Undesirable Compounds And Contaminants In Fats And Oils: Processing And Utilization
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1 Undesirable Compounds And Contaminants In Fats And Oils: Processing And Utilization Florence LACOSTE ITERG, French Institute for Fats and Oils PESSAC, France AOCS/IUPAC Workshop, 6-8 December Tunis
2 Agenda Origins of undesirable compounds Methods and regulations Refining efficiency Surveillance plans
3 Origins of Undesirable Compounds Environment contamination Crop protection Production process Industrial utilisation Transport,storage, packaging
4 Environment Contamination Metals cadmium (ISO 15774) lead (ISO 12193) CE 466/2001 0,1 mg/kg Polychloro-biphenyls 12 congeners with toxic effect (PCB) CE 2375/2001 0,75 pgteq/g Dioxins (7 PCDD, 10 PCDF)
5 Crop Protection 90/642/CE Pesticide residues oilseeds & olive Organochlorine residues Organophosphorus residues Pyrethroïds,.
6 Production Process Hydrogenation catalysts nickel (ISO 8294) chromium Extraction solvent 97/60/CE 1 mg/kg hexane (ISO 9832) Degradation products polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ISO 15302) trans fatty acids (ISO 15304) EU regulation in project
7 Transport Industrial Utilisation Transport & Storage, Packaging mineral oil : n-alkanes (ISO/PWI 21034) organic monomer : styrene CE 1989/2003 olive 0,2 mg/kg chlorinated solvents (ISO 1635) mycotoxins : aflatoxin B1 Industrial Utilisation CE 257/2002 peanuts 2 µg/kg polar compounds (ISO 8420) polymers of triglycerides (ISO 16931) phytosterol oxidized
8 Origins of undesirable compounds Methods and regulations Refining efficiency Surveillance plans
9 Metals : Cadmium, Lead, Nickel, Chromium ISO 8294: Cu, Fe, Ni ISO 15774: Cd ISO 12193: Pb hollow cathode He furnace atomic absorption Prism graphite furnace METALS Determination limit (mg/kg) Regulation limit (mg/kg) Cd 0,002 - Pb 0,010 0,1 EU&Codex Ni 0,015 0,2 France As 0,010 0,1 Codex Cr 0,005 0,05 France
10 Gazeous Phase Équilibrium Liquid or Solid Phase Solvent Analysis: Hexane, Halogenated Compounds T C ISO : Volatile halogenated compounds ISO 9832 : Hexane GC/FID Refined oil + 0,1 mg/kg Revision of ISO 9832 to quantify 1 mg/kg (97/60/CE): Injected Volume : 2,4 ml Column Diameter : 0,53 mm
11 Mycotoxins: : Analysis Ochratoxin A Extractions : 10 g of olive oil MeOH/Water (80:20) Purification : Ochraprep column water event 2 ml MeOH/ CH 3 COOH (98:2) Analysis : LOD= 4,6 ng/kg HPLC Fluorescence detector 2 ml supernatant + 40 ml PBS Extractions : Aflatoxin B1 10 g of olive oil MeOH/Water (80:20) Purification : Aflaprep column 2 ml ACN Analysis : HPLC Fluorescence detector LOD= 56 ng/kg 1 ml supernatant + 9 ml water Derivative: + CF 3 COOH PAPACHRISTOU et MARKAKI, Food Addit. Contam. (2004), 21, n 1, 85-92
12 Raoux R. & col.,oléagineux - Corps Gras - Lipides (OCL), (1997), 4, Pesticide Residues: Analysis Extractions : 200 mg of fat ACN/CH 2 Cl 2(90:10 for OP) (95:5 for OC & PYR) Purification 1 : Cartridge C18 (500 mg) ACN/CH 2 Cl 2 95:5 for OC & PYR MeOH for OP hexane Purification 2 : Cartridge Florisil (500 mg) OP Extract OC +PYR GC/NPD hexane/ch 2 Cl 2 75:25 for OC & PYR GC/ECD EU MRLs on oilseeds and fruits (olive) : 90/642/CE Codex MRLs on : edible oil olive oil peanut oil coton oil maize oil soya oil sunflower oil linseed oil
13 Pesticide Residues: Codex MRLs Edible Oil Residue MRL (mg/kg) vegetable cypermethrine 0,5 soya chlordane 0,02 heptachlore 0,02 profenofos 0,05 maize methoprene 0,2 coton aldicarbe 0,01 cyhalothrine 0,02 dicofol 0,5 dimethipin 0,02 fenvalerate 0,1 flucythrinate 0,2 glyphosate 0,05 paraquat 0,05 permerthrine 0,1 Edible Oil Residue MRL (mg/kg) refined olive dimethoate 0,05 virgin olive fenthion 1 methidathion 2 parathion 2 peanut aldicarbe 0,01 phorate 0,05 pyrimiphos-methyl 15 sunflower dimethipin 0,02 paraquat 0,05 permethrine 1
14 PAHs: : Analysis ISO : Benzo[a]pyrene Fat in solution (0,4 g) Alumina + sodium sulfate Evaporation & THF addition HPLC Fluorescence Detection B(a)P 7 µg/kg
15 PAHs: : Recommendation Fediol code of practice on PAHs in refined oils total PAHs 25 µg/kg (10-9 g/g) or heavy PAHs 5 µg/kg If B(a)P in crude oil > 1 µg/kg : additional treatment necessary Spain & Italy regulation on pomace-olive olive oil 8 PAHs B(a)P - B(e)P - B(a)A - B(b)F - B(k)F DB(a,h)A - B(g,h,i)P - I(1,2,3,c-d)P Each PAH 2 µg/kg - Sum of PAHs 5 µg/kg
16 Dioxins & PCBs: Analysis EPA Method 1613 : PCDDs & PCDFs Spiking with 37 Cl 4-2,3,7,8-TCDD (clean-up standard) Clean-up on : - silica/acid silica gel (hexane) - acid alumina (CH 2 Cl 2 /hexane 20:80) - Florisil (CH 2 Cl 2 ) - carbon (toluene) HRGC/HRMS Analysis (isotopic dilution with 13 C 12 - PCDDs & 13 C 12 -PCDFs solution)
17 Dioxins & PCBs: CE regulation CE N 2375/2001 Unity : pg (10-12 g) of PCCD and/or PCDF, expressed in toxic equivalent (WHO reference) per g of fat Animal fat from ruminants from poultry from pigs mixed animal fat Vegetable oil Fish oil (human comsumption) 3 ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg 2 ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg 1 ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg 2 ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg 0,75 ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg 2 ng WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/kg
18 Origins of undesirable compounds Methods and regulations Refining efficiency Surveillance plans
19 ITERG s Refining Pilot Plant Design by CRYSTALLISATION & DEGUMMING company Capacity of kg per batch Degumming & neutralization reactor Bleaching & winterization reactor ALFA LAVAL centrifugal separator Automatic filter press High performance deodorizer ( 2 x 450 kg, up to 260 C) All stainless steel equipment Description in INFORM, February 2004, Vol 15 (2), p
20 ITERG s Refining Pilot Plant
21 Pesticide Residue Content: Chemical Refining (1 ton) level :0,5 mg/kg Crude oil Spiked oil Demucilagined Conditionned Neutralized & Washed Bleached 0,8% 180 C, 2h30, 0,5% vap 220 C, 3h, 0,5% vap Dichlorvos Malathion Fénitrothion Deodorized Content (µg/kg)
22 MRL (oleaginous seeds) 0.05 mg/kg (FR et UE) Pyrimiphos-Methyl Methyl Content: : Chemical Refining (1 ton) level :3 mg/kg Teneur en Pirimiphos-méthyl (µg/kg) Spiked Neutralized Neutralized & washed Bleached 0,7% 220 C, 3h, 3 Kg/h vap
23 Pesticide Residue Content: Physical Refining (25 kg) Pesticide content (µg/kg) Doped Pretraited Bleached 1% 240 C, 3h, 0,5 % vap Dichlorvos Pyrimiphos-méthyl Malathion Fénitrothion Deodorized
24 Elimination of PAHs from grapeseed oil during refining 700,0 ( ) 600,0 ( ) PAH content (µg/kg) 500,0 400,0 300,0 200,0 100,0 (61 + 0) (4 + 0) 0,0 crude neutralisation bleaching deodorisation light PAH Heavy PAH ITERG data
25 Refining Efficiency : Lead Lead (mg/kg) Refined oils Cold pressed oils Animal fats Nb samples Pb 0, % samples 98 % samples 95 % samples 0,02 < Pb 0,10-1 sample 1 sample Pb > 0, All results lower than Accepted Limit (0,1 mg/kg) ITERG study ( )
26 Origins of undesirable compounds Methods and regulations Refining efficiency Surveillance plans
27 Virgin Olive Oils: Lead Levels 100% 90% 80% French production Oils sold in France Italy (Sicile & Apulie) % samples 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% <0,02 0,02-0,05 0,05-0,1 > 0,1 Lead (mg/kg) EU limit 0,1 mg/kg ITERG data & DE LA PERA & al, Ital. J. Food Sci. (2002), 14, n 4,
28 Virgin Olive Oils: Mycotoxin Levels 100% 90% 80% Aflatoxin B1 (DL = 0,056 µg/kg) Ochratoxin A (DL = 0,005 µg/kg) 70% % samples 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% < DL DL - 0,1 0,1-0,2 0,2-0,5 > 0,5 Mycotoxin (µg/kg) PAPACHRISTOU et MARKAKI, Food Addit. Contam. (2004), 21, n 1, 85-92
29 Virgin Olive Oils: Organophosphorus Compounds % samples / / /2002 Major residues : fenthion chlorpyriphos methidathion dimethoate fenitrothion 0 < >200 Organophosphorus compounds (µg/kg) ITERG data (1995 to 2002)
30 Samples (%) Crude Oils (Sun, Rape): Total Pesticide Residues Levels 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% Residues Max (µg/kg) Frequency (%) Pyrimiphos methyl Malathion Dichlorvos Vinchlozolin Deltaméthrin % 67 % 33 % 20 % 13 % 5% 0% Total Pesticide Residues (µg/kg) 30 samples (Iterg data, 2003)
31 Crude Oils (Sun, Rape): PAHs Levels 100% 90% FEDIOL Heavy PAHs Limit FEDIOL Total PAHs Limit Samples (%) 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% PAHs (µg/kg) total PAHs light PAHs heavy PAHs samples (Iterg data, 2003)
32 French Refined Vegetable Oils: PAHs Levels Heavy PAH (µg/kg) Sunflower Rapeseed Grapeseed Coconut All refined oils Nb samples Sum 5 83 % samples 100 % samples 67 % samples 3 samples 79 % of samples Sum > 5 2 samples (5,2 33,6) - 4 samples (9,3-14,8) 2 samples (5,3 19,2) 21 % of samples 79 % of results lower than FEDIOL recommended value for heavy PAH (5 µg/kg) 42 samples (Iterg data, 2000)
33 European Vegetable Oils: Benzo[a] [a]pyrene Levels % samples Virgin olive oil Olive oil Pomace olive oil Grapeseed oil Sunflower oil EU future limit 2 µg/kg?? 10 0 <0,5 0, >100 Benzo[a]pyrene (µg/kg) EU Scoop Task (Oct 2004)
34 European Vegetable Oils: Dioxins & PCBs Levels Values (ng TEQ/kg) France Greece Netherlands CE 2375/2001 Type of oils Vegetable Olive Vegetable Vegetable Dioxins 0,15-0,33 0,23-0,36-0,75 PCB-dioxins like - 0,01-0, Dioxins + PCB - - mean = 0,18 - French DGCCRF (2004) PAPADOPOULOS & col., Chemosphere (2004),57, BAARS & col.,toxicology Letters (2004), 151, 51-61
35 Conclusions European and International regulations do exist for most of the undesirable compounds or contaminants that may be present in oils and fats For most of the undesirable compounds possibly found in oils and fats, standardised test methods do exist (or in progress)
36 Conclusions Oil-refining steps are efficient on contaminant elimination Oils and fats present low level of undesirable compounds // lead, cadmium, hexane, PAHs or pesticide residues Creation of survey plans warmly suggested for cold pressed oils on pesticide residues, benzo[a] [a]pyrene,, lead and ochratoxin A
37
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