Absorption of Overhead

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 19 Absorption of Overhead Meaning Absorption of overhead is also tenned as levy, recovery, or application of overhead. Cost absorption refers to the process of absorbing all overhead costs allocated to apportioned over particular cost centre or production department by the unit produced. Accordingly, the distribution of the overhead cost 10 the cost centres or cost units is known as Overhead Absorption. Overhead Rate The apportionment of overhead expenses is done by adopting suitable basis such as output, materials, prime cost, labour hours, machine hours etc. In order to detennine the absorption of overhead in costs of jobs, products or process, a rate is calculated and it is called as "Overhead Absorption Rate" or "Overhead Rate." The overhead rate can be calculated as below : Overhead Rate Overhead Expenses Total Quantity or Value Different overhead rates are applied based on the features and objectives of the business organization. The following are the important overhead absorption rates generally employed : ( 1) Actual Overhead Rate (2) Predetennined Overhead Rate (3) Blanket Overhead Rate (4) Multiple Overhead Rate (5) Nonnal Overhead Rate (6) Supplementary Overhead Rate Each of the above overhead absorption rates has been explained in the following pages :

2 426 A Textbook of Financial Cost and Management Accounting (1) Actual Overhead Rate: Actual overhead rate as otherwise called the historical rate. This rate is calculated by dividing the actual overhead absorbed by the actual quantity or value of the base selected for a particular period. Assuming that overhead rate is calculated on monthly basis, the following formula is expressed as : Actual Overhead Rate Actual Overhead during the month Actual Quantity or Value of the base for the month x 100 (2) Predetermined Overhead Rate: Predetermined Dverhead rate is determined in advance of actual production and the rate is computed by dividing the budgeted overhead for the accounting period by the budgeted base for the period. The formula is : Budgeted Overheads for the Period Pre-determined Overhead Rate x 100 Budgeted Base for the Period (3) Blanket Overhead Rate: Blanket overhead rate is also termed as Single Overhead Rate. A single overhead rate when computed for the entire factory is known as Blanket Rate. It is calculated as : Blanket Rate Overhead of Entire Factory Total Quantum of the Base Selected Single rate may be applied suitably in small concerns and only where a single product is manufactured. (4) Multiple Overhead Rate: Multiple overhead rates involve computation of separate rates for each production department, service department, cost centre, each product or line and for each production factor. The following formula is used for calculating multiple overhead rate: Multiple Overhead Rate Overhead Cost Allocated and Apportioned to Each Cost Centre Corresponding Base (5) Normal Overhead Rate: Normal Overhead Rate is a predetermined rate calculated with reference to normal capacity. It is calculated as : Normal Overhead Rate Normal Overhead Base at Normal Capacity (6) Supplementary Overhead Rates: These rates used to carryout adjustment between overhead absorbed and overhead incurred. These are used in addition to some other rates and is calculated as under: Supplementary Overhead Rate Actual Overhead Incurred - Absorbed Overhead Base Unit or Hours Methods of Absorption of Overhead There are number of methods applicable for computing overhead absorption rate. The following are the various methods of absorbing "Manufacturing Overhead" depending upon the suitable basis selected for the purpose :

3 Absorption of Overhead 427 (1) Direct Material Cost Method (2) Direct Labour Cost Method (3) Direct Labour Hours Method (4) Prime Cost Method (5) Unit of Output Method (6) Machine Hour Rate Method (1) Direct Material Cost Method: Under this method, the rate of absorption is calculated on the basis of direct material cost method. The rate of manufacturing overhead absorption is determined by dividing the manufacturing overhead by the direct material cost. The result obtained the rate of absorption is expressed as percentage. Thus, the overhead rate is calculated by the following formula: Direct Material Percentage Rate Example: 1 Factory Overheads x 100 Direct Material Cost Manufacturing overhead budgeted for ,000 Cost of direct materials 80,000 Calculation: 20,000 Direct Material Percentage Rate x ,000 25% (2) Direct Labour Cost Method: Direct Labour Cost Method is also termed as Direct Wages Method. Under this method direct wage rate can be determined by dividing the estimated factory overhead cost apportioned by the predetermined direct wages, and the result obtained is expressed as a percentage. The following formula for calculating the percentage rate is : Percentage of Direct Labour Rate Factory Overhead x 100 Direct Wages Example: 2 Direct Wages paid in factory during the year 2003, 10,000 Factory overhead during that the period was 4,000 4,000 Direct Labour Percentage Rate x % 10,000 (3) Direct Labour Hours Method: Under this method the rate is determined by dividing the production overheads by direct labour hours of each department. This method is designed to overcome the objections of direct labour cost method. This method is most suitable in such industries where the production is carried out manually or by skilled labours. Thus, the direct labour hour rate will be calculated by applying the following formula:

4 428 A Textbook of Financial Cost and Management Accounting Direct Labour Hour Rate Factory Overhead Direct Labour Hours (4) Prime Cost Method: Under this method, both direct material cost and direct labour cost are taken into account for determination of recovery rate. The actual or predetermined rate of factory absorption is computed by dividing actual or budgeted overhead expenses by the aggregate of direct material or direct labour cost of the department. The following formula is used for calculation of overhead recovery rate: Illustration: 3 Overhead Recovery Rate Factory Overhead Prime Cost x 100 You are required to find out (1) Direct Material Cost Rate (2) Direct Labour Cost Rate (3) Direct Labour Hours and (4) Prime Cost Rate from the following particulars : Total overhead for the period Total direct labour cost (Direct wages) Total materials used or Direct material cost Total direct labour hours 25,000 8,000 10,000 2,000 Factory Overhead (I) Direct Material Cost Rate x 100 Direct Material Cost x % (2) Direct Labour Cost Rate (3) Direct Labour Hours Rate (4) Prime Cost Rate Factory Overhead x 100 Direct Wages x % 8000 Factory Overhead x 100 Direct Labour Hours x 100 l2.5% 2000 Factory Overhead x 100 Prime Cost x x % 18000

5 Absorption of Overhead Illustration: 4 The following figures have been extracted from the books of a manufacturing concern. All jobs pass through the company's two departments: Direct materials used Direct labour cost Factory overheads Direct labour hours Machine hours Prod. Dept. 6,000 3,000 I,SOO 12,000 10,000 The following information pertains to work order No.555 Direct materials used Direct labour cost Direct labour hours Machine hours Prod. Dept Finishing Dept ,500 1,200 5,000 2,000 Finishing Dept. You are required to prepare a statement showing the different cost results for work order No. 555 under the three commonly used method Direct Labour Cost Rate Production Dept. Factory Overheads x 100 Direct Material Cost I,SOO -- x % 3,000 Finishing Dept. 2. Direct Labour Hour Rate Production Dept. Finishing Dept. 3. Machine Hour Rate Production Dept. Finishing Dept. 1,200 1,500 x 100 SO% Factory Overheads Direct Labour Hours I,SOO paise per hour 12,000 1,200 5, paise per hour Factory Overheads Machine Hours I,SOO 10,000 1,200 2,000 IS paise per hour 60 paise per hour x 100

6 430 A Textbook of Financial Cost and Management Accounting Comparative Statement of Work Order No. 555 Particulars Labour Cost Labour Hour Method Machine Hour Method Prod. Finish Prod. Finish Prod. Finish Dept. Dept. Dept. Dept Dept. Dept. Materials used Direct labour Prime Cost Factory Overheads (i) Direct Labour Cost [130 x 1~ [50 x I:J (ii) Labour Hours 530 x x 24 paise paise (iii) Mach.Hours 510 x x 60 paise paise Total (5) Unit of Output Method: This method is also termed as Production Unit Method or Cost Unit Rate Method. Under this method absorption rate is determined on the basis of number of units produced is known as Cost Unit Rate. The recovery rate is calculated by dividing the actual or budgeted factory overheads by the number of cost units produced. The formula is : Cost Unit Rate Factory Overhead No. of Units Produced This method is most suitable in such industries where the production of same grade is carried out. (6) Machine Hour Rate: Machine hour rate means the cost or expenses incurred in running a machine for one hour. It is one of the scientific methods of absorbing factory expenses where the process of manufacturing are carried out by machines. Under this method overhead costs are allocated on the basis of the number of hours a machine or machines are used for a particular job. According to the Institute of Cost and Management Accountants, England a machine hour rate is "an actual or predetermined rate of cost apportionment or overhead absorption, which is calculated by dividing the cost to be apportioned or absorbed by the number of machine hours expended or to be expended." The machine hour rate is determined by dividing the amount of overhead cost to be apportioned or absorbed by the number of machine hours. Machine hour rate can be calculated as below : Factory Overhead Machine Hour Rate Machine Hours rate: Calculation Machine Hour Rate: The following steps are required for computing the machine hour (1) Identify the overhead expenses relating to a specific machine or group of machine in order to require for computing machine hour rate.

7 Absorption of Overhead (2) Each machine or group of machine treated as a cost centre. (3) Manufacturing overhead or machine expenses are grouped into two types: (a) Fixed or Standing Charges (b) Variable Machine Expenses. (a) Fixed or Standing Charges: Fixed or Standing Charges which remain constant irrespective of the use of machine. For example, rent, insurance charges, rates, supervision etc. (b) Variable Machine Expenses: These expenses are variable with use of the machine. For example, power, depreciation, repairs etc. (4) An hourly rate of fixed or standing charges will be calculated by totalling of fixed charges and dividing by the number of normal hours worked by machine. (5) Normal working hours are calculated by adding the cost relating to non-productive time, i.e., normal ideal time for maintenance and setting up etc. (6) Separate hourly rate for each machine expenses will be calculated. (7) The total of the standing charges rate and the machine expenses rates per hour will give the machine hour rate. Basis for Apportionment of Machine Expenses The following bases of apportionment of different expenses are required to be considered for the calculation of machine hour rate : Advantages Expenses Fixed or Standing Expenses : (1) Rent and Rates (2) Heating and Lighting (3) Supervision (4) Lubricating Oil and Consumable Stores (5) Insurance Machine Expenses: 1. Depreciation 2. Power 3. Repairs Basis Floor area occupied by each machine No. of points used or Floor area or heating any machine Time spent on each machine Machine hours, Past experience or Capital value. Insurance value of each machine. (1) It helps to measure the relative efficiency of different machines. (2) It facilitates comparison of cost of operating different machines. Value of Machine Horse power of each machine Cost of repairs spread over its working life (3) It helps to ascertain idle time of machines relating to non-productive time. (4) It is the most desirable scientific method, where the time factor is taken into account. Disadvantages (1) It involves more clerical labour in determining the number of machine hours worked. (2) It does not consider where the expenses not proportional to the working hours of machines. (3) It is very difficult to measure the machine hours where the works are completed without operating any machinery. 431

8 432 Illustration: 5 Calculate machine hour rate of Machine X Working Notes Consumable stores Repairs Heat and light Rent Insurance of building Insurance of machines Depreciation of machines Room services General charges Normal working hours Area of sq. fit. Book value of machines A Textbook of Financial Cost and Management Accounting ,200 4, ,000 hours ,000 Computation of Machine Hour Rate for Machine X Particulars Total per hour Standing Charges: Consumable stores 600 Heat and light (360 x ) 60 Rent (1200 x (0) 200 Insurance of building (4800 x ) 800 Insurance of Machines (800 x ) 300 Room service (60 x ) 10 General charge (90 x ) 15 Total Standing Charges 1,985 1,985 Standing charges per hour 10,000 Machine Expenses: Repairs ( ,000) Depreciation of machines ( ,000) Machine Hour Rate Rate per hour (1) Heat and light, rent, insurance of building, room service and general charges have been distributed on the basis of floor area. (2) Depreciation of machine has been calculated on the basis of book value of machines and working hours, i.e., 10,000 x 12,000 (or) 120 : : x 6/ (3) Insurance of machine has been apportioned on the basis of book value of machines.

9 Absorption of Overhead Illustration: 6 Compute the machine hour rate from the following information : Cost of Machine Installation charges } Estimated scrap value after the expiry of its life (15 years) Rent and Rates per month General lighting per month Insurance premium for the machine per annum Repairs and maintenance per month Power consumption - 10 units per hour Rate per hour 100 units Estimated working hours per annum Supervisor's salary per month 1,00,000 10,000 5, , , The machine occupies 1,4 th of the total area of the shop. The supervisor is expected to devote 1I5th of his time for supervising the machine. Illustration: 7 Computation of Machine Hour Rate Particulars Standing Charges : Rent and Rates (200 x 12 x 1,4) General lighting (300 x 12 x 1,4) Insurance premium Repairs and Maintenance Supervisor's salary (600 x 12 x 115) Total Standing Charges 4,900 Standing charges per hour -- 2,000 Machine Expenses : Depreciation (1,00,000+10,000-5,000) Power Machine Hour Rate 15 x 2,000 Cost of machine 1,80,000 Freight and installation 20,000 Working life 10 years Working hours 4,000 per year Repair charges 50% of depreciation Power 10 units per 10 paise per unit Lubricating 2 per day of 8 hours Consumable 10 per day of 8 hours Wages of 2 per day Scrap value of machine 20,000 Per annum ,000 1,440 4,900 Rate Per hour

10 434 A Textbook of Financial Cost and Management Accounting Calculate machine hour rate from the above information : Particulars Standing Charges: Lubricating oil Consumable stores (10 x Re.l) Wages of Operator Standing charges per day Computation of Machine Hour Rate 14 Standing charges per hour -- 8 Per day of 8 hours Rate Per hour 1.30 Illustration: 8 Machine Expenses : Depreciation Cost + Freight - Scrap value Life in hours 1,80, ,000-20,000 1,80,000 40,000 4,000 x Repairs 50% of depreciation 4.50 x Power 10 Re each 10 x 0.10 Machine Hour Rate In a factory, a machine is oonsidered to work for 208 hours in a month. It includes maintence time of 8 hours and setup time of 20 hours. The expense data relating to the machine are as under : Cost of the machine is 5,00,OOO Life 10 years Estimate scrap value at the end of life is 20,000 Repairs and maintenance per Annum 60,480 Consumable stores per annum 47,520 Rent of building per annum (The machine under Reference occupies 1I6th of the area) 72,000 Supervisor's salary per month (Common to three machines) 6,000 Wages of Operator per month per machine 2,500 General lighting charges per month allocated to the machine 1,000 Power 25 units per hour at 2 per unit Power is required for productive purposes only. Setup time through productive does not require power. The supervisor and operator are permanent. Repairs and maintenance and consumable stores vary with the running of the machine

11 Absorption of Overhead Required: Calculate Machine Hour Rate for : (a) Setup Time and (b) Running Time.. Effective hours For fixed costs hours 435 For variable costs hours Standing Charges : Computation of Machine Hour Rate Particulars Per month Setup time Per hour Supervision -- 2, , General lighting ,000 6, Rent 1, Machine Expenses : Depreciation 5,00,000-20,000 4,80,000 48, , ,480 Repairs 5, Consumable Stores Power 25 x 2 x , ,960 9, Wages 2, Machine Hour Rate Illustration: 9 Calculate the machine hour rate from the following informations : Cost of machine Scrap value Repairs and maintenance per month Standing charges per month 20,000 2, Running time Per hour

12 436 A Textbook of Financial Cost and Management Accounting Effective working life Running time per month Power used 5 units at 20 paise a unit per hour. 10,000 hours 200 hours Computation of Machine Hour Rate Particulars Standing Charges : Allocated l00 per month of 200 hours 100 For 200 hours l Variable Charges : Cost of machine 20,ooo Less: scrap 2,000 Depreciation for 10,000 hours 18,000 Hence, for one hour Repairs and maintenance 18,000 10, per month of 200 hours} Power 5 units per 20 paise Machine Hour Rate Rate Per hour IUustration: 10 A department is having 3 machines. The figures indicate the departmental expenses. Calculate the machine hour rate in respect of these machines from the informations given below: Depreciation of machinery Depreciation of building Repairs to machinery Insurance of Machinery Indirect wages Power Lighting Miscellaneous expenditure 12,000 2,880 4, ,000 6, ,200 36,680

13 Absorption of Overhead Additional Information Particulars Machine Machine A B Direct Wages l,200 2,400 Power units 30,000 10,000 No. of workers 4 8 Light points 8 24 Space 400 sq.fit 800 sq.fit Cost of Machine 3,OO,OOO l,20,ooo Hours worked Expenses Depreciation } on Machinery Depreciation } on Building MaChine} Repairs Insurance Indirect Wages Power Lighting MiscellaneOUS} Expenses Total Computation of Machine Hours Rate Basis Machine Value Space Machine Value - do- No. of workers Power units Light points Direct wages Total 12,000 2,880 4, ,000 6, ,200 36,680 Machine A 6, , ,200 3, ,096 Machine B 2,400 1, ,400 1, ,680 9,832 Machine D 2,400 20, sq.fit 1,80, Machine C 3,600 1,152 1, ,400 2, ,680 12, Hours worked Machine hour rate Working Notes : Basis: Direct Wages 12: 24 : 24 or 1 : 2 : 2 Power units 3 : 1 : 2 Cost of machine 30 : 12 : 18 Space 1 : 2 : 2 Hours worked 2 : 3 : 3 Light points 1 : 3 : 6 No. of. workers 1 : 2 : 2 Illustration: 11 From the undernoted data calculate the machine-hour rate of a Mailing Machine. Cost of Machine Scrap Value ~:: ;~:}Estimated life 12 years

14 438 A Textbook of Financial Cost and Management Accounting Effective Work days Maintenance & Repairs Stores consumed Power Consumption Insurance Premium Supervision Expenses Idle time estimated Computation of Machine Hour Rate Effective working days 200 days of 8 hrs 100 days of 6 hrs 7.5% of capital cost 1,000 2 per operating hour 1 % of capital cost 7,500 10% 200 x 8 hours 100 x 6 hours 1,600 hours 600 Total 2,200 hours Less : Idle Time estimated 10% 220 hours Net working hours 1,980 hours in a year Items Basis of Apportionment (A) Standing Charges Depreciation 30,500-2,500 Maintenance & Repairs Stores consumed Insurance premium Supervision expenses Total Standing Charges (B) Variable cost-power consumption Machine hour rate (a + b) of capital cost Actuals I % of capital cost Actuals Amount per annum 2, Rate per hour 2, , , , Illustration: 12 Particulars of three machines used in a factory are as under (six week period; 160 hours working) : Machine X Machine Y Machine Z Cost of Machine 10,000 15,000 20,000 No. of workers Direct wages 3oo 800 1,200 Power Light points Area Occupied 100 sq. ft. 250 sq. ft. 400 sq. ft.

15 Absorption of Overhead The expenses incurred during the period were as follows : Power Lighting Rent and Rates Depreciation Repairs Indirect wages Canteen expenses Sundries Total ,350 1, ,734 Compute the machine hour rate for each machine. 439 Compntation of Machine Hour Rate working hours Expenses Basis of Total Apportionment Power Actuals Lighting Lighting Points 41 8 Rent & Rates Area Depreciation Cost of Machine 1, Repairs Cost of Machine 1, Indirect wages Direct Wages Canteen expo No. of workers 51 6 Sundries Area Total (a) 4, Working hour (b) 160 Machine hours rate a -- 5,744 say b 5.74 Under Absorption and Over Absorption of Overheads X Machine Y Z ,571 2, Absorption of overhead may be based either on the actual rate or predetermined rate. If the actual rates are used, the costs having been actually incurred and overhead absorbed are equal. But in the case of predetermined rates, the costs have been determined in advance of incurrence of the overhead expenditure. This may lead to difference of overhead incurred and overhead absorbed. Such a difference of Overhead is said to be under absorption of overhead or over absorption of overhead. According the term over absorption means that the amount of overhead absorption is more than the actual overhead is said to be over absorption of overhead. The term under absorption of overhead means that the amount of overhead absorption is less than the actual overhead incurred is said to be under absorption of overhead. Causes of Under or Overhead Absorption of Overhead The following reasons for over and under absorption of overheads : (1) Actual overhead cost incurred may be more or less than the budgeted overhead.

16 440 A Textbook of Financial Cost and Management Accounting (2) Actual machine hours, labour hour and output may be lower or higher than the budgeted or predetermined base. (3) Seasonal fluctuations. (4) Wrong computation of overhead absorption rate, output and machine hours: (5) Under or Over utilization of production capacity. Methods of Treatment The following three important methods may be adopted for overhead adjustment and disposal of over or under absorption of overheads : (1) Carrying Over of Overheads (2) Application or use of supplementary rates (3) Write off to Costing Profit and Loss Account. (1) Carrying Over of Overheads: Under this method, the amount of over or under absorption is carry forward to the next year. This method may be adopted in situation where the normal business cycle extends for more than one year. (2) Application of Supplementary Rate: Under this method, the supplementary rate is adopted when the amount of under or over absorbed overheads is quite large. Supplementary rate is calculated by dividing the amount of under or over absorbed overheads by the actual base. Supplementary Rate Amount of Under or Over Absorbed Overheads Actual Base The supplementary rate may be used as positive supplementary rate or negative supplementary rate. In the case of positive supplementary rate it is intended to add under absorbed overhead to cost of production. A negative rate, however, adjusted the cost by deducting the amount of over absorbed overhead. (3) Write ott to Costing Profit and Loss Account: Under this method, if the amount of under or over absorbed overhead is small it may be written off to Costing Profit and Loss Account. If due to some abnormal. factors, the amount of under or over absorbed is large it should be transferred to Profit and Loss Account. Illustration: 13 In a factory, the overheads of a production department are absorbed on the basis of 18 per machine hour. The details for the month of October 2002 are as under : Factory overheads incurred 16,50,000. Of the above 16,50,000 Amount became payable due to an award of labour hour Prior period expenses booked in the month of October 2002 Actual Machine hours worked 2,50,000 1,50,000 65,000 Actual production was 2,60,000 units, of which 1,95,000 units were sold. On analyzing the reasons it was found that 40% of the under absorbed overheads was due to defective planning and the rest was attributed to normal cost increase. How would you treat under absorbed overheads in Cost Accounts? (C A Inter, Nov. 2002)

17 Absorption of Overhead Under absorbed overhead expenses for the month of Oct Total expenses incurred Less: Amount paid according to labour court award } (assumed to be non-recurring) Prior period expenses Net overhead expenses incurred for the month Factory overhead absorbed 6,500 hrs x 18 Under absorbed overheads Treatment of under absorbed overheads in cost account: 2,50,000 1,50,000 (1) 40% due to defective planning. This being abnormal should be debited to P & L : 16,50,000 4,00,000 12,50,COO 11,70,000 80,OOO 40 80,000 x -- 32, (2) Balance 60% should be distributed over finished goods. Inventory and cost of 60 sales by supplementary rate 80,000 x -- 48, Under absorbed overheads in Cost Account 32, ,000 80,000 Finished goods inventory x 12, Cost of Sales x 36,000 4 Illustration: 14 The total overhead expenses of a factory are 4,46,380. Taking into account the normal working of the factory, overhead was recovered in production at 1.25 per hour. The actual hours worked were 2,93,104. How would you proceed to close the books of accounts, assuming that besides 7,800 units produced of which 7,000 were sold, there were equivalent units in work in progress? On investigation, it was found that 50% of the unabsorbed overhead was on account of increase in the cost of indirect materials and indirect labour and the remaining 50% was due to factory inefficiency. Also give the profit implication of the method suggested. Overhead Recovered from production ( x 1.25) Actual overhead expenses incurred Amount of under-recovered overhead 3,66,380 4,46,380 80,000 (C A Inter, Nov. 2000) 50% of the above amount is due to increase in the cost of indirect material and indirect labour and should be charged to units produced by means of a supplementary rate.

18 442 A Textbook of Financial Cost and Management Accounting No. of total units produced 7, ,000 units Supplementary rate 50% of 80,000 I 8,000 5 per unit The amount of 40,000 should be apportioned among cost of sales, finished goods and work in progress at the rate of 5 per unit. Cost of sales 7,000 x 5 Finished goods 800 x 5 Work in progress 200 x 5 35,000 4,000 1,000 40,000 By using this method, the profit for the period will be reduced by 35,ooo and the value of stock will increase by 5,OOO. The balance amount of RsAO,OOO due to factory inefficiency should be charged to Costing Profit and Loss Account as this is abnormal cost for which the production should not be penalized. Administration, Selling and Distribution Overheads Administration Overhead: Administrative overhead are incurred in general for management to discharge its functions of planning, organizing, controlling, co-ordination and directing. These expenses are not specifically incurred which cannot be identified with the specific. Thus, the overheads are collected under a standing order number, allocated and apportioned to various cost centres and units. The administrative overhead is absorbed under anyone of the following methods: (1) Transferring to Profit and Loss Account (2) Apportioning to Works Overheads (3) Apportioning to Selling Overheads. Selling and Distribution Overhead : Selling and distribution expenses are incurred for promoting sales, securing orders, creating demand and distribution of products or output from producers to the ultimate consumers. The incidence of selling and distribution overheads depends on external factors such as distance of market, nature of competition etc. which are beyond the control of management. They are dependent upon customer's behaviour, liking etc. These expenses are the nature of policy costs and hence not amenable to control. The overhead rate of selling and distribution overheads can be determined by anyone of the following basis : (a) A rate per article or unit of production (b) A percentage on the selling price of each article or production unit (c) A percentage on the factory cost.. Treatment of Important Overhead Charges Expenses on Removal and Reelection of Machine : Such expenses may be incurred due to factors like change in method of production, an addition or alteration in the factory building, change in flow of production. All such expenses are treated as production overheads, when amount of such expense is large, it may be spread over a period of time. If such expenses are incurred due to faulty planning or other abnormal factor, then they may be charged to Costing Profit and Loss Account. Training Expenses: Training expenses are part of production, administration and selling & distribution overheads based on particular employee posted in the department. If such expenses are huge

19 Absorption of Overhead 443 due to high labour turnover, such expenses should be excluded from costs and charged to Costing Profit and Loss Account. Packing Expenses: Cost of primary packing necessary for protecting the product or for convenient handling should become part of prime cost. The cost of packing incurred to facilitate the transportation of the product from the factory to the customer should become part of distribution cost. In case of special packing done at the request of the customer the cost of the same should be charged to specific work order or job. The cost of fancy packing to attract customers is an advertising expenditure. Hence it is to be treated as selling overhead. Idle Time Wages: Normal idle time wages is treated as a part of cost of production. Thus in case of direct workers an allowance for normal idle time is built into labour cost rates. In the case of indirect works, normal time wages is spread over all the products or jobs through the process of absorption of factory overhead. Abnormal idle time cost is not included as a part of production cost and is shown as a separate item in the Costing Profit and Loss Account. So that normal cost are not disturbed. Overtime Wages: If overtime is resorted to at the desire of the customer, then overtime premium is charged to concerned job directly. If overtime is required to cope with general production programe for meeting urgent orders, the overtime premium should be treated as overhead cost of particular department or cost center which works overtime. If overtime is worked on account of abnormal conditions such as flood, earthquake etc that should be charged to Costing Profit and Loss Account. Normal Loss and Abnormal Loss: Treatment of normal and abnormal loss of materials arising during storage, which inflate the issue price. Normal loss can be charged to stores overheads and also can be treated as a separate item of overheads to be recovered as a percentage of material consumed. On the other hand, in the case of abnormal loss, it is charged to Costing Profit and Loss Account. If the loss is due to error in documentation it should be corrected through adjustment entries. Idle Capacity Cost: Idle capacity is that part of the capacity of a plant, machine or equipment which cannot be effectively utilized in production. The idle capacity may arise due to lack of product demand, non-availability of raw material, shortage of skilled labour, shortage of power etc. Cost associated with idle capacity are mostly fixed in nature. These costs remain unabsorbed or unrecovered due to under utilization of plant and service capacity. ' If the idle capacity cost is due to unavoidable reasons a supplementary overhead rate may be used to recover the idle capacity cost. In this case, the costs are charged to the production capacity utilized. If the idle capacity is due to avoidable reasons such as faulty planning, etc. the cost should be charged to Costing Profit and Loss Account. If the idle capacity cost is due to seasonal factors then the cost should be charged to the cost of production by inflating overhead rates. Pre-Production Costs: These are costs incurred during the period when a new factory is in the process of being established a new project is undertaken or a new product line or product is taken up but there is no established or formal production to which such costs may be charged. These costs are normally treated as deferred revenue expenditure and are charged to future production. Research and Development Cost: These are costs incurred in the discovery of new ideas or processes by experiment or otherwise and for putting the results of such experiments on a commercial basis. Research cost defined as the cost of searching for new or improved product, new application of material or new improved methods, processes, systems or services.

20 444 A Textbook of Financial Cost and Management Accounting Development cost is the cost of the process which begins with the implementation of the decision to use scientific or technical knowledge to produce a new or improved product etc. and ends with the commencement of formal production of that product by that method. Cost of Small Tools: Tools purchased may be capitalized and depreciated over life if life is ascertainable. Revaluation method of depreciation may be used in respect of very small tools of short effective life. Depreciation may be charged to factory overheads, if tools use can be identified with the departments. It may be charged to cost of department on the basis of actual issues. QUESTIONS 1. Explain absorption of overhead 2. What do you understand by overhead rates? 3. Briefly explain the different kinds of overhead absorption rates. 4. Explain the different methods of absorption of overhead. S. What do you understand by machine hour rate? How it is computed? 6. Briefly explain the methods of treatment of selling and distribution overheads. 7. What do you mean by under absorption and over absorption of overhead? Brief explain the methods of treatment of under or over absorption of overheads. 8. Indicate the accounting treatment of overhead charges mentioned below : (a) Idle time wages. (b) Packing expenses. (c) Research and development costs. (d) Cost of small tools. (e) Overtime wages. "(1) Administrative overhead. 9. Briefly explain the importance of machine hour rate as a basis for the absorption of factory overheads 10. Compute main hour rate from the following data : Cost of machine 1,10,000 Installation charges 10,000 Estimated scrap value (after IS years) S,OOO Rent and rates for the shop 200 P.M. General lighting for the shop 300 P.M. Insurance premium for the machine 960 P.a. Repairs and maintenance 1000 P.a. Power consumption 10 units per hour Rate of power per 100 units 20 Estimated working hours per annum 2200 which include setting up time of 200 hours. Shop supervisor's salary per month 600 The machine occupies 114 of the total area of the shop. The shop supervisor is expected to devote listh of his time for supervising the machine. [Ans : Machine hour rate: 7.9S] ll. Calculate the machine hour rate from the following information: Cost of the machine 19,200 Estimated scrap value 1,200 Average repairs and maintenance ISO p.m. Standing charges allocated SO p.m. Effective working life of the machine 10,000 hours Running time per month 166 hours Power used by machine S units per hour at the rate of 19 paise per unit [Ans : Machine hour rate 3.9S] 12. The machine shop of a manufacturing concern has 6 identical machines manned by 6 operators. The total cost of the machines is 8,00,000. The following information relates to six monthly period ended 30th September Normal available hours per month 208 Absenteeism (without pay) hours per month 18 Leave (with pay) hours per month 20 Normal idle time hours per month 10 Average rate of wages per hour per operator 2.S0 Production bonus IS% on wages Power and fuel consumption 9,000 Supervision and indirect labour 3,300 Electricity and lighting 1,200 Repairs and maintenance (per annum) 3% of value of machine

21 Absorption of Overhead 445 Insurance per annum 42,000 Depreciation (per annum) 10% of original cost Allocated factory overheads per annum 75,670 Calculate machine hour rate [Ans : Machine hour rate 25] 13. Universal manufacturing Ltd. have 2 factories. Factory I employs 130 and Factory II employs 150 direct workers. Both factories work 40 hours per week, and 50 weeks a year. Overhead Rate are No. I - 25 paise per hour II - 20 paise per hour Current overhead expenses No. - I 70,OOO; No. II - 50,OOO. Analyse these figures and state probable causes of any discrepancy. [Ans : Factory I Under absorption of overhead expenses 5,000 Factory II Over absorption of overhead expenses 10,000] 14. During the year ended 31 st March 2003 the factory overhead costs of three production departments of an organization are as under: X 48,950 Y 89,200 Z 64,500 The basis of apportionment of overhead is given below : Department X - 5 per machine hour for 10,000 hours Y -75% of Direct Labour Cost of l,20,000 Z - 4 per piece for 15,000 pieces. Calculate department-wise under or over absorption of overheads and present the data in a tabular form. [Ans: Over absorption X ; Y - 800; Under absorption Z ] 15. A machine is purchased for cash at 92,OOO. Its working life is estimated to be 18,000 hours after which its scrap value is estimated at 2,ooo. It is assumed from past experience that: (1) The machine will work for 1,800 hours annually. (2) The repair charges will be 10,800 during the whole period of life of the machine. (3) The power consumption will be 5 units per hour at 2 per unit. (4) Other annual standing charges are estimate to be : (a) Rent of department (machine occupies 1I5th of the place) 7,800 (b) Light (12 points in the department; 2 points engaged in machine) 2,880 (c) Foreman's salary (1/4th of his time is occupied in the machine) 60,000 (d) Insurance premium (fire) for machine 360 (e) Cotton waste 600 Find out machine hour rate on the basis of the above data for allocation of the works expenses to all jobs for which the machine is used.. [Ans : Machine hour rate: 25.60] 16. Calculate the machine hour rate for machine Q from the following data: Cost of the machine 51,000 Estimated life 20 years of 2400 hour each Established repairs for life 12,000 Power consumption per hour 10 units Rate for power 5 paise per unit Insurance ~% per annum Machine charges 30 per month The machine is kept in a rented shed and there is one supervisor. The machine occupies 1I41h of his time for this machine. Rent for the shed is 400 per month. Supervisor's salary is 500 per month. Electricity charges for the Rent is 50 per month. Half the electricity charges are to be borne by this machine. [Ans : Machiner hour rate 3.45; Standing charges per hour 1.51, Variable cost per hour 1.94] 17. From the following particulars, calculate the machine hour rate for a drilling machine: Cost of the drilling Machine 42,000 Estimated scrap value 2,000 Estimated working life 10 years of 2000 hours each Running time for 4 weekly period 150 hours Estimated repairs for life 10,000 Standing charges allocated to this machine for 4 weekly period 300 Power consumption per hour 5 units 10 paise per unit [Ans : Machine hour rate per hour 5]

22 446 A Textbook of Financial Cost and Management Accounting 18. The following is the budget of superb engineering works for the year 2003 : Factory overheads 62,000 Direct labour cost 98,000 Direct labour hours 1,55,000 Machine hours 50,000 (a) From the above figures prepare the overhead application rate using the following methods : (a) Direct Labour Hour (b) Direct Labour Cost (c) Machine hour (b) Prepare a comparative statement of cost, showing the result of application of each of the above rates to Job No. 555 from the undermentioned data. Direct material cost 45 Direct labour: wages 40 Direct labour: hours 40 Machine hours 30 [Ans : Overhead application rate: (a) 40 per labour hour (b) 63.27% (c) 1.24 per machine hour] Comparative Statement Cost: Direct labour hour method III Direct labour cost method Machine hour method Calculate the machine hour rate for machine X from the following information: Cost of the machine 16,OOO Estimated scrap value 1,000 Effective working life hours Running time per hour-weekly period 160 hours Average cost of repairs and maintence charges per four-weekly period 120 Standing charges allocated to machine X per four-weekly period 4O Power used by the machine 4 units per hour at a cost of 5 paise per hour [Ans : Machine-hour rate 2.55] 20. From the following information, compute the machine-hour rate in respect of a machine Cost of the machine 55,000 Estimated scrap value 3,400 Effective working life hours Repairs estimated over usual life of machine 7,500 Standing charges of shop for four week period 8,550 Hours worked in four weekly period 1,200 Number of machine in shop 30 Powers used each machine, per hour 5 units Cost of power per unit 5 paise. 21. Compute machine hour rate from the information given below: Cost of machine Q 1,35,000 Life of the machine 10 years Estimated scrap value (after 10 years) 19,800 Working hours 1,800 Insurance per annum 450 Cotton wastes per annum 750 Rent per dept._per annum 9,750 Foreman's salary per annum 75,000 Lighting for dept. (per annum) 3,600 Repairs for entire life 1,440 Machine Q occupies 1/5 0h of the area and foreman devotes 1/4 0h of his time to the machine. The machine has two light points out of the total 12 for lighting in the department. [Ans : Machine hour rate 27.20] 22. A machine costing 20,000 is expected to run for 10 years at the end of which its scrap value is estimated to be Installation charges 200. Repairs for 10 years life is estimated to be 1800 and the machine is expected to run for 2190 hours in a year. Its power consumption would be 15 units per hour at 5 for per 100 units. The machine occupies 1I4 oh of the area of the department and has two points out of total ten for lighting. The foreman has to devote about 1/3"' of his time to this machine. The rent for this department is 300 p.m. and charges for lighting 80 p.m. The foreman is paid a salary of 960 p.m. Find out the hourly rate, assuming insurance 1 % p.a. and expenses on oil etc. are 9 per month. [Ans : Machine hour rate 4.059] 000