considerable amount of attention in Norway. The work

More information

A Conversation Becoming a Global Company: From Kabi to Pharmacia & Upjohn

A Conversation Becoming a Global Company: From Kabi to Pharmacia & Upjohn A Conversation Becoming a Global Company: From Kabi to Pharmacia & Upjohn Jan Ekberg and Nils Bohlin In 1985, Jan Ekberg became CEO of Kabi, a Nordic pharmaceuticals company that had sales of $250 million

More information

First Dimension: Political, Social, Economic and Cultural Environment

First Dimension: Political, Social, Economic and Cultural Environment Different factors affect the performance of these collaboration projects. These factors are related either to the project's macro, meso or micro environments, to the partners involved, to the collaboration

More information

The Wilting STEM: March 2013

The Wilting STEM: March 2013 The Wilting STEM: Talent Shortage in Norway By: Jaylyn Johnson March 2013 Advisor: Micheline van Riemsdijk Department of Geography University of Tennessee 304 Burchfiel Geography Building Knoxville, TN

More information

9699 SOCIOLOGY. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers.

9699 SOCIOLOGY. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS GCE Advanced Level MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2014 series 9699 SOCIOLOGY 9699/32 Paper 3 (Social Inequality and Opportunity), maximum raw mark 75 This mark scheme

More information

Hans Hansen, with Jon Kvist and Axel West Pedersen. Minimum Pensions in 7 European Countries. 1. Introduction. What is a minimum pension.

Hans Hansen, with Jon Kvist and Axel West Pedersen. Minimum Pensions in 7 European Countries. 1. Introduction. What is a minimum pension. Hans Hansen, with Jon Kvist and Axel West Pedersen Minimum Pensions in 7 European Countries 1. Introduction. What is a minimum pension. Social assistance is usually the last resort benefit to be received

More information

How organisational idenities slowed down speedy requisitions

How organisational idenities slowed down speedy requisitions Prepublication draft document for oral presentation at the BSA Medical Sociology Conference, York Sept. 2002. Please do not cite without prior permission of the authors. JetRek How organisational idenities

More information

Integrated Barrier Analysis in Operational Risk Assessment in Offshore Petroleum Operations

Integrated Barrier Analysis in Operational Risk Assessment in Offshore Petroleum Operations Integrated Barrier Analysis in Operational Risk Assessment in Offshore Petroleum Operations Jan Erik Vinnem Preventor/Stavanger University College, Bryne, Norway Terje Aven Stavanger University College,

More information

Introduction. How do we measure innovation? The Oslo Manual and innovation surveys

Introduction. How do we measure innovation? The Oslo Manual and innovation surveys ISBN 978-92-64-05620-6 Innovation in Firms: A Microeconomic Perspective OECD 2009 Introduction How do we measure innovation? As the importance of innovation as a driver of economic and social change grows,

More information

Nordic Venture Capital:

Nordic Venture Capital: Menon Publication Nordic Venture Capital: Cross Border Investments MENON-PUBLICATION NO. 20 /2010 Gjermund Grimsby, Leo A. Grünfeld and Anne Espelien www.menon.no PO. Box 5250 Majorstuen N0303 Oslo Tel:

More information

The 6th Wave: Understanding the Next 40 Years Morningstar, Vienna, March 14, 2013

The 6th Wave: Understanding the Next 40 Years Morningstar, Vienna, March 14, 2013 The 6th Wave: Understanding the Next 40 Years Morningstar, Vienna, March 14, 2013 Adj. Prof. Markku Wilenius University of Turku Finland Who am I? Adj. Professor & senior advisor at Finland Futures Research

More information

Department of Leadership and Strategy, Campus Slagelse Research profile and research structure

Department of Leadership and Strategy, Campus Slagelse Research profile and research structure The Dean s Office November 2007 Department of Leadership and Strategy, Campus Slagelse Research profile and research structure Introduction The aim of this document is to outline the research profile and

More information

Liquid Democracy versus Direct Democracy through Initiative and Referendum: Which Is Best?

Liquid Democracy versus Direct Democracy through Initiative and Referendum: Which Is Best? Liquid Democracy versus Direct Democracy through Initiative and Referendum: Which Is Best? Liquid democracy (LD) has been adopted as the basic model of democracy of, among others, many Pirate Parties.

More information

Neutrality s Much Needed Place In Dewey s Two-Part Criterion For Democratic Education

Neutrality s Much Needed Place In Dewey s Two-Part Criterion For Democratic Education Neutrality s Much Needed Place In Dewey s Two-Part Criterion For Democratic Education Taylor Wisneski, Kansas State University Abstract This paper examines methods provided by both John Dewey and Amy Gutmann.

More information

English - Or. English DIRECTORATE FOR FINANCIAL AND ENTERPRISE AFFAIRS COMPETITION COMMITTEE

English - Or. English DIRECTORATE FOR FINANCIAL AND ENTERPRISE AFFAIRS COMPETITION COMMITTEE Unclassified DAF/COMP/WD(2014)59 DAF/COMP/WD(2014)59 Unclassified Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 20-May-2014 English

More information

General Syllabus for Third Cycle Studies for the Degree of

General Syllabus for Third Cycle Studies for the Degree of GENERAL SYLLABUS 1 10 December 2015 Reg. no U 2015/469 Centre for Theology and Religious Studies Philosophy of Religion and Ethics General Syllabus for Third Cycle Studies for the Degree of Doctor in Philosophy

More information

Sustainable development in the Mid Nordic regional capitals reporting and measuring the state of the environment

Sustainable development in the Mid Nordic regional capitals reporting and measuring the state of the environment Extended English summary, Laura Saikku Sustainable development in the Mid Nordic regional capitals reporting and measuring the state of the environment Introduction The Mid-Nordic Region reaches from the

More information

The Trade Union of Education in Finland

The Trade Union of Education in Finland The Trade Union of Education in Finland CONTENT OAJ THE INTEREST ORGANIZATION FOR TEACHERS 3 OAJ CONDUCTS NEGOTIATIONS ON ALL COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS FOR THE EDUCATION SECTOR 4 OAJ INFLUENTIAL IN EDUCATION

More information

Local and regional approaches to demographic change in the Nordic countries. Ingrid H G Johnsen & Liisa Perjo

Local and regional approaches to demographic change in the Nordic countries. Ingrid H G Johnsen & Liisa Perjo Local and regional approaches to demographic change in the Nordic countries Ingrid H G Johnsen & Liisa Perjo N O R D R E G I O W O R K I N G PA P E R 2 0 1 4 : 3 Local and regional approaches to demographic

More information

Internationalization of higher education institutions in Northern Europe in the light of Bologna Rethinking Nordic cooperation in higher education

Internationalization of higher education institutions in Northern Europe in the light of Bologna Rethinking Nordic cooperation in higher education R-2004-08.fm Page 1 Monday, November 29, 2004 12:16 PM RAPPORT 8/2004 Peter Maassen, Therese Marie Uppstrøm Internationalization of higher education institutions in Northern Europe in the light of Bologna

More information

THE POLICE SERVICE IN FINLAND

THE POLICE SERVICE IN FINLAND THE FINNISH POLICE THE POLICE SERVICE IN FINLAND In Finland the police have a duty to secure judicial and social order, maintain public order and security, prevent and investigate crimes and forward cases

More information

SPEECH. Norges Bank 200 years

SPEECH. Norges Bank 200 years SPEECH DATE: 16/6/2016 SPEAKER: Governor Stefan Ingves LOCALITY: Norges Bank, Oslo SVERIGES RIKSBANK SE-103 37 Stockholm (Brunkebergstorg 11) Tel +46 8 787 00 00 Fax +46 8 21 05 31 registratorn@riksbank.se

More information

To download Labour s Business Manifesto: A Better Plan for Business, please click here

To download Labour s Business Manifesto: A Better Plan for Business, please click here To download Labour s Business Manifesto: A Better Plan for Business, please click here Ed Miliband, Leader of the Labour Party, in a speech launching Labour s Business Manifesto, said: Thank you, Margaret,

More information

Therefore, this is a very important question, which encourages consideration of the current management of the resource.

Therefore, this is a very important question, which encourages consideration of the current management of the resource. Aalisarnermut, Piniarnermut Nunalerinermullu Naalakkersuisoqarfik Department of Fisheries, Hunting and Agriculture Finn's speech to NAFMC Climate change in the North Atlantic has become a reality which

More information

Testing Theories of Policy-Making: Educational Funding MICAH MCFADDEN

Testing Theories of Policy-Making: Educational Funding MICAH MCFADDEN MICAH MCFADDEN This paper was written for Dr.Tures Politics of Developed Systems course. Policy-making is an essential part of every government. Each government must enact policies based on their own philosophies,

More information

The paper should take you around 60 minutes to read and complete any directed tasks.

The paper should take you around 60 minutes to read and complete any directed tasks. Lean Production B This paper is extracted from the BE1170 Project, Programme and Portfolio Management module, Department of Architecture, Engineering and Construction, School of the Built and Natural Environment,

More information

Nordic Master - Programme Guide 2015

Nordic Master - Programme Guide 2015 Nordic Master - Programme Guide 2015 Background of the programme In June 2007, the Nordic Prime Ministers decided upon a new Nordic globalisation initiative with the aim to create a more competent, visible

More information

Center for Effective Organizations

Center for Effective Organizations Center for Effective Organizations HR METRICS AND ANALYTICS USES AND IMPACTS CEO PUBLICATION G 04-8 (460) EDWARD E. LAWLER III ALEC LEVENSON JOHN BOUDREAU Center for Effective Organizations Marshall School

More information

Resolution from the 2 nd Barents Indigenous Peoples Congress 2012

Resolution from the 2 nd Barents Indigenous Peoples Congress 2012 Resolution from the 2 nd Barents Indigenous Peoples Congress 2012 Adopted by Consensus by the 2 nd Barents Indigenous Peoples Congress Kirkenes, 9-10 February 2012 Guided by the purposes and principles

More information

EXAM EXEMPLAR QUESTIONS

EXAM EXEMPLAR QUESTIONS Level 4 Diploma in Procurement and Supply D2 - Business needs in procurement and supply EXAM EXEMPLAR QUESTIONS QUESTIONS AND INDICATIVE ANSWER CONTENT Page 1 of 7 QUALIFICATIONS 2013 QUESTIONS AND MARKING

More information

Norwegian road tolling: scope, limits and perspectives for the future

Norwegian road tolling: scope, limits and perspectives for the future Norwegian road tolling: scope, limits and perspectives for the future Morten Welde Norwegian Public Roads Administration ITS UK, Annual RUC forum, London, November 12, 2008 1 Presentation outline 1. Scope

More information

Ladies and gentlemen welcome to Stockholm - the fastest growing. capital in Europe together with Oslo, just next door.

Ladies and gentlemen welcome to Stockholm - the fastest growing. capital in Europe together with Oslo, just next door. Ladies and gentlemen welcome to Stockholm - the fastest growing capital in Europe together with Oslo, just next door. Stockholm is the leading city for business in the Nordics, which if it were a country

More information

SCANDINAVIAN CONFERENCE

SCANDINAVIAN CONFERENCE SCANDINAVIAN CONFERENCE The Scandinavian model of employee representation Oslo, 23 rd 25 th April 2013 The Nordic countries are considered to have a social partnership tradition when it comes to their

More information

Supply chain integration

Supply chain integration Whitepaper 18.12.2013 1 / 6 Blurring boundaries to deliver results: Supply chain integration Author: Jouni Kauremaa Project Manager, D.Sc. (Tech.) jouni.kauremaa@relexsolutions.com Sometimes it s simply

More information

FINLAND * 1. REGIONAL DISPARITIES AND PROBLEMS. Figure 1: Finland. Finland

FINLAND * 1. REGIONAL DISPARITIES AND PROBLEMS. Figure 1: Finland. Finland FINLAND * 1. REGIONAL DISPARITIES AND PROBLEMS The south-west core regions are areas of economic and population concentration; the rest of Finland consists of sparsely-settled rural areas. The key regional

More information

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN MAKE IN INDIA. Dr. NIRU SHARAN Assistant Professor Amity Law School, Noida

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN MAKE IN INDIA. Dr. NIRU SHARAN Assistant Professor Amity Law School, Noida HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN MAKE IN INDIA Dr. NIRU SHARAN Assistant Professor Amity Law School, Noida A country is what its people are, and therefore definitely the success of a project will depend on

More information

growing values argentum annual report 2006

growing values argentum annual report 2006 growing values 2006 argentum annual report 2006 key financials Key financials (NOK millions) 2006 2005 Net profit PE investments 326,20 445,75 EBIT 305,89 427,55 Net profit 385,91 452,19 Market value of

More information

The Problem with Structural Unemployment in the U.S.

The Problem with Structural Unemployment in the U.S. Issue Brief October 2012 The Problem with Structural Unemployment in the U.S. BY DEAN BAKER* It took centuries worth of research and evidence for astronomers to convince the world, including their fellow

More information

The business of sustainability

The business of sustainability 96 The business of sustainability More companies are managing sustainability to improve processes, pursue growth, and add value to their companies rather than focusing on reputation alone. Sheila Bonini

More information

URBACT Case study of cities response to the crisis: JYVÄSKYLÄ

URBACT Case study of cities response to the crisis: JYVÄSKYLÄ URBACT Case study of cities response to the crisis: JYVÄSKYLÄ 2 Successfully rebuilding an economic model, with severe economic crisis as the starting point Case study by Yamina Guidoum July 2010 Recovery

More information

Scoping Green Growth and Innovation in Nordic Regions

Scoping Green Growth and Innovation in Nordic Regions Scoping Green Growth and Innovation in Nordic Regions Lise Smed Olsen, Ryan Weber (Eds.) NORDREGIO WORKING PAPER 2012:11 Scoping Green Growth and Innovation in Nordic Regions Scoping Green Growth and

More information

Association Between Variables

Association Between Variables Contents 11 Association Between Variables 767 11.1 Introduction............................ 767 11.1.1 Measure of Association................. 768 11.1.2 Chapter Summary.................... 769 11.2 Chi

More information

ACCESSIBLE INFORMATION PROVISION FOR LIFELONG LEARNING KEY POLICY MESSAGES

ACCESSIBLE INFORMATION PROVISION FOR LIFELONG LEARNING KEY POLICY MESSAGES ACCESSIBLE INFORMATION PROVISION FOR LIFELONG LEARNING KEY POLICY MESSAGES Introduction The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the conclusions and recommendations of the European Agency for

More information

Lars Heikensten: The krona, Sweden and EMU

Lars Heikensten: The krona, Sweden and EMU Lars Heikensten: The krona, Sweden and EMU Speech by Mr Lars Heikensten, First Deputy Governor of the Sveriges Riksbank, at the Öhman Fondkommission, Stockholm, 13 November 2002. * * * During the past

More information

Comparison of Research Designs Template

Comparison of Research Designs Template Comparison of Comparison of The following seven tables provide an annotated template to guide you through the comparison of research designs assignment in this course. These tables help you organize your

More information

Competences for Democratic Citizenship and Intercultural Dialogue: The Education of Globalized Citizens in a Digitalized World

Competences for Democratic Citizenship and Intercultural Dialogue: The Education of Globalized Citizens in a Digitalized World Competences for Democratic Citizenship and Intercultural Dialogue: The Education of Globalized Citizens in a Digitalized World Martyn Barrett School of Psychology, University of Surrey, UK Keynote address

More information

The labour market, I: real wages, productivity and unemployment 7.1 INTRODUCTION

The labour market, I: real wages, productivity and unemployment 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7 The labour market, I: real wages, productivity and unemployment 7.1 INTRODUCTION Since the 1970s one of the major issues in macroeconomics has been the extent to which low output and high unemployment

More information