Old Testament History

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1 Fall 14 II Old Testament History Exile, Return, Inter- testamental Period

2 ****Read handout - Grand Narrative. That will get you up to speed on where this handout picks up. Here s what we are covering: 1. Exile 2. Return 3. Inter-testamental Period Exile: people of God are punished for their idolatry. Punishment means loss of some of their lives, loss of home, freedom, religious identity and temple. 2

3 When exile and return happen, here is a diagram of which prophets spoke to which kingdom during what time period. Israel s End 722BC Northern Kingdom (Israel) is given over to the Assyrians as a punishment for their putrid abandonment of God. Most, but not all, of Israel s people are removed from the land. Assyria exports the Israelites and imports foreigners from Cutha, Ava, Hamath, and Sepharvaim. 3

4 Judah s Exile Babylonian and Persian Periods Babylonian Period BC 606/5 BC Nebuchadnezzar s conquest of Judea 586 BC Jerusalem temple destroyed; Judah goes into exile, synagogues come 539 BC Babylon Falls to Persia (Cyrus the Great) ; exiles allowed to return to Jerusalem Persian Period BC 515BC Second Temple dedicated (Zerubbabel, Haggai, Zechariah) ESV Study Bible 4

5 Judah follows in the footsteps of the Northern Kingdom. They were warned but ignore the prophets who predicted the downfall. They are punished and deported to Babylon. The year is 605 BC. Who got deported? Daniel was among the first deportees. Also, notables, royal officials, craftsmen and smiths, upper class, important people were taken. The removal of people was conducted over three, separate deportations. How many people removed? Answers vary, but most likely around 10 thousand. How many left behind? Perhaps around 120,000. These were the poor, lower class, unskilled, farmers, and the nobody s. They were left behind in a county ransacked, burned and ruined. ESV Study Bible 5

6 The deportation came as a shock despite the fact that Jeremiah had predicted this. There were plenty of false prophets giving messages of comfort and reassurance. Those messages were far more palatable to the Israelites ears than that of Jeremiah s. Thus the reaction of some exiles was anger. God was supposed to be their unfailing protector of those in covenant relationship (despite the fact that they never upheld their part of the covenant.) Although they had been warned, they simply failed to believe God would ever relinquish them. And when He did, they felt abandoned by God. Was God still their protector? Did He still love them? Still, there were some exiles that understood their own sin caused this deportation. They understood this was punishment. They saw the need to receive this punishment as an impetus to repent. So what was it like in Babylon? For the Israelites it was like moving from the projects to the country club. Open plains, fertile soil, opulent buildings, and a prosperous economy. Yeah...this was sweet but also ---- a stinging reminder of how their land and kingdom once was. Babylon was encircled with city walls with 250 towers, waterways, canals and a magnificent palace for Nebuchadnezzar. Nebuchadnezzar was the Donald Trump of his day. Building projects were his thing. And these building projects were what Nebuchadnezzar needed craftsmen and laborers for. The skilled but lower class Israelites were placed into slave labor. The higher-ranking Israelites were given choices about their employment. Opportunity for career growth, acquiring prominence and assuming responsibility were there for the taking. This is why we read of Daniel and Nehemiah in positions of high authority. Still, the exiles could not forget they were exiles. Jeremiah wrote and reminded them that God had delivered them into the hands of the Babylonians as a punishment and that if they were faithful, they would be restored one day. While in captivity, God s people lose their land, temple, and monarchy. The temple was no longer available to them (it was destroyed) and therefore ceremonial worship was no longer an option. Gone are the days of animal sacrifice. So they improvised. They now meet in synagogues and focus on prayer, confession and instruction of the law. More on synagogues at the end of this document. 6

7 Circumcision and food defilement standards become very important as a way to designate/distinguish themselves as Israelites. This breeds a superiority complex over their Babylonian captors. They become known as the Jews. Polytheism is gone. FYI...With the decline of the Babylonian Empire, the return to Palestine became a distinct possibility. Persia is the new conquering empire on the block. As some Jews begin to think about their exile possibly ending, expectations arise - expectations of restoration for God s kingdom and God s people. The prophet Daniel tells them in chapter 9 not so. God s kingdom would not arrive after exile but after another period of time, a period of time where four kingdoms will rise and fall. Then and only then God s kingdom comes and reigns forever. This period of time is the time known as the inter-testamental period or the period between the old testament and the new testament. Return Sadly (not really) Nebuchadnezzar dies. There are a series of murders that take place one right after another related to who was going to be king of Babylon. Eventually though King Cyrus of Persia conquers the Babylonian empire! The year is 539 BC. Change is in the air. Persia is the new empire on the block. 7

8 ESV Study Bible Cyrus ran things a bit different than Nebuchadnezzar. He established his policy of rule through benevolence. He allowed conquered people to remain in their lands and retain local customs and religions. Therefore he sanctions the return of all the Jews to Palestine allowing them to rebuild the temple. As the Jews are released from Persian exile, internal conflicts arise. Remember, some Jews got it good in Babylon (which is now Persian territory). The economy is good, the land is fertile, and employment has allowed some to acquire wealth and possessions. And some Jews elect to stay. Some elect to forfeit their land, their temple, their people, and perhaps (in this foreign land) their God. The more materially minded Jews who had acquired wealth had no desire to leave comfort and their pimped out cribs for a desolate wasteland; a wasteland that would require them to become pioneers much like the pilgrims were in settling America. 8

9 These people who stayed in Persia became colonists in foreign land. By the first century AD, Jews were all over the Mediterranean. The majority of Jews lived outside of Jerusalem during the latter intertestamental period. Diaspora Greek word meaning scattered. A group of people who living outside the area in which they had lived for a long time or in which their ancestors lived. There were numerous Jewish diasporas 1. Northern kingdom gets conquered and Israelites are taken into another land. (Assyria) 2. Southern Kingdom gets conquered and Israelites are taken into another land. (Babylon) 3. Greece deports a large population of Jews into Egypt. 4. Rome conquers Jerusalem in AD 70 and destroys it largest Jewish diaspora. But some Jews did return to Israel. The pilgrimage back to the Promised Land took place over 3 waves of returns. First order of business? Rebuild the temple. 516 BC. This is temple #2. Priest led ceremonial worship was re-established in Jerusalem. Though the Jewish people retained both the ceremonial pillar of their response to God and the moral-ethical pillar as well, the primary emphasis shifted away from the ceremonial to the moral-ethical. But to obey the law, one needed to know its content, which required study. As a result, the center of worship was no longer exclusively the temple with its liturgy but also the place of learning, the assembly, the local synagogue. The major religious leader was no longer only the priest but also the teacher-rabbi. Such adjustments required careful, detailed study. This resulted in new and different forms of interpretation and the birth of traditions, often additional laws, which supposedly expanded and clarified the written Torah. During the NT period these additional laws were taught and passed on both orally and in written form (note the frequent mention of scribes in the NT). Many people regarded these rabbinic traditions as having a divine origin, equal to the 9

10 laws in the written Scriptures, but Jesus pronounced them the tradition of men (Mark 7:1 23, esp. v. 8). 1 While rebuilding the temple, there were some peeps in the hood that wanted to help with the rebuilding the Samaritans. Think back a minute remember when the Northern kingdom was overtaken? The people were removed, and hauled off to far away cities. But not all the people. Some were left behind. And the land was backfilled with foreigners Assyrians. The left behinds of the Northern kingdom and the foreigners married. The result? Halfbreeds. Half Jewish, half foreigners. You know them as Samaritans. The returning Jews rebuffed them big time. The Samaritans were insulted and the relationship between them deteriorated even more. This is why Jews don t travel through Samaria. They hate Samaritans. Samaritans were considered a waste of a human being by Jews. This is why Jesus in John 4 shocks the Samaritan woman by 1. Being in Samaria at all 2. Talking to her. The books of Ezra and Nehemiah are about rebuilding the temple; the challenges Jews faced reintegrating into the promised land (poor economy, mixed marriages, threats of idolatry again) and the need for (and completion of) the walls of Jerusalem. Even here in this part of history Samaritans and Jews continue to have skirmishes and volatile relations that widen the chasm between these two people groups. Now that they are back, there are no kings. There are governors but not kings. The priesthood takes a central role among the people. 1 ESV Study Bible 10

11 Inter-testamental Period IT MAY BE SILENT BUT IT WAS ANYTHING BUT QUIET. 2 Period Time Frame Babylonian Period BC Persian Period BC Greek Period BC Alexander the Great BC Ptolemaic Period BC Syrian Period BC Jewish Self Rule BC Maccabean Period BC Hasmonean Period BC Roman Period 63BC-70AD. Eventually the Persian Empire is conquered. Greece is on the rise under Alexander the Great! Alexander The Great inherited a kingdom that had already been conquered. He came in peace, entered cities, and desired to have other cities join him in Hellenizing the city. If you didn t join him in his desire to Hellenize the city, he would kill everyone. No pressure. Alexander the Great organizes his empire around culture. He imposes Greek culture everywhere he conquers. This isn t quite the live as you like philosophy of Persia s King Cyrus. 2 Kostenberger, Andreas. The Cradle, the Cross and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament B&H Publishing. Nashville, Tennessee. 11

12 Greek becomes the lingua franca - A medium of communication between peoples of different languages. Hellenism dominates the Persian Empire. Hellenism - The civilization and culture of ancient Greece. Adoption of Greek ideas, style, or culture. Hellenism spreads into Jewish life. Alexander the Great dies at 33. His empire is divided up between his 4 generals. Cassander Lysimachus Seleucus controlled Babylonia Ptolemy He is a Greek but becomes a Pharaoh because he gets control of Egypt. It looks like this: 12

13 ESV Study Bible Two of these generals fight to gain control of Palestine: Ptolemy and Seleucus. These two generals founded dynasties. The Ptolemies empire in Egypt. The Seleucids in Syria. Two of the generals fight it out over the years for control of Palestine. ESV Study Bible BC Ptolemies were in control of Palestine they were sensitive to Jewish religion. The OT is translated into Greek. It is called the Septuagint. That is the Latin word for 70. The Roman numeral for 70 is LXX. Sometimes the Septuagint is referred to as LXX. It 13

14 would be difficult to overestimate its influence. It made the scriptures available to Jews who no longer spoke their ancestral language AND to the Greek-speaking world. I say it again: it would be difficult to overestimate its influence. Within the Ptolemy dynasty a large Jewish population (120,000) is deported to Alexandria, Egypt. This is why we read of Joseph and Mary fleeing to Egypt when Herod threatened to kill all children 2 and under. Joseph and Mary knew there s a Jewish population in Egypt where they could assimilate. 198 BC Selucids take control of Palestine. Seleucid Empire gets control of Jews for 31 years. Selucids are NOT sensitive to Jewish religion. They attempt to spread Hellenism throughout the empire. They are not open to discussion on this. The Jews were forbidden, on pain of death, to practice their traditional way of life, including their religion. The Jerusalem temple was turned into a pagan shrine, and persecution became prevalent. (ESV Study Bible) A person named Antiochus Epiphanes attempted to ban Judaism. He banned circumcision, ended temple sacrifices and deliberately defiled the temple. He dedicated the temple in Jerusalem to Zeus, a Greek god, erected a statue of him and sacrificed a pig in the Jerusalem temple. The temple is desecrated and the Jews OUTRAGED! Those families who resisted and clung to Judaism were horribly treated. Men and women were beaten with rods. Mothers who circumcised their children were crucified with their babies hung around their necks and the sacred books confiscated and those holding them were executed. 3 A war is started. 3 Kostenberger, Andreas. The Cradle, the Cross and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament B&H Publishing. Nashville, Tennessee. 14

15 Mattathias, an aged priest, along with his five sons, led a revolt. After Mattathias s death, leadership fell to one of his sons, Judas (called Maccabeus ). Judas and his successors eventually won independence. In 164 B.C. the temple was cleansed, and the daily burnt offering and other religious ceremonies resumed. The event is still commemorated by Jews each December as Hanukkah, the Feast of Lights B.C. Maccabean Period: This war against Seleucid Empire is called the Maccabean Period. This is the period known as Jewish Independence. During the Maccabean period all rulers were from the same family of Jewish priests (also called the Hasmonean family after the Hebrew name of Simon, an early Maccabean leader). Nine rulers followed Judas Maccabeus to the throne, including two of his brothers. From the second generation onward, the Maccabean rulers became progressively dictatorial, corrupt, immoral, and even pagan. Internal strife led Jewish leaders to ask the Roman general Pompey to come and restore order. Pompey did so, but he also brought Roman rule, which began in 63 B.C. and lasted into the fourth century A.D. 5 This Hasmonian Empire ends in 63BC and Rome takes over the empire. Five Major Crises of the Jews of the 2 nd Temple Period 1. Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem and the temple 2. Collapse of the Persian Empire by Alexander the Great (Greece) 3. Persecution by Antiochus IV (Epiphanes) 4. Domination by Rome 5. Roman destruction of the Jewish state and 2 nd temple (70AD) 4 ESV Study Bible 5 ESV Study Bible Notes 15

16 Roman Period The Romans (under Pompey) take control of Jerusalem and even enter the Holy of Holies. (This is a big No-No) Animosity between Romans and Jews is the backdrop to the entire NT. Within their own homeland, the Jews are no longer independently ruled. They haven t been independently ruled since that brief 100-year period after the Maccabean revolt. Augustus is the first Roman Emperor. During part of his reign was a time of "Pax Romana," which literally means "Roman peace," from 31 B.C.E. to 180 C.E. in the Roman Empire. Rulers of Rome Augustus 31BC 14AD Tiberius 14AD 37AD Caligula 37AD- 41AD Claudius 41AD 54AD Nero 54AD- 68AD This 200-year period saw unprecedented peace and economic prosperity throughout the Empire. The Pax Romana saw many advances and accomplishments, particularly in engineering and the arts. To help maintain their sprawling empire, the Romans built an extensive system of roads. These durable roads facilitated the movement of troops and communication. The Romans built aqueducts to carry water overland to cities and farms. When Paul comes on the scene after the resurrection, he made good use of these roads and infrastructures to advance the kingdom. The Jews were allowed freedom to worship and be free from polytheism. But still...they were under the rule of someone else and sometimes Rome threatened and offended their Judaism. Whatever freedoms the Jews had and cherished never removed a yearning to be free from Rome s yoke. Ø Zechariah, the father of John the Baptist, prayed for a salvation that combined deliverance from our enemies with increased religious fervor, that we might serve 16

17 him [the Lord] without fear, in holiness and righteousness (Luke 1:70 75). One Jewish group, the Zealots, sought violent, armed rebellion for religious reasons. 6 The Roman Senate named Herod the Great King of Judea. 37 BC 4 BC. He was crazy. Seriously. But he liked to build. Building programs was his thing. He expanded the 2 nd temple in 20 BC big-time. It was considered to be one of the eight wonders of the ancient world. Nevertheless, he was crazy. He murdered his own kids and one of his wives because he thought they were plotting against him. Eventually he dies (applause) and leaves his kingdom to his three sons. Herod the Great * Died in 4 BC * Effective administrator, cruel, supported by Rome * Visited by wise men, killed Bethlehem babies * Greatest builder the ancient Near East ever knew * Had 10 wives, including Cleopatra, Miriam, and Malthace Sons of Herod The Great Philip Tetrarch (ruler of a fourth of a kingdom) Son of Herod the Great and Cleopatra Effective ruler, popular king Ruled north and east of Galilee Iturea, Trachonitis Built Caesarea Philippi See Luke 3:1 Antipas Known as Herod or Herod the Tetrarch Son of Herod the Great and Malthace Ruled Galilee and Perea Killed John the Baptist Tried Jesus before crucifixion See Matt. 14:1-12; Luke 3:19; 9:7-9; 13:32; 23:7-12 Archelaus Ethnarch (ruler of half a kingdom) Son of Herod the Great and Malthace Poor ruler, deposed by Romans Ruled Judea, Samaria, Idumea banished after 10 years of rule He is succeeded by governors. You know one of them as Pontius Pilate. Mary and Joseph settled in Nazareth to avoid him See Matt. 2:22 6 ESV Study Bible 17

18 It looked like this: 18

19 People Groups Formed during Exile/Inter-testamental Period Pharisees (meaning separated ones) - numbering about first show up during after the exile but before the NT period. They controlled the synagogues and exerted much influence over the people. They were lay leaders. They were separating themselves from Hellenism. The Pharisees didn t want to be called Pharisees. They wanted to be called Friends. They were hard workers and had jobs during the day. They gave their spare time to the study of God and the things of God. They strove to reinterpret the law and build a hedge about it such that the Jews could live righteously before God. They separated from worldly Greek influences to law of Moses and study of scripture. They were of the laboring class. They are not aristocrats but hard working businessmen. Manual labor was noble. They respected learning, wisdom and character over seeking wealth or political advantage. Pharisees had little interest in politics. Pharisees focused on externals - outward demonstrations of piety. Hedge about the law!!! Focused on rituals such as tithing, public prayer, and chief seats in synagogues, robes, and long formal greetings with their titles spoken for everyone to hear. Pharisees had the most influence on the general public. The Jewish Sanhedrin, or Council (a combination civil-religious body), predated the coming of the Romans. It retained broad authority, but always under the watchful eye of Rome. The high priest was the head of these 70 (or 72), but rulers under the Romans removed and appointed high priests at will (in spite of the OT provision that the high priesthood was for life). 7 7 ESV Study Bible 19

20 Sadducees Wealthy. Aristocrats. Priestly lineage. They wielded political power and controlled the high priesthood. Not popular with the people. Only accepted the Pentateuch. Did not believe in afterlife or angels/demons. Scribes. They maintained their language despite Greek becoming the universal language. Became known as experts in the law - often interpreting the law and amassing authority. They really were seen as teachers of the faithful Jews. Scribes are always seen in NT hanging with Pharisees. Scribes were originally people who reproduced scripture- copying by hand. Over time they came to be professional interpreters of the law. That s why the Pharisees hang with them. They would answer the Pharisees minutiae questions on the law. Synagogue means a gathering place. Developed during exile. It is a Greek word that the Jews picked up. You could not have a synagogue without 10 elderly Jewish men present. In exile they lost the temple and the ability to sacrifice animals. They focused on the Torah and built services around the law and prayer. When they returned from exile, Judaism could be practiced anywhere that they could carry the Torah. The temple, on the other hand, was the place where public and private sacrifice took place under the direction of the priesthood. As it is destroyed in 70AD, the synagogue becomes extremely important to the Jews. It s all they have now. 20

21 SO WHY DOES ALL THIS MATTER? Fullness of Time: "But when the fullness of time had come, God sent forth his Son, born of woman, born under the law," - Galatians 4:4 ESV From the time of the Babylonian captivity to destruction of Jerusalem and the temple in the year 70AD, the Jewish nation was subject to a series of occupational forces with only a brief interlude of self-rule during the Maccabean era. When Jesus was born and later began his public ministry, messianic expectations were widespread, and the Jewish hope of liberation though construed primarily in political and nationalistic terms was at fever pitch. 8 So, when Jesus comes - he comes at a time with Messianic expectation, albeit a political one. As you can see the history we just learned Tee d up the arrival of Christ and prepared the world to receive the Gospel. Greek Language enabled communication of the gospel. I.E. Universal language in which to speak and write the gospel. Remember the OT is now in Greek. The NT gets written in Greek. Roman Peace enabled the spread of the gospel Roman Roads enabled transportation for the gospel. Jewish Messianic Expectations Expectation of the gospel in the form of a person. A king. A political savior. Although this is not why Jesus came, the people of God were waiting for Him. 8 Kostenberger, Andreas. The Cradle, the Cross and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament B&H Publishing. Nashville, Tennessee. Pg

22 Sadly, when He came, they missed it. Royally. Growth of Christianity During 1 st and 2 nd Century ESV Study Bible 22

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