LCI ANALYSIS REGARDING TO A HUNGARIAN PROJECT

Transcription

1 1 LCI ANALYSIS REGARDING TO A HUNGARIAN PROJECT Dr. Klára Szita Tóthné 1 Krisztina Zelei 2 Tímea Molnár Siposné 3 1 University of Miskolc, Department of Regional Economics, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros 2 Bay Zoltán Foundation for Applied Research, 3519, Miskolctapolca, Iglói u.2. 3 University of Miskolc, Department of Mining and Geotechnology, 3515 Miskolc- Egyetemváros regszita@uni-miskolc.hu, bgtmt@uni-miskolc.hu ABSTRACT The Bay Zoltán Foundation for Applied Research in co-operation with the University of Miskolc have carried off the project Development of a national LCA database for supporting the environmentally sound development of the Hungarian enterprises, which is financed in 75% by EU, and in 25% by the government. Among the domestic producers the first steps of the using of LCA application can be observed. Companies and researchers using any kind of software developed in other countries could chalk up false results because of the difference in the energy industry, namely these data appoint non-hungarian statements. Data inventory in this project is based on the results reached in the international research with consideration of Hungarian conditions. The research based on the most popular LCA softwares (SimaPro, GaBi). The aims of the project are to establish a fundamental online database of LCA, compatibility with international softwares, creating normalization data, respecting domestic specialities in the area of energy- and waste management, and with it the extension of existing database. As a result of development of the fundamental database of LCA can help designing from the aspect of environment, easier availability of objective environmental assessment contributing to the use of principles of sustainable development and the development of environmentally sound products and technologies. So that, companies can increase their good position in the market competitiveness. Domestic database and coefficients can be used in education and research and it enables widely usage of the data. ENERGY PRODUCTION IN HUNGARY AND ABROAD We share the power plants to the following categories on the basis of applied technology and energy sources: nuclear power plants; coal burning power plants; thermal power stations (natural gas- and oil heated), natural gas burning power plants (peak load power plants), incinerations, biomass burning power plants, wind power plants. In Hungarian electricity production solar technology and geothermal power plants do not exist. In Hungary about 40% of electricity is produced in a nuclear power station in Paks, 30% of the electricity is produced in coal-burning power plants and the residual 30% derives from hydro-carbon burning power plants. In According to earlier theories the fossil energy sources would be replaced by nuclear energy. But nowadays it is clear that renewable resources should be in favour. Currently,

2 2 renewable energy sources share in total energy consumption in Hungary with 3,6 %. The EU requires to increase this value to 6 % to And the other requirement is to increase the amount of produced electricity from renewables from 0,8 % to 3,6 %. Data in the following table indicate the energy production in the European Union by energy sources. in thousand tonnes of oil equivalent (ktoe) on a net calorific value basis Coal Crude Oil Gas Nuclear Hydro Geotherm, Solar Renewables,Wastes Total Austria Belgium Czech Republic Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY Figure 1. Source: IEA Energy Statistics It is required to take into account of every input and output flows for life cycle inventory assessment. 1. Nuclear power plant Paks It is the most important power station in Hungary. For the inventory analysis it is required to take into account of every significant input-output data. (42 t uranium/year, benefication to 3,6 %) Fuel elements, absorbers Saline solutions for regeneration of ion-exchange resins,

3 3 lubricants Condensed water, apart from primery coolant circuit water that circulates in closed system Additionally, every other materials and chemicals Output: Nuclear wastes (the evaluation of these materials causes several problem, namely the treatment of High-level-wastes has not been solved so far, only the temporary storage), Cooling water, and heat pollution to Danube Contaminated lubricants and chemical substances, Noise and vibration, Sold electricity and heat 2. Coal fired power plants The fuel: it is important to classify coal by the quality, because there are significant differences from the point of view of the environment(emission, caloric power). o Hard coal, o Brown coal o We assess consumption of lignite separately Significant quantity of industrial water use o To compensate volumetric loss of boiler feed water, o Brine to regenerate an ion exchange resin during the arrangement of the boiler feed water, o purificate of flue gas, o water will be used in a huge amount as cooling water in the condensator. Lime: it is used for the flue gas desulphurization, and it will be used up during pre treatment of water to pro-softening ammonia or methane (maybe other hydro-carbon) to reduce nitrogen oxides. electric energy in electrostatic dust collectors, however it is internal energy consumption, it will be not presented in the assessment (it reduces the efficiency of the power plant). It is necessary to substitution the used up ion exchange resin, or to provide the lubrication of the mechanic parts. Outputs: boiler slag, fly ash (We should examine there composition too, and we have to consider the composition of sewage not only the quantity)

4 gypsum from lime after sulphur dioxide restriction, used up ion exchange resin 4 By this type it is important the produced heat, and it s utilisation to be considered, too. 3. Natural gas firing Natural gas firing in Hungary is used only in the case of peak-load plants, these power plants compared to high capacity power plants are marginal, but because these are fed to the electric network, it is important to deal with them. Natural gas is relatively clear energy source, we have to reckon with few harmful emission, furthurmore these work only a few hour pro year. Of course, maintenance of the structure requires inputs and generates outputs and it must be considered. 4. Hydroelectric power station There are many hidroelectric power stations in Hungary with different measurement. The biggest ones are in Tiszalök and Kisköre, and there are a lot of smaller, too. We can make a difference between hidroaccumlation plants and hidroaccumlationless plants. It does mean difference by only the are need, the electricity producing run after the same shame. output: at the first place, and in the biggest amount it has to be mentioned the water, which is utilized as an energy source, Oil, to lubrication of the gates of the barrage and the mechanical parts of the turbine The most significant is the water with slight lubricant contamination Slop oils In case of hidroaccumlation plants, methane discharges, and eutfrophysation (emissions from the disintegration of inundated biomass) 5. Incinerator In the case of incineration waste management and energy industry will get overlapping, because the waste as energy source will be appeared with null eco-indicator point in the assessment, because it can be considered as total renewable energy. Loads of environment, getting out from the production cycle, will be taken into account during the life cycle assessment of waste management. It is important because usually the organic wastes are fewer clean as a fossil fuel. So that, it results more significant harmful emissions, so it is needed to have a great number of material inputs to be equal to emission limit values. Consequently, outputs are significant, (Let s think the purification of final gas)

5 5 Fundamentally, incinerator-technology is corresponded with fossil (coal) burning power plants. Of course, boilers, dimensioning of technological elements are different. The flow of material is same too. (Differences come from the compound of sewage) 6. Biomass burning plants In case of biomass burning plants it is essential to determine the composition of fuel. You can classify flammable biomass as follows: Silvicultural and woodworking waste (tree, chip, cutting, sawdust, bast, etc.) secondary products and wastes of traditional agricultural corps (straw, corn cob, maize stalk, etc.) Cultivated plants with the aim of energetic (energy grass, energy woods, etc.) Secondary biomass (animal or human dung) biogas Inputs and outputs of biomass burning plants coincide with the inputs and outputs of fossil ffuel burning plants. It is important that the composition of the flows could change from plant to plant, so for example the composition of sewage. However inside one type, there are too significant differences, because of the different modernity establishments, and different quality fuels. Therefore it is important to analyse plants separately. 7. Wind energy power plants There are only few wind power plants in Hungary, but it is important to take them in the analysis. Electricity production requires minimal material inputs and there is no significant output. Maintenance of machines and place require the biggest amount of material. Complex analysis of electric- and electronic equipment would be another important scope of the system. The target audience can be both the environmental conscious customer or ecoproducer. A simplified online version of the system is intended to be available for users. REFERENCES [1] C.J. Rydh: Environmental Assessment of Battery Systems in Life Cycle Management (Licentiathe of Philosophy Thesis, University of Kalmar, Göteborg (Sweden), 2001) [2] [3] ubmit [4] [5] _schema=portal