MOBILE BACKHAUL EVOLUTION

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1 Application October 2009 About ADVA Optical Networking ADVA Optical Networking (FSE: ADV) is a global provider of telecommunications equipment. With innovative Optical+ transport solutions, we build the foundation for high-speed, nextgeneration s. Our FSP product family adds scalability and intelligence to our customers s while removing complexity and cost. With a flexible and fastmoving organization, we forge close partnerships with our customers to meet the growing demand for data, storage, voice and video services. Thanks to reliable performance for more than 15 years, we have become a trusted partner for more than 200 carriers and 10,000 enterprises across the globe. For more information, please visit us at MOBILE BACKHAUL EVOLUTION During the past 10 years, mobile s have greatly expanded their infrastructure and grown their businesses by providing 2G/3G voice and data services for Short Message Service (SMS), and Internet access. Now, many s are starting to offer new broadband data services such as the ability to download multimedia content, mobile TV broadcasting and online games. As this paper will explore, the rapid increase in mobile devices as the primary platform for the future delivery of broadband services will create a strong and growing need for high-capacity backhaul s that can scale with the projected high growth in broadband demand and service delivery. Table of contents: Mobile expansion 2 Mobile backhaul business challenges 2 Mobile backhaul technical challenges 3 Evolution of the backhaul 5 Implementation challenges 7 Outlook 8 The right technology 8 Author: Michael Ritter, ADVA Optical Networking ADVA Optical Networking October All rights reserved. Legal disclaimer: The information provided in this document is distributed as is without any warranty, either express or limited.

2 Mobile expansion The rise in data traffic carried over wireless s has taken many by surprise. In their market forecasts, industry analysts anticipate that data volumes will grow at an accelerating rate based on this broader range of broadband data services. At the same time, revenue per megabyte continues to fall, driven down by increasing competition and the introduction of flatrate pricing. To remain competitive, mobile s must be prepared to provide a that can not only meet bandwidth demand, but also deliver a healthy profit margin. To achieve this goal, new technology is required to translate this significant rise in traffic into revenue opportunities. Voice dominant Traffic Data dominant Revenues & traffic decoupled Revenues Time Figure 1: Growing bandwidth demand in mobile s As the deployment of mobile broadband data services expands, more and more of an s available bandwidth is consumed. This is an issue similar to what fixed s faced for many years. To alleviate this problem, s are expected to steadily expand their capacity by implementing new mobile access technologies, such as HSPA, EV-DO, WiMAX and Long Term Evolution (LTE), all of which can help provide a stress-free connectivity environment for mobile subscribers. At the heart of this proposition is the notion that the development of LTE will be crucial to the mass availability of mobile multimedia services. LTE s will almost certainly deliver data speeds that are equivalent to those offered by fixed-line broadband s today. The LTE-powered future will support billions of data-hungry Internet-connected PCs, mobile Internet devices and other mobile devices and platforms. These will drive huge waves of traffic on mobile s. Mobile broadband will evolve as a necessity to meet people's business and consumer needs, creating benefits to individuals, enterprises and governments. When planning an upgrade of their s with today s new access technologies, mobile s must plan to simultaneously expand the capacity of their backhaul to efficiently provide broadband data services to a growing user base. Because a large number of links is required to connect tens of thousands of wireless base s to the, s now seek a cost-efficient technology to replace the legacy TDM-based leased lines and microwave radio links that currently connect mobile backhaul s. Mobile backhaul business challenges Driven by evolving data services, convergence and the need for speed, the shift to IP base s and consequently to all-ip backhaul has already started, even though LTE has yet to be introduced into the radio access s of most mobile s. The evolution to packet-based Carrier backhaul is viewed as the ideal way forward, since Carrier promises to significantly lower cost and optimize operations. Figure 2 shows a typical mobile backhaul scenario involving a fixed that is providing a wholesale Carrier backhaul service to the mobile. Fixed s anticipate the ability to generate significant incremental revenues by focusing on the rapidly growing mobile backhaul market. To be successful, they need to offer mobile s less expensive and more scalable backhaul options than the typical T1/E1 connectivity provided today. Station Mobile Fixed Mobile Figure 2: Role of fixed in mobile backhaul Despite the promise of lower cost per bandwidth, higher-capacity service delivery and the ability to offer a flexible and rapid upgrade path, the shift to Carrier transport technology imposes new business challenges on the fixed. Backhaul implementation must be designed to support multiple mobile s sharing the same cell tower. Because cell tower sharing is a common practice in most countries today, it has become a business imperative that the fixed must plan to serve multiple mobile s from the same backhaul. According to industry estimates, more than 60 percent of all cell towers worldwide are shared by multiple mobile s. 2

3 The ability to leverage potential opportunities from a infrastructure is crucial, especially when s are deploying new fiber routes that provide bandwidth scalability and service availability levels exceeding the capabilities of today s microwave radio technology. A second business challenge is to implement more efficient backhaul topologies that simplify the delivery of mobile backhaul and reduce operating costs. The topologies of the majority of today s mobile backhaul s are optimized for legacy TDM technology, which employs a strict hub-and-spoke relationship between and base s in 2G/3G s. With the shift to LTE and the subsequent introduction of IP base s and all-ip backhaul, this strict relationship need no longer exist. Instead, Carrier backhaul s support multi-point, any-to-any connectivity, which opens up the potential for significant savings. Copper wire, optical fiber or microwave radio links can all provide physical connectivity to base s. However, s must consider a variety of factors when determining which of those physical media to use. While the mobile is generally only interested in the specification and quality of the packet-based backhaul service, the fixed has to consider alternative types of backhaul transport technology to be used in different parts of the. While microwave radio links are typically deployed by the mobile himself, fixed s must provide backhaul services over available access infrastructures, including copper, fiber and bonded T1/E1 services. In this context, they face the challenge of delivering the same ubiquitous intelligent Carrier backhaul services, independent of the underlying physical media. capabilities that support today s various 2G, 3G and 4G cellular systems. In contrast to the packet-based backhaul that exists in today s fixed DSL environment, mobile backhaul imposes much tighter and stricter requirements on the backhaul provider to meet these parameters to assure and monitor the health of the wireless. The implementation of sophisticated Quality of Service (QoS) management and rich Operations, Administration and Maintenance (OAM) capabilities is mandatory to achieve a superior quality for the mobile service running across the and to ensure its cost-effective implementation. Fulfilling the specifications of the mobile backhaul is clearly a key challenge. Mobile backhaul technical challenges Although the potential benefits of Carrier solutions are understood, the following three key functionalities must be addressed by packet-based mobile backhaul infrastructures: :: Sophisticated traffic management to enable differentiated QoS, :: Rich OAM implementation to assure and verify SLAs, and :: Efficient mechanisms to deliver accurate synchronization information. Mobile backhaul infrastructures are subject to a number of key performance indicators that must be stringently met. These include limitations on packet loss, delay and jitter to ensure that voice services meet the quality criteria for ease of conversation, and practical response times for mobile data services. Typical limits for the above-mentioned parameters are summarized in Table 1. Frame delay < 10ms Frame delay variation 2ms Frame error rate % Service disruption 50ms Network availability 99.99% Mean-time to repair 2h Carrier backhaul Figure 3: Ubiquitous Carrier backhaul solution Last but not least, the backhaul must meet or exceed the performance criteria required by the mobile with respect to the packet loss, delay, jitter, timing and diagnostic Table 1: Service levels for mobile backhaul services To meet the required QoS levels and simultaneously maintain cost-efficiency, sophisticated traffic management capabilities have to be implemented in any Carrier backhaul. QoS management enables better service to certain select flows, significantly reducing overall bandwidth requirements while still maintaining the required QoS. In addition to efficiently supporting integrated delivery of services that demand differentiated QoS, strict traffic management also supports the isolation of backhaul traffic originating from different sources. This 3

4 capability is essential to enable multiple mobile s to share the same cell tower, and it also enables mobile services with configurable QoS metrics that will be used in future radio access implementations. A diagram illustrating the main building blocks of a traffic management implementation in line with the Metro Forum (MEF) recommendations is presented in Figure 4. The main functionalities include traffic classification, policing, queuing and scheduling. QoS-based traffic management Mobile equipment ME Operator A Operator A ME Maintenance End Point (MEP) Backhaul provider Mobile ME Test ME EVC ME E-NNI ME Maintenance Intermediate Point (MIP) Operator B Operator B ME Mobile equipment ME Mobile OAM level Provider OAM level Operator OAM levels Logical path of service OAM PDUs Figure 5: 802.1ag and Y.1731 connection monitoring levels P C P S Backhaul Y.1731 builds on 802.1ag to add in performance monitoring features on an end-to-end service basis. For fault management, the following tools are supported based on standards originally defined in the ATM protocol: P :: Alarm Indication Signal, and :: Remote Defect Indication. Classification Policing Queuing Scheduling Figure 4: Traffic management building blocks in Carrier s In a multi-service environment where QoS differentiation is enabled, mobile s will clearly want to be able to monitor their packet-based services for faults, continuity and performance. To keep their mobile s alive and maintain maximum quality, mobile s will be particularly interested in having the necessary tools to monitor the status of their packet-based services so they can localize faults and trigger corrective actions from remote locations. The OAM standards 802.1ag and Y.1731 defined by the IEEE and ITU, respectively, provide mechanisms for connection monitoring and performance measurement on an end-to-end service level. d on the hierarchical concept shown in Figure 5, 802.1ag defines the following OAM tools: :: Connectivity Check, :: Loopback, and :: Link Trace. These tools make use of specific frames with unicast and reserved multicast destination addresses. In all cases, these frames follow the same path as the frames belonging to the monitored service. This has the additional advantage that no explicit interworking with Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) or other dynamic changes is required for compatibility. In addition to enhancements for fault indication and diagnostics, the mechanisms defined in Y.1731 enable the service provider to measure both one-way and round-trip parameters for :: Frame Delay Measurements, :: Frame Delay Variation Measurements, and :: Frame Loss Measurements. Carrier OAM functions for connectivity fault management and performance monitoring provide backhaul s with a complete set of tools for assurance and reporting of Service Level Agreements (SLAs) to the mobile. While backhaul s typically use these mechanisms on a constant basis, mobile may choose to only verify the service quality periodically. Another challenge for packet-based mobile backhaul s is synchronization, which is a key consideration in the design of mobile s and probably the most challenging capability to be supported over packet-switched s. Mobile base s must be able to trace frequency synchronization back to a Primary Reference Clock () source in order to ensure the accuracy of radio frequency and inter-cell handoffs. As base s have evolved to provide increased bandwidth on the air interface, they have made use of Time Division Duplex (TDD) technology. This process requires phase synchronization information and therefore very accurate Time of Day (ToD) signaling. Failure to employ the ToD signaling can result in dropped calls or, in the worst case, the complete outage of a base. While the clock signal is natively transported 4

5 over the backhaul with legacy TDM technology, because of the asynchronous nature of packet s alternative methods must be used in Carrier s to distribute the reference timing signal. End-to-end packet methods such as Precision Time Protocol (PTP) defined by the IEEE in the 1588v2 standard are independent of the underlying transport layer. A client/server architecture ensures precise timing and synchronization between servers and clients. This is accomplished by continuously exchanging timing packets for compensating delays inherent within packet s. Client Client Client Carrier Boundary clock Carrier Grandmaster clock Figure 6: Principle of 1588v2 Precise Timing Protocol (PTP) Packet-based methods are a good solution for providing end-to-end timing distribution for clock recovery in applications where the backhaul is not owned or can not deliver a synchronization signal. The mechanisms defined in the 1588v2 standard provide the capability to trace frequency, phase and ToD back to a located within the. The quality of the clock signal recovered at the client node, however, depends on the QoS experienced from the backhaul service itself. The delay, jitter and packet loss experienced within the backhaul must be kept to a minimum, while delay asymmetry must also be compensated for or completely avoided. In contrast, bit-layer clock recovery solutions as defined by the ITU-T in G.8261, also known as Synchronous, provide a highly robust hopby-hop frequency distribution mechanism. In this case, the physical layer of Carrier s is used for accurate frequency distribution. This is similar to that mechanism implemented in legacy SONET/SDH s. In each node, the receive clock is extracted from the line signal and is transferred to a central timing engine. The transmit clock is then sourced from the timing engine and is therefore traceable to a. This mechanism is illustrated in Figure 7. GPS Node with SyncE Node with SyncE Node with SyncE Master Switch matrix Timing engine Master Slave Switch matrix Timing engine Master Slave Switch matrix Timing engine Master Figure 7: Principle of Synchronous G.8261 While providing a good long-term solution for frequency distribution that is not affected by higherlayer impairments, Synchronous requires the physical layer to support it in each intermediate node between the and the client. Legacy s often do not have this capability and can not be upgraded to support timing distribution, making Synchronous primarily an option for upgrades or greenfield deployments. Despite its robustness and simplicity, Synchronous has the shortcoming of not being able to provide phase synchronization information. This fact makes inevitable the additional application of packet-based synchronization protocols or GPS receivers when deploying TDD radio technology at the cell site. Evolution of the backhaul When evolving from legacy TDM backhaul technology to a packet-based environment, the migration of the synchronization must be carefully considered. Even though multiple options exist, not all of them can be applied to the different scenarios deployed in the field. However, the GPS-based synchronization often used to synchronize cellular s in North America creates less of an issue. Yet because of the need for extremely accurate timing information, mobile s often use backup solutions to GPS receivers, including T1/E1-lines. The evolution of synchronization architectures based on the retrieval of signals from T1/E1-services delivered over legacy SONET/SDH s needs more attention. A typical scenario is shown in Figure 8. SONET/SDH Figure 8: Legacy SONET/SDH backhaul architecture 5

6 In a first step toward evolution, mobile s started to offload the data portion of their mobile traffic to a packet-based Carrier. This move, often referred to as an HSPA offload, provides much better scalability in terms of available bandwidth and significantly lowers the cost for HSPA backhaul. Figure 9 shows an example of an HSPA offload scenario. Voice and data traffic from initial 3G implementations such as GPRS and EDGE, are transported over the legacy TDM infrastructure, maintaining the option to retrieve synchronization information from this. SONET/SDH Carrier Figure 9: HSPA offload to Carrier While offering increased cost-efficiency, better scalability and consistency in the implementation of synchronization, the HSPA offload scenario unfortunately suffers from increased complexity levels brought about by the multiple backhaul services and technologies. Many mobile carriers adopted this scenario in order to leverage their existing microwave backhaul implementations, creating a hybrid scenario that enables the use of packet-based backhaul technologies with less stringent QoS guarantees and therefore lower cost. The most prominent example of this deployed today is HSPA offload via ADSL2+ and VDSL. Figure 10 presents a next step in the migration of the backhaul topology, where the backhaul service layer is shown evolving from a TDM/ATMcentric to an all-ip format. Voice traffic and the remainder of the data traffic are consequently offloaded to the Carrier. Due to the inability to provide synchronization over firstgeneration Carrier s, s continue to retrieve synchronization information from the SONET/SDH. Some mobile s prefer this latter scenario even though the Carrier offers synchronization. The reasons for this are carriers sometimes-limited experience with synchronization over packet s and the sensitivity of the radio access to the availability of a stable reference frequency. SONET/SDH Carrier Network Figure 10: Evolution of service layer to Carrier An alternative scenario that utilizes a packet mechanism for clock recovery is shown in Figure 11. The signal generated by the mobile is transparently transported over the Carrier backhaul by means of a packet stream that follows the 1588v2 standard. The backhaul has no influence on the mobile synchronization and need only deliver a backhaul service that complies with the defined SLAs. This greatly simplifies the interface between the mobile and fixed, however it still requires the equipment of the mobile to provide the required capability. IEEE 1588v2 Carrier Figure 11: Packet-based mechanism for clock recovery As discussed at the end of the previous section, Synchronous can alternatively be used to deliver an accurate timing signal to the cell site. Since Synchronous is a bit-layer recovery solution, the is typically owned by the backhaul rather than the mobile, as illustrated by the previous example. Depending on the location of the, only a piece of the backhaul must be enabled for Synchronous. The delivery of multiple -specific timing signals is, however, more difficult in this scenario. Figure 12 presents an example of a topology using bitlayer clock recovery. 6

7 Synchronous Carrier Figure 12: Bit-layer clock recovery solution Depending on the mobile radio technology deployed at the cell sites, additional packet-based solutions or GPS receivers might be required to provide phase synchronization and an accurate ToD signal. Examples of this are the TDD variants of UMTS being widely deployed across China, and LTE. Implementation challenges Despite the existence of a wide set of standards that make Carrier a scalable, reliable and flexible technology capable of replacing legacy SONET/SDH in service provider s, the migration of mobile backhaul to a native packet-based infrastructure is still a challenging proposition. Many s are currently in the starting phase of deploying Carrier technology in the infrastructure part of their s, gathering first experiences with the definition of and migration to their new service portfolios. Compared to the majority of traditional wholesale, enterprise and residential services, mobile backhaul is a significantly more demanding application. Particularly for 2G and 3G, but also for LTE and WiMAX technologies, the architecture of the mobile infrastructure imposes strict requirements on QoS management in the backhaul, far exceeding those of traditional data services. In addition to very low packet loss, tight limitations on delay and jitter are essential to the proper operation of the mobile and to the delivery of mobile voice and data services with acceptable quality. Some of these parameters are specified very close to the achievable limits, making the deployment of high-performance technology and careful planning essential. The simultaneous management of services with different QoS requirements right from the beginning also adds to the complexity. But without the capability to deliver on all these strict requirements, packetbased mobile backhaul would fail to provide the costefficiency required by mobile s to maintain healthy profit margins. Due to strong requirements for QoS management, SLA verification and reporting on a realtime basis has become inevitable. While an extensive set of OAM tools has been developed to support such mechanisms, the scalability of those algorithms and their implementation has yet to be proven. Outstanding issues include accuracy, flexibility and bandwidth consumption, but also operational efficiency and the interworking between implementations from different vendors. Given the large number of cell sites to be connected and the diverse service portfolio envisaged by mobile s, simple and fast provisioning processes are mandatory in order to achieve the efficiency aimed that packet-based mobile backhaul can deliver. The evolution to packet-based synchronization has only recently been addressed. While the standards bodies have defined mechanisms for both the physical and packet layers, many questions still remain with regard to their implementation in real-life s. In a multi- environment, such as those used for discussion throughout this white paper, the question of who delivers the remains a prominent question. Mobile s may subscribe to a specific synchronization service, which could be part of the mobile backhaul connectivity offer. In this case, the is owned by the fixed, while the mobile sends a signal carrying its traffic only into the backhaul. In this configuration, the timing information can be delivered via Synchronous or alternatively via a dedicated synchronization signal. For the propagation of synchronization information through the backhaul, both Synchronous and 1588v2 can be used, including in a combined implementation. If the is owned by the mobile, a packetbased method such as 1588v2 is preferable, enabling the isolation of its synchronization domain from others. The synchronization signal is then recovered by the mobile at the base site by analyzing the content of timing packets transmitted over the backhaul. Another area of interest is the qualification of the timing signal. Operators can rely on Synchronization Status Messages (SSMs) to communicate the quality of the external source and to switch away from the source in case the quality is reported to be poor. A holdover capability is typically used for bridging phases of synchronization rearrangements. Furthermore, frequency qualification can be performed by high-precision oscillators built into devices. Measuring and reporting the amount of phase change and jitter allows s to switch away from an external source if specific thresholds are exceeded. Multiple oscillators can be used to perform a majority vote. Assuring and reporting on the quality of a timing signal is fundamental to achieving widescale adoption of packet-based mobile backhaul and the migration away from other less-effective timing distribution alternatives. 7

8 Outlook Following the successful introduction of business services, the mobile backhaul application presents the next big opportunity for fixed s to offer Carrier services. Recognizing the large number of cell sites that mobile s must connect to achieve the migration away from legacy TDM backhaul architectures, both s and system vendors have started to refocus their activities. Nevertheless, mobile backhaul today remains the most challenging application for Carrier due to the sensibility to QoS and synchronization, and the subsequent requirement for rich and scalable OAM tools. A variety of standards and specifications developed over the last few years have yet to prove their applicability to real-life scenarios in such a stressful environment. The right technology ADVA Optical Networking has a long history of providing application-focused fiber-optic solutions that add value to, and remove cost from highcapacity s. With a comprehensive portfolio of innovative Optical+ ing solutions, ADVA Optical Networking is the ideal partner for service providers seeking to roll out differentiated portfolios of high-speed services. Regardless of which type of service the provider decides to offer, ADVA Optical Networking has the right solution to turn transport s into demand-responsive service delivery platforms. The mobile backhaul migration has just begun, representing an opportunity for carriers and system vendors around the globe. Yet it remains a challenge because of the venture into unknown territory. But the cost benefits and the bandwidth scalability that can be gained through the implementation of packet-based backhaul are simply too significant to ignore. Initial tests and deployments show promising results and encourage the whole telecommunications industry to make wide-scale use of Carrier technology. 8

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