Present status: ion guides, laser ionization and related spectroscopy at IGISOL
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1 Present status: ion guides, laser ionization and related spectroscopy at IGISOL Iain Moore University of Jyväskylä, Finland
2 Outline Ion guides - an introduction to RIB production and challenges Principles of resonant laser ionization and related spectroscopy Outlook
3 Ion guide principle: a universal production method Extractor SPIG electrode Target Beam Based on the survival of primary ions in helium buffer gas Charge state concentration: (0), +1 (+2) Fast gas flow required to prevent neutralization Produces ions of any element J. Äystö, Nucl. Phys. A 693 (2001) 477 More advanced gas catchers dc fields rf carpets, funnels and walls cryogenic temperatures selective laser ionization molecular formation space charge, recombination ANL/GSI gas catcher
4 Light ion guide p-, d-, 3 He-, α-induced reactions Volume ~3 cm 3 Delay time <1 ms Efficiency ~0.1-10% (for < 1μA primary) Beam Target J. Ärje et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 54 (1985) 99 Example yields: 6 Li( 3 He,n) 8 B ~10 ions/s/μa/mb 24 Mg(p,2n) 23 Al ~1300 ions/s/μa/mb 31 P(p,2n) 30 S ~400 ions/s/μa/mb 40 Ca( 3 He,n) 42 Ti ~770 ions/s/μa/mb 92 Mo(p,α) 89 Nb ~15 ions/s/μa/mb 106 Cd(p,2n) 105 In ~15 ions/s/μa/mb
5 Towards medium-heavy neutron-deficient species Heavy-ion induced reactions: HIGISOL eg 58 Ni( 40 Ca,p3n) 94 Ag nat Ni( 32 S,5p3n) 82 Y Entrance window Beam dump Employs the shadow method to reduce the effect of the primary beam. Volume ~120 cm 3, Evac time ~200 ms Efficiency a few 10-3 Present lower limit for σ ~100 μb Primary beam Cooling, baking, filaments, dc electrodes. Shaped exit nozzle. Volume ~250 cm 3.
6 The fission workhorse Fission ion guide p-,d-induced fission of 238 U Stopping efficiency in 200 mbar He ~1% Absolute efficiency a few 10-4 Fission rate in target ~ fissions/μa 30 MeV p ~160 ff/μa/mbarn 15 mg/cm 2 U target, tilted to 7º Volume ~130 cm 3 Two separated chambers to reduce beam-related plasma. Max intensities ~10 5 ff/s/isobar eg 80 Zn, 83 Ga, 92 Br, 102 Y, 105 Zr, 107 Nb, 111 Mo, 114 Tc, 120 Pd See J. Äystö talk (Tuesday 9 am) for extensions to fission programme
7 Overall picture of JYFL production 132 Sn 100 Sn Z=50 N=Z N=82 Z=20 Z=28 N=20 N=28 N=50 T 1/2 100 ms 78 Ni
8 The argument for chemical independence All species have a much lower ionization potential than He, therefore they remain ionized during extraction from the gas cell. JYFLTRAP purification scan A=87 fission yield predictions 87 Rb stable isotope: overproduced (fission+ elsewhere). 87 Kr radioactive isotope underproduced (lost via charge exchange)
9 The issue of gas purity control Molecular ion formation: X + + M XM + dn/dt = -kn[m] Reaction Rate constant k (cm 3 s -1 ) Mo + + O 2 Ru + + O 2 Rh + + O 2 Ti + + H 2 0 Ti + + O 2 Y + + O 2 Th + + O 2 U + + O 2 Zr + + O 2 Ag + + O = 1/k[M] Count rate (1000 s -1 ) 18 Y mbar He. Impurity level ~0.1 ppm. The reaction time for yttrium reacting with oxygen and forming a molecule is ~5 ms. Total evac time ~500 ms Impurities at 0.1 ppm level YO + YO + (H 2 O) YO + (H 2 O) 2 YO + (H 2 O) 3 YO + (H 2 O) 4 Time (ms) T. Kessler, I.D. Moore et al., Nucl. Instr. And Meth. B 266 (2008) 681
10 Ultrahigh purity is not trivial Argonne/GSI gas catcher 1.2 m long, I.D. 25 cm 7300 parts (>4000 UHV) G. Savard et al., NIM B 204 (2003) 582 A different approach cryogenic ion guide/gas catcher
11 Mass analysis of the contaminant level Temperature achieved in IGISOL prototype ~80 K. Detected species ionized by primary beam. Oxygen, nitrogen, argon persist. OH + H 2 O + N 2 + O 2 + N + O + Ar + N + O + N 2 + O 2 + Ar + OH + H 2 O + PRELIMINARY RESULTS This work is motivated by the development of the future FAIR gas catcher.
12 Are there limitations to the ion guide production? Current after ion guide (na) Т = 1/(Q*α) 1/2 α = cm 3 s na measured data recombination time, Q (ion-electron pairs/cm 3 s) 50 A Recombination time (s) P. Karvonen, I.D. Moore et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 266 (2008) 4794
13 Outline Ion guides - an introduction to RIB production Principles of resonant laser ionization and related spectroscopy Outlook
14 Reading atomic fingerprints with lasers non-resonant ionization excitation of auto-ionizing states Ionization of Rydberg-states ~6 ev (5-9 ev) ionization potential higher excited states ~ cm 2 ~ cm 2 extraction field or collisional ionization energy first excited state E 1 Z Laser R ~ cm 2 ground 0 ev E state 0 Efficiency Selectivity Mass Separator N
15 Non-resonant laser ionization 8000 Count rate (ions/s) Step 1: nm P sat = 1.7(4) mw Power (mw) Count rate (ions/s) Step 2: nm P sat = 10(6) mw Power (mw) Count rate (ions/s) Step 3: non-resonant 511 nm P sat = 3.3(W) Power (W)
16 Latest development: shadow gas cell (LISOL concept) Laser ionization has been used as a tool to study gas cell processes: The effective volume for laser ionization is restricted to the nozzle region. In order to increase the laser ionization efficiency separation from the accelerator beam path zone is mandatory. Ion collector plates (increase selectivity) Exit nozzle Transport efficiency and delay time studies using 219 Rn +. Ion collector tests with Ni filament successful. Accelerator beam Laser beams (longitudinal)
17 First on-line studies (April 2009) 30 MeV α beam, 1 μa, on 12.5 μm Ni window. 200 mbar Ar Counts/s Ni 60 Ni I.A. 58 Ni = 68% I.A. 60 Ni = 26% 2.6 x Peak count rate: 58 Ni ~3400 s Ni ~1300 s x Wavelength (nm)
18 From atomic to nuclear physics Isotope Shift Atomic factors to calibrate A, A' M i A AA' A' MASS SHIFT Mass shift due to change in the nucleus recoil kinetic energy (partly related to change in electron reduced mass) F i r 2 FIELD SHIFT A, A' or See G. Tungate talk (18:00) for laser spectroscopy in nuclear physics
19 Isotope shift measurements on stable Ni using RIS Arbitrary units Mass shift dominates over field shift. Uncertainty in IS < 50 MHz Ni (68.1%) 62 Ni (3.6%) Ni (0.9%) 60 Ni (26.2%) Isotope shift 60,A (MHz) Mass A J=5 J=6 739 nm 232 nm Wavelength (nm) J=4
20 New development: narrow linewidth pulsed Ti:Sa Injection seeding of a pulsed Ti:Sapphire laser. Results in a linewidth reduction from ~4 GHz to ~20 MHz 27 Al I=5/2 I.P cm nm 2 3s 3d 2 D 3/ nm cm Count rate (s -1 ) s 3p 2 P 1/2 Residual FWHM of 145 MHz of the hyperfine components explained by a combination of Doppler (~100 MHz) and power boadening 33 MHz. 3 0 cm / MHz T. Kessler et al., Laser Physics 18 (2008) 1. See poster by Sebastian Rothe for more laser developments
21 In-source spectroscopy on heavy elements Case 1: identification of the low-lying isomeric state in 229 Th Scan for autoionizing states B.R. Beck et al., PRL 98 (2007) Unique system to investigate atomic-nuclear couplings Nuclear clocks with unparalleled precision Superb qubit for quantum computing Investigation of chemical environment on nuclear decay Novel ways to achieve stimulated nuclear emission (NEET) Counts Th U Th+O A 233 U+O Th+O U+O2 ++ doubly-charged 229 Th+O2 H 2 O U+O2 H 2 O ++
22 Future: complete spectroscopy Case 2: Resonance ionization spectroscopy on neutron-deficient U isotopes Development of octupole collectivity in the U isotopes Very high cross sections for (p,xn), (d,xn) reactions with 231 Pa (t 1/2 ~ a) target JUROGAMII (accepted proposal P. Greenlees) High precision mass measurements Charge radii measurements, I and Q S.A. Ahmad et al., Nuc. Phys. A483 (1988) 244 D. Neidherr et al., PRL 102 (2009) eo V V Z, N ) B B B B pn ( Z, N Z, N 1 Z 2, N Z 2, N 1
23 Survey of all studied radioactive nuclei Aug Gaps due to small production rates at ISOL facilities, unreachable wavelengths and so on. In-source RIS will allow us to probe the structure in many of these regions. IGISOL-laser collaboration
24 Outlook Taking the next steps towards IGISOL- Optimize the ion guide technique installation, production, p-, d-, n-induced fission of actinide targets Improvements in efficiency and selectivity (laser ion source) Applications of cryogenic techniques (optimize gas purity) Resonance ionization spectroscopy: gas cell and gas jet Laser developments strong collaborations to continue. Thanks for your attention
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