Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College. Lab Manual. Analog and Digital Circuits. For. SE(Rev)(EEP) Students. Author JNEC, Aurangabad
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1 Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College Lab Manual Analog and Digital Circuits For SE(Rev)(EEP) Students Author JNEC, Aurangabad
2 PREFACE It is my great pleasure to present this laboratory manual for second year EEP students for the subject of ADC. The practical involved in this subject are broadly divided as analog circuits and digital circuits. Students are advised to thoroughly go through this manual rather than only topics mentioned in the syllabus, as practical aspects are the key to understanding and conceptual visualization of theoretical aspects covered in the books. Good Luck for your Enjoyable Laboratory Sessions. Priyanka Borude Author
3 Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College Technical Document This technical document is a series of Laboratory manuals of Electrical Electronics and Power, is a certified document of Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College. The care has been taken to make the document error free but still if any error is found kindly bring it to the notice of subject teacher and HOD. Technical document No. EEP/Techdoc /21 st May 2013/. Recommended by, HOD Approved by, Principal Copies: 1. Departmental Library 2. Laboratory 3. HOD
4 Experiment 1. AIM: To study Schmitt trigger using IC 741. Apparatus: IC 741, resistors, frequency generator,cro probes, dual power supply. Diagram: Theory: Schmitt trigger implemented by an inverting comparator In the inverting version, the attenuation and summation are separated. The two resistors R 1 and R 2 act only as a "pure" attenuator (voltage divider). The input loop acts as a simple series voltage summer that adds a part of the output voltage in series to the circuit input voltage. This series positive feedback creates the needed hysteresis that is controlled by the proportion between the resistances of R 1 and the whole resistance (R 1 and R 2 ). The effective voltage applied to the opamp input is floating; so, the op-amp must have a differential input. The circuit is named inverting since the output voltage always has an opposite sign to the input voltage when it is out of the hysteresis cycle (when the input voltage is above the high threshold or below the low threshold). However, if the input voltage is within the hysteresis cycle (between the high and low thresholds), the circuit can be inverting as well as non-inverting. The output voltage is undefined; it depends on the last state and the circuit behaves as an elementary latch. To compare the two versions, the circuit operation will be considered at the same conditions as above. If the Schmitt trigger is currently in the high state, the output will be at the positive power supply rail (+V S ). The output voltage V + of the voltage divider is: The comparator will switch when V in = V +. So output to switch. must exceed above this voltage to get the
5 Once the comparator output has switched to V S, the threshold becomes to switch back to high. So this circuit creates a switching band centered around zero, with trigger levels (it can be shifted to the left or the right by connecting R 1 to bias voltage). The input voltage must rise above the top of the band, and then below the bottom of the band, for the output to switch off (minus) and then back on (plus). If R 1 is infinity or R 2 is zero (i.e., an short circuit), the band collapses to zero width, and it behaves as a standard comparator. In contrast with the parallel version, this circuit does not impact on the input source since the source is separated from the voltage divider output by the high op-amp input differential impedance. Applications : Schmitt triggers are typically used in open loop configurations for noise immunity and closed loop configurations to implement function generators. Procedure: 1) Give 14v supply to pin 7 of IC741 and -14 V to pin no.4. 2) Make connections as in figure. 3) Observe input and output waveforms. 4) Plot the waveform on graph paper. 5) Draw hysteresis loop. Graph of hysteresis loop:
6 Calculation: Vut: R1/(R1+R2)* (+V sat) Vlt: R1/(R1+R2)* (-V sat) Conclusion: So by using op-amp we can implement Schmitt trigger which converts irregular waveform to square wave.
7 Experiment No.2 AIM: To study half wave rectifier ckt using OPAMP IC 741. Apparatus: IC 741,diodes,resistors frequency generators, CRO probes, dual power supply. Theory: Procedure: 1) Give 14v supply to pin 7 of IC741 and -14 V to pin no.4. 2) Make connections as in figure. 3) Observe input and output waveforms. 4) Plot the waveform on graph paper. Conclusion: Thus at the output we get half wave rectified output with the input as full wave, due to action of precision rectifier.
8 Experiment No 3 AIM: To study the square wave generator. APPARATUS: IC 741, frequency generator, CRP probes, dual power supply. THEORY DIAGRAM: GRAPH: Procedure: 1) Give 14v supply to pin 7 of IC741 and -14 V to pin no.4. 2) Make connections as in figure.
9 3) Observe input and output waveforms. 4) Calculate input and output peak amplitude. 5) Plot the waveform on graph paper. Conclusion: Thus by using IC 741 opamp at the output we get square wave output with the input as sine wave.
10 Experiment No 4 AIM: To study op amp as an integrator. Apparatus: Resistor, CRO, Frequency generator, capacitor, IC 741. Diagram and Thoery:
11 Procedure: 1) Give input voltage as Vpp=1.6 V. 2) Make connections as in figure. 3) For different frequencies calculate output voltage. 4) Find out gain as Vout \ Vin. 5) Observe input and output waveforms. 6) Plot the graph of gain Vs. Frequency. Observation table: frequency Output Voltage Gain(Vo\Vin) Conclusion: Thus an Opamp can be used as an Integrator in different applications as ADC,Wave shaping ckts etc.
12 Experiment No 5 AIM: To study op amp as a differentiator: Apparatus: Resistor, CRO, Frequency generator, capacitor, IC 741. Theory: Procedure: 1) Give input voltage as Vpp=1.6 V. 2) Make connections as in figure. 3) For different frequencies calculate output voltage. 4) Find out gain as Vout \ Vin. 5) Observe input and output waveforms. 6) Plot the graph of gain Vs. Frequency. Observation table:
13 frequency Output Voltage Gain(Vo\Vin) Graph: Conclusion: Thus an Opamp can be used as an differentiator in different applications as ADC,Wave shaping ckts etc.
14 Experiment No 6 AIM: To study 3-STATE 1-of-8 Line Data Selector/Multiplexer Thoery: DM74LS251 These data selectors/multiplexers contain full on-chip binary decoding to select one-of-eight data sources, and feature a strobe-controlled 3-STATE output. The strobe must be at a low logic level to enable these devices. The 3- STATE outputs permit direct connection to a common bus. When the strobe input is HIGH, both outputs are in a high impedance state in which both the upper and lower transistors of each totem-pole output are OFF, and the output neither drives nor loads the bus significantly. When the strobe is LOW, the outputs are activated and operate as standard TTL totem-pole outputs. To minimize the possibility that two outputs will attempt to take a common bus to opposite logic levels, the output control circuitry is designed so that the average output disable time is shorter than the average output enable time. Features n 3-STATE version of DM74LS151 n Interface directly with system bus n Perform parallel-to-serial conversion n Permit multiplexing from N-lines to one line n Complementary outputs provide true and inverted data n Maximum number of common outputs: 129 n Typical propagation delay time (D to Y): 17 ns n Typical power dissipation: 35 mw
15 Diagram: Function Table
16 H HIGH Logic Level L LOW Logic Level X Don't Care Z High Impedance (OFF) D0, D1 D7 The level of the respective D input Order Number Package Number Package Description DM74LS251M M16A 16-Lead Small Outline Integrated Circuit (SOIC), JEDEC MS-012, Narrow DM74LS251N N16E 16-Lead Plastic Dual-In-Line Package (PDIP), JEDEC MS-001, Wide Inputs Outputs Select Strobe Y W C B A S X X X H Z Z L L L L D0 D0 L L H L D1 D1 L H L L D2 D2 L H H L D3 D3 H L L L D4 D4 H L H L D5 D5 H H L L D6 D6 H H H L D7 D7
17 Procedure: 1) Give input voltage as Vpp=16 V to Vcc. 2) Connect pin no 8 to ground. 3) Connect step input enable to pin no.7. 4) Connect respective data inputs. 5) Depending on input the input gate is selected and output is observed same as the input. Conclusion: Thus with the help of multiplexer the output line gets selected according to select lines.
18 Experiment No 7 AIM: To study 3-STATE 3-of-8 Line Data Selector/ demultiplexer Thoery:
19
20 Conclusion: Thus we have studied 3-STATE 3-of-8 Line Data Selector/ demultiplexer
21 Experiment No 8 AIM: To Study CLOCK PULSE JK FF. THOERY: General Description The JK Flip-flop From the previous tutorial we now know that the basic gated SR NAND flip-flop suffers from two basic problems: number one, the S = 0 and R = 0 condition or S = R = 0 must always be avoided, and number two, if S or R change state while the enable input is high the correct latching action may not occur. Then to overcome these two fundamental design problems with the SR flip-flop, the JK flip-flop was developed. This simple JK flip-flop is the most widely used of all the flip-flop designs and is considered to be a universal flip-flop circuit. The sequential operation of the JK flip-flop is exactly the same as for the previous SR flip-flop with the same "Set" and "Reset" inputs. The difference this time is that the JK flip-flop has no invalid or forbidden input states of the SR Latch (when S and Rare both 1). The JK flip-flop is basically a gated SR flip-flop with the addition of a clock input circuitry that prevents the illegal or invalid output condition that can occur when both inputs S and R are equal to logic level "1". Due to this additional clocked input, a JK flip-flop has four possible input combinations, "logic 1", "logic 0", "no change" and "toggle". The symbol for a JK flip-flop is similar to that of an SR Bistable Latch as seen in the previous tutorial except for the addition of a clock input.
22 The Basic JK Flip-flop Both the S and the R inputs of the previous SR bistable have now been replaced by two inputs IC 7476 : This device contains two independent positive pulse triggered J-K flip-flops with complementary outputs. The J and K data is processed by the flip-flop after a complete clock pulse. While the clock is LOW the slave is isolated from the master. On the positive transition of the clock, the data from the J and K inputs is transferred to the master. While the clock is HIGH the J and K inputs are disabled. On the negative transition of the clock, the data from the master is transferred to the slave. The logic state of J and K inputs must not be allowed to change while the clock is HIGH. The data is transferred to the outputs on the falling edge of the clock pulse. A LOW logic level on the preset or clear inputs will set or reset the outputs regardless of the logic levels of the other inputs.
23
24 CONCLUSION: Thus we have studied CLOCK PULSE JK FF and verified truth table of JKFF.
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