Mitosis and Meiosis. Part I Mitosis
|
|
- Molly Allen
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Mitosis and Meiosis Name Date Part I Mitosis It was discovered in 1858, by Rudolf Virchow, that new cells can only arise from previously existing cells. This is done in two ways: mitosis and meiosis. Body cells divide exclusively by mitosis followed by cytokinesis, while germ cells produce gametes by the process of meiosis. Plant cells grow by enlargement, essentially by taking up water. When they reach a certain size, they divide, forming two identical daughter cells. The various parts of the cell are divided in such a way that the new daughter cell is identical to the parent cell. Strictly speaking, mitosis implies only the division of the nucleus, and is therefore distinct from cell division, in which the cytoplasm is divided. In most organisms, cells divide by ingrowth of the cell wall, if present, and the contraction of the cell membrane, a process that cuts through the spindle fibres. In land plants and a few algae, cell division takes place by the formation of a cell plate. Small droplets appear across the equatorial plate of the cell and gradually fuse, forming a disc that grows outward until it reaches the wall of the dividing cell, which completes the separation of the two daughter cells. Mitosis, or nuclear division, ensures the equal division of the nuclear material between the daughter cells in organisms. During mitosis the chromosomes condense, and move to the centre of the cell where they fully contract. They then split longitudinally into two identical halves that appear to be pulled to opposite poles of the cell by a series of microtubules. In these two genetically identical groups, the coiling of the chromosomes relaxes again, and they are reconstituted into the nuclei of the two daughter cells. It is a continuous process that can be divided into five major phases: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase Interphase: The chromatin, if visible at all, can only be seen as small grains or threads. Interphase is generally considered to be a resting phase. However, the cell is replicating the genetic material, preparing for mitosis. Prophase: The beginning of mitosis is illustrated by the chromosomes gradually becoming visible. They start out as elongated threads that shorten and thicken. Chromosomes become more condensed and undergo spiral contractions, like a thin wire being turned into a coiled spring. This coiling involves the entire DNA protein complex. Each chromosome is composed of two longitudinal halves, called chromatids, joined in a narrow area known as the centromere, where the chromatids are not coiled. The centromere, located on each chromosome, divides the chromosomes into two arms of varying lengths. As prophase progresses, the nucleoli grow smaller and finally disappear. Shortly after, in most cell types, the nuclear envelope breaks down, putting the contracted chromosomes into direct contact with the cytoplasm; this marks the end of prophase.
2 Metaphase: The chromosomes, still doubled, become arranged so that each centromere is on the equatorial region of the spindle. Each chromosome is attracted to the spindle fibres by its centromere; often the arms of the chromosome point toward one of the two poles. Some of the spindle fibres pass from one pole to the other and have no chromosome attached. Anaphase: The chromatids separate from one another and become individual chromosomes. First, the centromere divides and the two daughter chromosomes move away from the equator toward opposite poles. Their centromeres, which are still attached to the spindle fibre, move first, and the arms drag behind. The two daughter chromosomes pull apart; the tips of the longer arms separate last. The spindle fibres attached to the chromosomes shorten as the chromatids divide and the chromosomes separate. The fibres appear to move, but in fact the microtubules are continuously formed at one end of the spindle fibre and disassembled at the other. In the process, it appears as if the spindle fibres were tugging the chromosomes toward the poles by their centromeres. By the end of anaphase, the two identical sets of chromosomes have separated and moved to opposite poles. Telophase: The separation is made final; the nuclear envelopes are organized around the two identical sets of chromosomes. The spindle apparatus disappears. Nucleoli also reform at this time. The chromosomes become increasingly indistinct, uncoiling to become slender threads again. Cytokinesis: As mitosis ends, cytokinesis begins, resulting in the formation of two daughter cells. The cleaved membrane slowly draws together; forming a narrow bridge, then separates the cell into two daughter cells. The cells now enter interphase. Mitosis ends when the processes are complete and the chromosomes have once more disappeared from view. The two daughter cells enter interphase. The two daughter nuclei produced are identical to one another and to the nucleus that divided to produce them.
3 In order to investigate the process of mitosis, plant and animal tissues where cells are dividing rapidly must be examined. In animals, the most rapidly growing and dividing tissues are found in the embryonic stages of development. Although most animal tissues continue to undergo mitosis throughout the life cycle of the organism, they do so very slowly when compared to their embryos. Some animal cells, like most plant tissues, rarely replicate after the organism reaches maturity. In plants, these tissues are primarily found in the tips of stems and roots. The root tip plants are exceptionally good places to look for cells undergoing mitosis. Plant root tips consist of several different zones where various developmental and functional processes of the root are performed. The primary region for the formation of new cells is the apical meristem. The root cap offers protection for the rest of the root, the region of elongation is the area where the bulk of cell growth occurs, and the region of maturation is where tissue differentiation occurs. Apical meristem Root tip Part II Meiosis Sexual reproduction provides a mechanism to produce genetic variation, as the genes of two different individuals are arranged in various ways. This requires a reduction in the chromosome number of the parent cell, normally diploid, to half that, or haploid. The type of cell division resulting in half the chromosome number of the parent cell is called meiosis. In meiosis, a cell divides into four haploid gametes. When two gametes egg and sperm combine during fertilisation, forming a zygote, the diploid chromosome number is restored. Meiosis consists of one DNA replication and two nuclear divisions, meiosis I and II. This results in the formation of four daughter cells, each with only half the number of chromosomes as the parent.
4 The example that will be used in the investigation is Sordaria fimicola, a fungus that is haploid for the bulk of its life cycle, including the individual fungal filaments, called hyphae, which normally exist in a mass called a mycelium representing the body of the fungus; and the ascospores, from which mycelia develop. The only diploid portion of the life cycle of S. fimicola occurs when the nuclei of specialized hyphae come together. These hyphae, which belong to different strains of the species, fuse to form a zygote. This zygote then undergoes meiosis to produce the haploid, yielding four haploid nuclei contained in a sac. After meiosis, the four nuclei undergo mitosis, resulting in eight haploid. Part I Mitosis MATERIALS Materials for Parts A and B - whitefish mitosis slide - onion mitosis slide - compound microscope Materials for Part C - onion root tip - Bunsen burner - hydrochloric acid 1M - forceps - toluidine blue 0.5% - paper towel - compound microscope - eye dropper - coverslip - scalpel - microscope slide PROCEDURE Part A: Observing Mitosis in Plant and Animal Cells 1. Observe the prepared microscope slide of onion root tip mitosis, first at 100X, then 400X. Using the Plant Mitosis Chart as a guide, identify cells that represent each mitotic phase. 2. In the Analysis section, draw each phase of plant cell mitosis that you see. Write a brief description of each phase below each drawing. 3. Observe the prepared microscope slide of whitefish blastula. Using the Animal Mitosis Chart as a guide, identify each phase of animal cell mitosis. 4. In the Analysis section, draw each phase of plant or animal cell mitosis that you see. Write a brief description of each phase below each drawing. Part B: Relative Lengths of Phases of Mitosis 5. Examine at least three fields of view of the apical meristem of the onion root tip at 400X. In each view, count the number of cells in the various stages of mitosis. Record this data in Table Calculate the total number of cells counted and the percentage of total cells counted for each stage of mitosis. Record this data in Table 1. Record the percentages in Table 2, as well. 7. Assuming that it takes an average of 24 hours (1,440 minutes) for onion root tip cells to complete the cell cycle, calculate the amount of time cells spent in each phase of the cycle. Use the formula provided below. Enter your results in Table 1. Percent of Cells in Phase 1,440 minutes = minutes cell spent in phase
5 Part II Meiosis MATERIALS - microscope slide -coverslip - inoculating loop - sordaria demonstration cross plate (shared) PROCEDURE 1. Place a drop of water on a clean slide with an inoculating loop. 2. With an inoculating loop, scrape several perithecia (fruiting body s of the sordaria) from the demonstration cross plate. 3. Scrape the perithecia and place in the drop of water on the slide. Avoid picking up agar along with perithecia; it will interfere with results. perithecia 4. Cover the slide with a coverslip. Using a pencil eraser or other blunt instrument, gently press down on the coverslip to squash and spread out the perithecia. The pressure should be sufficient to squeeze the asci (sexual spore-bearing cell) from the perithecia, but not enough to crush the asci themselves. Note: It may be helpful to slide the coverslip around on top of the sample, with slight pressure, to spread out the asci and make them easier to observe. Keep in mind, however, that applying too much pressure may rupture the asci, releasing the individual spores. 5. View the slide under a microscope at 100X. Locate the asci. You may wish to view the slide at 400X to determine the colour of some spores. The slide preparation should show collapsed perithecia and asci clusters (rosettes), with mature spores in various arrangements. Immature spores will all be light coloured. Since S. fimicola is homothallic (having male and female reproductive structures), the preparation will show both hybrid and self-fertilized perithecia of both parental types asci
6 ANALYSIS
7 Stage Interphase # of cells in Field 1 # of cells in Field 2 Table 1 Cells in each stage of mitosis # of cells in Field 3 Total # of cells % of Total # of cells Time of Each stage (min) Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Total number of cells counted Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Total Stage Table 2 Percentage of cells in each stage of mitosis % of Total # of cells QUESTIONS 1. Referring to the percentage of total cells counted in each phase of mitosis, determine which phase takes the longest for the cell to complete, and explain why. Sketch a pie graph of the percentage of cells in each phase to illustrate. Be sure to title your graph and include a key. 2. What is the relationship between the processes of mitosis and cytokinesis?
8 3. Which of the following is significantly different between plant and animal cell mitosis? a. Metaphase b. Anaphase c. Cytokinesis d. Prophase 4. Define the following terms. somatic cell chromatin centromere diploid haploid zygote 5. Create a Venn diagram showing at least two similarities and two differences between mitosis and meiosis.
9 ANIMAL CELL MITOSIS Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
10 PLANT CELL MITOSIS Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens
The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens Rooting for Mitosis Overview Students will fix, stain, and make slides of onion root tips. These slides will be examined for the presence
More informationThe illustrations below reflect other scientists results in identifying and counting the stages of the onion root tip and the whitefish blastula.
Abstract: The purpose of this laboratory experiment was to identify in what stage of mitosis viewed cells were in. The stages of mitosis include prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Although the
More informationLAB 8 EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
LAB 8 EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS Los Angeles Mission College Biology 3 Name: Date: INTRODUCTION BINARY FISSION: Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) reproduce asexually by binary fission. Bacterial
More informationCHROMOSOME STRUCTURE CHROMOSOME NUMBERS
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE 1. During nuclear division, the DNA (as chromatin) in a Eukaryotic cell's nucleus is coiled into very tight compact structures called chromosomes. These are rod-shaped structures made
More informationList, describe, diagram, and identify the stages of meiosis.
Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles In this topic we will examine a second type of cell division used by eukaryotic cells: meiosis. In addition, we will see how the 2 types of eukaryotic cell division, mitosis
More informationBiology 3A Laboratory MITOSIS Asexual Reproduction
Biology 3A Laboratory MITOSIS Asexual Reproduction OBJECTIVE To study the cell cycle and understand how, when and why cells divide. To study and identify the major stages of cell division. To relate the
More informationChapter 3. Cell Division. Laboratory Activities Activity 3.1: Mock Mitosis Activity 3.2: Mitosis in Onion Cells Activity 3.
Chapter 3 Cell Division Laboratory Activities Activity 3.1: Mock Mitosis Activity 3.2: Mitosis in Onion Cells Activity 3.3: Mock Meiosis Goals Following this exercise students should be able to Recognize
More informationCell Division CELL DIVISION. Mitosis. Designation of Number of Chromosomes. Homologous Chromosomes. Meiosis
Cell Division CELL DIVISION Anatomy and Physiology Text and Laboratory Workbook, Stephen G. Davenport, Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved, no part of this publication can be used for any commercial purpose.
More informationMeiosis is a special form of cell division.
Page 1 of 6 KEY CONCEPT Meiosis is a special form of cell division. BEFORE, you learned Mitosis produces two genetically identical cells In sexual reproduction, offspring inherit traits from both parents
More informationCell Growth and Reproduction Module B, Anchor 1
Cell Growth and Reproduction Module B, Anchor 1 Key Concepts: - The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA. In addition, a larger cell is less efficient in moving nutrients
More informationCell Cycle in Onion Root Tip Cells (IB)
Cell Cycle in Onion Root Tip Cells (IB) A quick overview of cell division The genetic information of plants, animals and other eukaryotic organisms resides in several (or many) individual DNA molecules,
More information1. Why is mitosis alone insufficient for the life cycle of sexually reproducing eukaryotes?
Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles 1. Why is mitosis alone insufficient for the life cycle of sexually reproducing eukaryotes? 2. Define: gamete zygote meiosis homologous chromosomes diploid haploid
More informationCHAPTER 10 CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION
CHAPTER 10 CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION Cell division is an inherent property of living organisms. It is a process in which cells reproduce their own kind. The growth, differentiation, reproduction and
More informationThe cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis
The cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis Learning objective This learning material is about the life cycle of a cell and the series of stages by which genetic materials are duplicated and partitioned to produce
More information1. When new cells are formed through the process of mitosis, the number of chromosomes in the new cells
Cell Growth and Reproduction 1. When new cells are formed through the process of mitosis, the number of chromosomes in the new cells A. is half of that of the parent cell. B. remains the same as in the
More informationMitosis in Onion Root Tip Cells
Mitosis in Onion Root Tip Cells A quick overview of cell division The genetic information of plants, animals and other eukaryotic organisms resides in several (or many) individual DNA molecules, or chromosomes.
More informationSexual Reproduction. The specialized cells that are required for sexual reproduction are known as. And come from the process of: GAMETES
Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction We know all about asexual reproduction 1. Only one parent required. 2. Offspring are identical to parents. 3. The cells that produce the offspring are not usually
More informationLecture 7 Mitosis & Meiosis
Lecture 7 Mitosis & Meiosis Cell Division Essential for body growth and tissue repair Interphase G 1 phase Primary cell growth phase S phase DNA replication G 2 phase Microtubule synthesis Mitosis Nuclear
More information4.2 Meiosis. Meiosis is a reduction division. Assessment statements. The process of meiosis
4.2 Meiosis Assessment statements State that meiosis is a reduction division of a diploid nucleus to form haploid nuclei. Define homologous chromosomes. Outline the process of meiosis, including pairing
More informationLab 3: Testing Hypotheses about Mitosis
Lab 3: Testing Hypotheses about Mitosis Why do cells divide? Lab today focuses on cellular division, also known as cellular reproduction. To become more familiar with why cells divide, the types of cell
More informationCHAPTER 9 CELLULAR REPRODUCTION P. 243-257
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR REPRODUCTION P. 243-257 SECTION 9-1 CELLULAR GROWTH Page 244 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why is it beneficial for cells to remain small? MAIN IDEA Cells grow until they reach their size limit,
More informationwww.njctl.org PSI Biology Mitosis & Meiosis
Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis Classwork 1. Identify two differences between meiosis and mitosis. 2. Provide an example of a type of cell in the human body that would undergo mitosis. 3. Does cell division
More informationCell Division Mitosis and the Cell Cycle
Cell Division Mitosis and the Cell Cycle A Chromosome and Sister Chromatids Key Points About Chromosome Structure A chromosome consists of DNA that is wrapped around proteins (histones) and condensed Each
More informationBio EOC Topics for Cell Reproduction: Bio EOC Questions for Cell Reproduction:
Bio EOC Topics for Cell Reproduction: Asexual vs. sexual reproduction Mitosis steps, diagrams, purpose o Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis Meiosis steps, diagrams, purpose
More informationLABORATORY 2 THE CELL CYCLE AND THE STAGES OF MITOSIS LEARNING OBJECTIVES AFTER COMPLETING THIS LABORATORY, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
LABORATORY 2 THE CELL CYCLE AND THE STAGES OF MITOSIS LEARNING OBJECTIVES AFTER COMPLETING THIS LABORATORY, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: 1. Describe the cell cycle. 2. Identify stages of mitosis from prepared
More informationChapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Name Period Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know. Define: gene locus gamete male gamete female
More informationCellular Reproduction
9 Cellular Reproduction section 1 Cellular Growth Before You Read Think about the life cycle of a human. On the lines below, write some of the stages that occur in the life cycle of a human. In this section,
More information1. Identify each phase of mitosis on the onion root tip and the whitefish blastula. 3. Explain differences in mitosis between plant and animal cells.
Mitosis Objectives Having completed the lab on mitosis, you should be able to: 1. Identify each phase of mitosis on the onion root tip and the whitefish blastula. 2. Describe the events during each phase
More information5. The cells of a multicellular organism, other than gametes and the germ cells from which it develops, are known as
1. True or false? The chi square statistical test is used to determine how well the observed genetic data agree with the expectations derived from a hypothesis. True 2. True or false? Chromosomes in prokaryotic
More informationChapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Name Period Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know.
More informationThe Somatic Cell Cycle
The Somatic Cell Cycle Maternal chromosome Diploid Zygote Diploid Zygote Paternal chromosome MITOSIS MITOSIS Maternal chromosome Diploid organism Diploid organism Paternal chromosome Int terpha ase The
More informationLaboratory Observing the Cell Cycle of Onion Root Tip Cells
Laboratory Observing the Cell Cycle of Onion Root Tip Cells Background: Because of their rapid growth, the cells of the root tips of plants undergo rapid cell division. Ornamental onion root tips cells
More informationChapter 12: The Cell Cycle
Name Period Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Overview: 1. What are the three key roles of cell division? State each role, and give an example. Key Role Example 2. What is meant by the cell cycle? Concept 12.1
More informationBiology Behind the Crime Scene Week 4: Lab #4 Genetics Exercise (Meiosis) and RFLP Analysis of DNA
Page 1 of 5 Biology Behind the Crime Scene Week 4: Lab #4 Genetics Exercise (Meiosis) and RFLP Analysis of DNA Genetics Exercise: Understanding how meiosis affects genetic inheritance and DNA patterns
More informationCELL DIVISION. STAGES OF MITOTIC DIVISION (Diag. C1)
1 CELL DIVISION Cell division is the process by which cells replicate in order to replace cell loss, repair tissue damage and reproduce the organism. Two types of cell division are encountered in the Eukaryotic
More informationScience 10-Biology Activity 14 Worksheet on Sexual Reproduction
Science 10-Biology Activity 14 Worksheet on Sexual Reproduction 10 Name Due Date Show Me NOTE: This worksheet is based on material from pages 367-372 in Science Probe. 1. Sexual reproduction requires parents,
More informationAppendix C DNA Replication & Mitosis
K.Muma Bio 6 Appendix C DNA Replication & Mitosis Study Objectives: Appendix C: DNA replication and Mitosis 1. Describe the structure of DNA and where it is found. 2. Explain complimentary base pairing:
More informationSexual Reproduction. and Meiosis. Sexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Describe the stages of meiosis and how sex cells are produced. Explain why meiosis is needed for sexual reproduction. Name the cells that are involved in fertilization.
More informationChapter 12: The Cell Cycle
Name Period Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Overview: 1. What are the three key roles of cell division? State each role, and give an example. Key Role Reproduction Growth and development Tissue removal Example
More informationMITOSIS IN ONION ROOT TIP CELLS: AN INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT MICROSCOPY
MITOSIS IN ONION ROOT TIP CELLS: AN INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT MICROSCOPY Adapted from Foundations of Biology I; Lab 6 Introduction to Microscopy Dr. John Robertson, Westminster College Biology Department,
More informationFrom DNA to Protein
Nucleus Control center of the cell contains the genetic library encoded in the sequences of nucleotides in molecules of DNA code for the amino acid sequences of all proteins determines which specific proteins
More informationLecture 11 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Lecture 11 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis In this lecture Cell division Chromosomes The cell cycle Mitosis PPMAT Apoptosis What is cell division? Cells divide in order to reproduce themselves The cell cycle
More informationCell Division Simulation: Bacteria Activity One
Cell Division Simulation: Bacteria Activity One Introduction All living things are made of cells. Some living things, like plants and animals, are made of millions of cells. But some living things are
More informationPre-lab homework Lab 2: Reproduction in Protists, Fungi, Moss and Ferns
Pre-lab homework Lab 2: Reproduction in Protists, Fungi, Moss and Ferns Lab Section: Name: 1. Last week in lab you looked at the reproductive cycle of the animals. This week s lab examines the cycles of
More informationBioSci 2200 General Genetics Problem Set 1 Answer Key Introduction and Mitosis/ Meiosis
BioSci 2200 General Genetics Problem Set 1 Answer Key Introduction and Mitosis/ Meiosis Introduction - Fields of Genetics To answer the following question, review the three traditional subdivisions of
More informationLAB 09 Cell Division
LAB 09 Cell Division Introduction: One of the characteristics of living things is the ability to replicate and pass on genetic information to the next generation. Cell division in individual bacteria and
More informationLecture 2: Mitosis and meiosis
Lecture 2: Mitosis and meiosis 1. Chromosomes 2. Diploid life cycle 3. Cell cycle 4. Mitosis 5. Meiosis 6. Parallel behavior of genes and chromosomes Basic morphology of chromosomes telomere short arm
More informationTime For Mitosis. Materials. Procedure. Name
Time For Mitosis Name Do all phases of mitosis require the same amount of time for completion? This question can be answered by counting the number of onion root tip cells in the four phases of mitosis
More informationIf and when cancer cells stop dividing, they do so at random points, not at the normal checkpoints in the cell cycle.
Cancer cells have escaped from cell cycle controls Cancer cells divide excessively and invade other tissues because they are free of the body s control mechanisms. Cancer cells do not stop dividing when
More informationUse of the Microscope and Cytology
Use of the Microscope and Cytology Introduction: A true study of anatomy not only considers the large, visible structures of an organism, but also the small structures that provide the organism its form
More informationGerm cell formation / gametogenesis And Fertilisation
Developmental Biology BY1101 P. Murphy Lecture 3 The first steps to forming a new organism Descriptive embryology I Germ cell formation / gametogenesis And Fertilisation Why bother with sex? In terms of
More informationCCR Biology - Chapter 5 Practice Test - Summer 2012
Name: Class: Date: CCR Biology - Chapter 5 Practice Test - Summer 2012 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. If a cell cannot move enough material
More informationThe Cell Cycle: A series of modeling activities
The Cell Cycle: A series of modeling activities Cancer Education Project University of Rochester Premise: Students learn best when exposed to a variety of activities Overview 1. Information Gathering:
More informationWorkshop: Cellular Reproduction via Mitosis & Meiosis
Workshop: Cellular Reproduction via Mitosis & Meiosis Introduction In this workshop you will examine how cells divide, including how they partition their genetic material (DNA) between the two resulting
More informationSexual Reproduction and Meiosis
12 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Concept Outline 12.1 Meiosis produces haploid cells from diploid cells. Discovery of Reduction Division. Sexual reproduction does not increase chromosome number because
More informationBiology 1406 Exam 4 Notes Cell Division and Genetics Ch. 8, 9
Biology 1406 Exam 4 Notes Cell Division and Genetics Ch. 8, 9 Ch. 8 Cell Division Cells divide to produce new cells must pass genetic information to new cells - What process of DNA allows this? Two types
More informationGuided Notes: Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction
Guided Notes: Cellular Reproduction When do cells divide? Cells grow and function normally until they become too. Cell size is because increases faster than This means that there is not enough area on
More informationCell Division and Mitosis DNA. Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis. 2. Meiosis occurs in the reproductive organs, producing four haploid sex cells.
ell Division and Mitosis 1. he life cycle of a cell has two parts growth and development, and cell division. 2. In mitosis, the nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei. Mitosis occurs in four continuous
More informationRespiration occurs in the mitochondria in cells.
B3 Question Which process occurs in the mitochondria in cells? Why do the liver and muscle cells have large number of mitochondria? What is the function of the ribosomes? Answer Respiration occurs in the
More informationAS Biology Unit 2 Key Terms and Definitions. Make sure you use these terms when answering exam questions!
AS Biology Unit 2 Key Terms and Definitions Make sure you use these terms when answering exam questions! Chapter 7 Variation 7.1 Random Sampling Sampling a population to eliminate bias e.g. grid square
More informationWhere is Mitosis Most Common in the Onion Root?
Where is Mitosis Most Common in the Onion Root? Faith Loyd Biology Miss Carpenter February 20, 2013 Problem, Hypothesis, and Prediction The problem in this lab is: To analyze data to see whether mitosis
More informationAddition by Division TEACHER NOTES SCIENCE NSPIRED
Science Objectives Students will identify the changes that occur in cells during each phase of the cell cycle. Students will correlate these changes to the duration of time cells spend in each phase. While
More informationSample Questions for Exam 3
Sample Questions for Exam 3 1. All of the following occur during prometaphase of mitosis in animal cells except a. the centrioles move toward opposite poles. b. the nucleolus can no longer be seen. c.
More informationthe plant & animal cell
6.1 Basic unit of life Biology Biology Structure & functions of 06 the plant & animal cell In 1665, Robert Hooke observed a section of a cork using a microscope prepared by him. He discovered a structure
More informationClassify chromosomes in a karyotype according to size and centromere position. Identify metacentric, submetacentric and acrocentric chromosomes
Mitosis, Meiosis and the Cell Cycle Prof. Alfred Cuschieri University of Malta Department of Anatomy Objectives By the end of the session the student shoud be able to: Define the meaning of chromosomes
More informationContains chromatin that makes chromosomes (DNA and protein)
1 Eukaryotic Large ribosomes Mitochondria Nucleus Linear DNA Prokaryotic Small ribosomes No mitochondria No Nucleus Circular DNA Plasmid / Flagellum Nucleus Nucleolus Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi
More informationSection 24 1 Reproduction With Cones and Flowers (pages 609 616)
Chapter 24 Reproduction of Seed Plants Section 24 1 Reproduction With Cones and Flowers (pages 609 616) Key Concepts What are the reproductive structures of gymnosperms and angiosperms? How does pollination
More informationMitosis, Meiosis and Fertilization 1
Mitosis, Meiosis and Fertilization 1 I. Introduction When you fall and scrape the skin off your hands or knees, how does your body make new skin cells to replace the skin cells that were scraped off? How
More informationTeacher s Guide. Mitosis. Grades 5-9 MTTV
Teacher s Guide Mitosis Grades 5-9 MTTV CREDITS Program Production Sunburst Visual Media Teacher s Guide Terry Gates Print Material Design Cecile Foshee 2004 Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global
More informationHow Well Do You Know Your Cells?
How Well Do You Know Your Cells? Complete each sentence below with words from the box. One word will not be used. cells cell membrane cell walls chloroplasts cytoplasm Hooke Leeuwenhoek mitochondria nucleus
More informationChromosome Mapping Assignment INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTIONS PROCEDURE A: 1) Examine the diagram of perch chromosomes supplied. They have been removed from the nucleus of the white blood cell after replication. 2) Cut out each chromosome map of these
More informationExpt. How do flowering plants do it without flagella? The journey to find an egg. What causes pollen grain germination and tube growth?
1 Expt. How do flowering plants do it without flagella? The journey to find an egg. What causes pollen grain germination and tube growth? File: F12-07_pollen Modified from E. Moctezuma & others for BSCI
More informationThe chromosomes are structures in living cells that contain
Brooker Widmaier Graham Stiling: III. Nucleic Acid Structure and DNA Replication 15. Eukaryotic Chromosomes, Mitosis, 47 EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES, MITOSIS, AND MEIOSIS C HAPTER O UTLINE 15.1 Molecular Structure
More informationChapter 38: Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology
Name Period Concept 38.1 Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are unique features of the angiosperm life cycle This may be a good time for you to go back to Chapter 29 and review alternation of generation
More informationSection 24 1 Reproduction With Cones and Flowers (pages 609 616)
Chapter 24 Reproduction of Seed Plants Section 24 1 Reproduction With Cones and Flowers (pages 609 616) This section describes the reproductive structures of gymnosperms and angiosperms. It also explains
More information1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Cells CHAPTER. 1.2.1 Prokaryotic Cells. 1.2.2 Eukaryotic Cells
C HAPTER 1CELLS AND CELL DIVISION CHAPTER 1.1 Introduction In genetics, we view cells as vessels for the genetic material. Our main interest is in the chromosomes and their environment. This being said,
More information10B Plant Systems Guided Practice
10B Plant Systems Guided Practice Reproduction Station 1 1. Observe Plant A. Locate the following parts of the flower: stamen, stigma, style, ovary. 2. Draw and label the parts of a flower (listed above)
More informationBiology 213 Angiosperms. Introduction
Biology 213 Angiosperms Introduction The flowering plants, the angiosperms, are the most recent plants to evolve and quickly became the dominant plant life on this planet. They are also the most diverse
More informationMaterials and Methods. Ribonuclease.--Removal of ribonucleic acid from meristematic onion cells did not show any qualitative differences
B~U~ Noz~s 129 Alterations in Nuclear Ribonucleic Acid Metabolism Induced by l~inetin.* BY RUTH GUNMAN. From the Department of Genetics, University of California, Be, kezey.~ Kinetin, a substance recently
More informationLook for these related items from Learning Resources :
Look for these related items from Learning Resources : LER 1901 Cross Section Plant Cell LER 1902 Cross Section Heart Model LER 1903 Cross Section Brain Model LER 2437 Cross Section Earth Model For a dealer
More informationPLANT EVOLUTION DISPLAY Handout
PLANT EVOLUTION DISPLAY Handout Name: TA and Section time Welcome to UCSC Greenhouses. This sheet explains a few botanical facts about plant reproduction that will help you through the display and handout.
More informationGenetic material of all living organisms. Biology - 100
Genetic material of all living organisms. Biology - 100 This antibiotic is made from a fungus that was first discovered growing on an orange and it became the first antibiotic to treat infection. Biology
More informationPractice Problems 4. (a) 19. (b) 36. (c) 17
Chapter 10 Practice Problems Practice Problems 4 1. The diploid chromosome number in a variety of chrysanthemum is 18. What would you call varieties with the following chromosome numbers? (a) 19 (b) 36
More informationAP BIOLOGY 2012 SCORING GUIDELINES
AP BIOLOGY 2012 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 1 Note: At least 1 point must be earned from each of parts (a), (b), (c), and (d) in order to earn a maximum score of 10. The ability to reproduce is a characteristic
More informationTest Two Study Guide
Test Two Study Guide 1. Describe what is happening inside a cell during the following phases (pictures may help but try to use words): Interphase: : Consists of G1 / S / G2. Growing stage, cell doubles
More informationAnswer: 2. Uracil. Answer: 2. hydrogen bonds. Adenine, Cytosine and Guanine are found in both RNA and DNA.
Answer: 2. Uracil Adenine, Cytosine and Guanine are found in both RNA and DNA. Thymine is found only in DNA; Uracil takes its (Thymine) place in RNA molecules. Answer: 2. hydrogen bonds The complementary
More informationReproductive System & Development: Practice Questions #1
Reproductive System & Development: Practice Questions #1 1. Which two glands in the diagram produce gametes? A. glands A and B B. glands B and E C. glands C and F D. glands E and F 2. Base your answer
More informationMCAS Biology. Review Packet
MCAS Biology Review Packet 1 Name Class Date 1. Define organic. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 2. All living things are made up of 6 essential elements: SPONCH. Name the six elements of life. S N P C O H 3. Elements
More informationInvestigating cells. Cells are the basic units of living things (this means that all living things are made up of one or more cells).
SG Biology Summary notes Investigating cells Sub-topic a: Investigating living cells Cells are the basic units of living things (this means that all living things are made up of one or more cells). Cells
More informationPlant Reproduction. 2. Evolutionarily, floral parts are modified A. stems B. leaves C. roots D. stolons E. suberins
Plant Reproduction 1. Angiosperms use temporary reproductive structures that are not present in any other group of plants. These structures are called A. cones B. carpels C. receptacles D. flowers E. seeds
More informationProtists and Fungi. What color are the cells in the living culture?
Protists and Fungi Objectives 1. Recognize and identify (to genus) the organisms covered in lab. 2. Describe the characteristics of each organism. 3. Correctly classify the organisms. I. Protists The protists
More informationDouble Fertilization and Post - Fertilization Events: Measuring
WFP062298 Double Fertilization and Post - Fertilization Events: Measuring Concepts In plants fertilization is the event in sexual reproduction which follows pollination. In higher plants, two sperm are
More informationLesson Aim To explain the human body at a microscopic level, including the structure and function of cells, tissues and membranes.
LESSON 1. CELLS & TISSUES Lesson Aim To explain the human body at a microscopic level, including the structure and function of cells, tissues and membranes. THE CELL All living matter is composed of functional
More information02-SciProbe9-Chap02 2/8/07 12:12 PM Page 32 32 NEL
32 UNIT A REPRODUCTION Chapter 2 Cell Growth and Reproduction Chapter 3 Sexual Reproduction Chapter 4 Human Reproduction Unit Preview Your body is made of many trillions of cells that came from a single
More informationChapter 8: Variation in Chromosome Structure and Number
Chapter 8: Variation in Chromosome Structure and Number Student Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter you should be able to: 1. Know the principles and terminology associated with variations
More informationUnit 1 Higher Human Biology Summary Notes
Unit 1 Higher Human Biology Summary Notes a. Cells tissues organs body systems Division of labour occurs in multicellular organisms (rather than each cell carrying out every function) Most cells become
More informationDiscovering cells. The fi rst drawing of cells
Discovering cells Living things are made of cells. Just as bricks and planks of wood are the building blocks for houses, cells are the building blocks of living things. Cells, although they are very small,
More informationPRESTWICK ACADEMY NATIONAL 5 BIOLOGY CELL BIOLOGY SUMMARY
Name PRESTWICK ACADEMY NATIONAL 5 BIOLOGY CELL BIOLOGY SUMMARY Cell Structure Identify animal, plant, fungal and bacterial cell ultrastructure and know the structures functions. Plant cell Animal cell
More informationSeed plants are well adapted to the demands of life on land,
24 1 Reproduction With Cones and Flowers Seed plants are well adapted to the demands of life on land, especially in how they reproduce. The gametes of seedless plants, such as ferns and mosses, need water
More informationChromosomes, Karyotyping, and Abnormalities (Learning Objectives) Learn the components and parts of a metaphase chromosome.
Chromosomes, Karyotyping, and Abnormalities (Learning Objectives) Learn the components and parts of a metaphase chromosome. Define the terms karyotype, autosomal and sex chromosomes. Explain how many of
More information