Gas Phase Equilibrium
|
|
- Eileen Cannon
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Gas Phase Equilibrium Chemical Equilibrium Equilibrium Constant K eq Equilibrium constant expression Relationship between K p and K c Heterogeneous Equilibria Meaning of K eq Calculations of K c Solving Equilibrium Problems USING AN EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT Information obtained from K c 1. Predict direction of a reaction Q reaction quotien 2. Obtaining equilibrium concentrations of reactants and products. Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 1
2 Equilibrium Equilibrium is achieved when opposing processes proceed at equal rates. equilibria previously discussed Eg. Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 2
3 Chemical Equilibrium In chemical equilibria, forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates. N 2 O 4 (g) colorless 2NO 2 (g) brown Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 3
4 Achieving equilibrium Initial State: reactants only Initial state: products only Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 4
5 Equilibrium Constant Equilibrium point of any reaction is characterized by a single number. In general: ja + kb pr + qs Example: B 2A N 2 O 4 2NO Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 5
6 EXPRESSION for K eq N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) What is the equilibrium constant expression for the Haber process? Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 6
7 Equilibrium Constant The ratio of equilibrium concentrations will be constant: K eq is the equilibrium constant for the reaction. It is a NUMBER. K eq (the number) DOES NOT depend on concentration It s a function of temperature only. Notation: K eq = K c concentration [ ] is expressed in M (mol/l) K eq = K p concentration is expressed using partial pressures in atm Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 7
8 Relationship between K p and K c where Δn = n prod n react When given K eq how do I know if it is K c or K p? Use context of problem. If concentrations are given in M, then K eq = K c If concentrations are given in P, then K eq = K p Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 8
9 Calculating K p and K c N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) Equilibrium concentrations of NH 3, N 2, and H 2 were determined at 472 C. [H 2 ] = M [N 2 ] = M [NH 3 ] = M Find K c and K p. Mary J. Bojan Chem 110 9
10 Heterogeneous Equilibria involves reactants and products in more than one phase 3Fe(s) + 4H 2 O(g) Fe 3 O 4 (s)+4h 2 (g) [ ][ H ] 4 2 What is [Fe]? [Fe 3 O 4 ]? [ ] 3 [ H 2 O] 4 K eq = Fe 3O 4 Fe Activities of pure solids and liquids = 1. Mary J. Bojan Chem
11 What is the equilibrium constant expression for these reactions? AgCl(s) Ag + (aq) + Cl (aq) C 6 H 6 (g) + 3H 2 (g) C 6 H 12 (g). CaCO 3 (s) CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) Mary J. Bojan Chem
12 Reactants Meaning of K eq Is K eq large or small??? Products K 1 Mary J. Bojan Chem
13 Problem Which one of the following has the greatest tendency to proceed as written? 1. 4NH 3 (g) + 3O 2 (g) 2N 2 (g) + 6H 2 O(g) K p = N 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2NO(g) K p = HF(g) F 2 (g) + H 2 (g) K p = NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl 2 (g) K p = Mary J. Bojan Chem
14 Is K eq large or small? Cu +2 (aq) + 4NH 3 (aq) Cu(NH 3 ) 4 +2 (aq) Ni +2 (aq) + 6NH 3 (aq) Ni(NH 3 ) 6 +2 (aq) PbI 2 (s) Pb +2 (aq) + 2I - (aq) Mary J. Bojan Chem
15 More Relationships H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2HI(g) A K eq = What is K eq if the reaction is doubled?? 2H 2 (g) + 2 I 2 (g) 4HI(g) B K eq = What is K eq for the reverse reaction? 2HI(g) H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) K eq = C Mary J. Bojan Chem
16 At a certain temperature, K c for the following reaction is 16. H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2HI(g) At the same temperature, what is K c for this reaction? HI(g) 1. 1/ / ½ H 2 (g) + ½ I 2 (g) 5. there is not enough information to answer this question. Mary J. Bojan Chem
17 General Approach to Equilibrium Constant Problems 1. Write the balanced reaction. 2. Write the general form for K eq. 3. Set up a data table: (may need algebraic unknowns) -initial conditions -changes in concentrations -equilibrium concentrations 4. Substitute equilibrium concentrations into the expression for K eq and solve. Mary J. Bojan Chem
18 Calculating K eq 1.00 mole of SO 2 (g) and 1.00 mole of O 2 (g) are added to a 1.00 L container and react until equilibrium is achieved. At equilibrium, the container has moles of SO 3 (g). Find K c at 1000K. Mary J. Bojan Chem
19 Calculating K eq A one L container holds 224g of Fe and 5.00 mole of H 2 O(l). It is heated to 1000K and reaches equilibrium. 56g of Fe are left unreacted. What is K c at 1000K? initial 3Fe(s) + 4H 2 O(g) Fe 3 O 4 (s) + 4H 2 (g) change final Mary J. Bojan Chem
20 Predicting the direction of a reaction aa + bb cc + dd Reaction quotient Q Q = [ C]c D A [ ] d [ ] a [ B] b Note: the concentrations used are NOT equilibrium concentrations. Mary J. Bojan Chem
21 Predicting the Direction of a Reaction When Q = K c system IS at equilibrium When Q < K c reaction moves to right (produces product) When Q > K c reaction moves to left (produces reactant) Mary J. Bojan Chem
22 2HI(g) H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) If we put 0.1 mole of HI in a 1L container, what will happen? 1 reaction shifts to right 2 reaction shifts to left 3 no change occurs [ ][ I ] 2 K c = H 2 HI [ ] 2 = If the initial concentrations of all three gases in the vessel are 0.1 mol/l, what will happen? Mary J. Bojan Chem
23 Using K eq to obtain equilibrium concentrations of reactants and products. Initially [IBr] = [I 2 ] = [Br 2 ] = M What are the final concentrations of reactants and products? K c = IBr(g) Br 2 (g) + I 2 (g) Mary J. Bojan Chem
24 Haber process Industrial process used to make ammonia N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) + heat Mary J. Bojan Chem
25 Factors that affect equilibrium What happens to a system at equilibrium when it is disturbed by changing concentration volume pressure temperature Answer: Le Chatelier s Principle If a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system will shift its equilibrium position to minimize the effect of the disturbance. Mary J. Bojan Chem
26 Le Chatelier s Principle To illustrate this principle use the following chemical system in a closed 1L container: N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) + heat ΔH rxn = -92.4kJ/mol T = 700 C Initial conditions: [N 2 ] = 3.00 M [H 2 ] = 4.50 M [NH 3 ] = 0 At equilibrium: [N 2 ] = 2.00M [H 2 ] = 1.50 M [NH 3 ] = 1.41 M What is K c? Mary J. Bojan Chem
27 Use LeChatelier s principle to answer the following questions 1. What will happen to [NH 3 ] if 3.0 moles of H 2 are added to the system at equilibrium? Increase the amount of a reactant or product 2. What will happen if the volume decreases from 1.0L to 0.5L? Increase P by decreasing volume 4. What will happen if 5.0 moles of inert gas is added to the system? Increase pressure by adding an inert gas. 6. What will happen if the temperature is increased to 1000K? Mary J. Bojan Chem
28 1. What will happen to [NH 3 ] if 3.0 moles of H 2 are added to the system at equilibrium? System is no longer at equilibrium. Which direction will it go to get to equilibrium? Using LeChatelier s principle: Reactant or product added to a mixture at equilibrium will cause reaction to shift in the direction that consumes part of the added material. N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) + heat Mary J. Bojan Chem
29 2. Which direction will the reaction proceed if the volume is decreased to 0.5L? LeChatelier s principle: Since pressure is increased by disturbance, reaction will shift in direction that will reduce pressure N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 4 moles 2NH 3 (g) 2 moles Mary J. Bojan Chem
30 3. What happens when 5.0 moles of an inert gas are added? Inert gas: gas that does not participate in the reaction. How does inert gas effect concentrations of reactants and products? N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 4 moles 2NH 3 (g) 2 moles LeChatelier s principle: Mary J. Bojan Chem
31 Change concentration Examples Fe +3 (aq) + SCN - (aq) FeSCN +2 (aq) Yellow colorless red Change pressure 2NO 2 (g) brown N 2 O 2 (g) colorless Mary J. Bojan Chem
32 Summary changing concentration (or V so that [ ] changes) puts a stress on the system. Stresses do not change K eq! Q changes; system shifts to re-establish equilibrium Q K WHAT IF TEMPERATURE CHANGES? K eq changes change depends on whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic. -ΔH +ΔH Mary J. Bojan Chem
33 4. What happens when the temperature is increased to 1000K? N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) + heat ΔH rxn = 92.4 kj/mol Treat heat like a product (exothermic) or reactant (endothermic). Le Chatelier s Principle: heat is added to a system, the reaction will shift in the direction that absorbs heat Reaction is exothermic (heat is a product) so adding heat will cause reaction to shift to left. Mary J. Bojan Chem
34 4. What happens when the temperature is decreased? Treat heat like a product (exothermic) or reactant (endothermic). Example: endothermic reaction heat + Co[H 2 O] 6 2+ (aq) + 4Cl (aq) pink CoCl 4 2 (aq)+ 6H 2 O( ) blue Mary J. Bojan Chem
35 To produce ammonia: Summarize N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) + heat Do we want high or low temperature? Do we want high or low pressure? Liquefy ammonia as process proceeds. WHY? Problem: rate of reaction increases as T increases, BUT equilibrium constant decreases at higher T. Mary J. Bojan Chem
Chapter 13 - Chemical Equilibrium
Chapter 1 - Chemical Equilibrium Intro A. Chemical Equilibrium 1. The state where the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant with time. All reactions carried out in a closed vessel
More informationEquilibrium. Ron Robertson
Equilibrium Ron Robertson Basic Ideas A. Extent of Reaction Many reactions do not go to completion. Those that do not are reversible with a forward reaction and reverse reaction. To be really correct we
More informationTest Review # 9. Chemistry R: Form TR9.13A
Chemistry R: Form TR9.13A TEST 9 REVIEW Name Date Period Test Review # 9 Collision theory. In order for a reaction to occur, particles of the reactant must collide. Not all collisions cause reactions.
More informationGuide to Chapter 13. Chemical Equilibrium
Guide to Chapter 13. Chemical Equilibrium We will spend five lecture days on this chapter. During the first class meeting we will focus on how kinetics makes a segue into equilibrium. We will learn how
More informationMr. Bracken. Multiple Choice Review: Thermochemistry
Mr. Bracken AP Chemistry Name Period Multiple Choice Review: Thermochemistry 1. If this has a negative value for a process, then the process occurs spontaneously. 2. This is a measure of how the disorder
More informationThermodynamics Worksheet I also highly recommend Worksheets 13 and 14 in the Lab Manual
Thermodynamics Worksheet I also highly recommend Worksheets 13 and 14 in the Lab Manual 1. Predict the sign of entropy change in the following processes a) The process of carbonating water to make a soda
More informationCHAPTER 14 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
CHATER 14 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM roblem Categories Biological: 14.98. Conceptual: 14.1, 14., 14.9, 14.5, 14.54, 14.55, 14.56, 14.57, 14.58, 14.59, 14.60, 14.61, 14.6, 14.66, 14.67, 14.68, 14.69, 14.81, 14.91,
More informationChemistry 106 Fall 2007 Exam 3 1. Which one of the following salts will form a neutral solution on dissolving in water?
1. Which one of the following salts will form a neutral solution on dissolving in water? A. NaCN B. NH 4 NO 3 C. NaCl D. KNO 2 E. FeCl 3 2. Which one of the following is a buffer solution? A. 0.10 M KCN
More informationCHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM (ICE METHOD)
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM (ICE METHOD) Introduction Chemical equilibrium occurs when opposing reactions are proceeding at equal rates. The rate at which the products are formed from the reactants equals the
More informationb. Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant at 127ºC for the reaction 2NH 3 (g) N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g)
1. Write the equilibrium expression for the following reaction: 4NH 3 (g) + 7O 2 (g) 4NO 2 (g) + 6H 2 O(g) 2. The following equilibrium concentrations were observed for this reaction at 127ºC: N 2 (g)
More informationThe first law: transformation of energy into heat and work. Chemical reactions can be used to provide heat and for doing work.
The first law: transformation of energy into heat and work Chemical reactions can be used to provide heat and for doing work. Compare fuel value of different compounds. What drives these reactions to proceed
More informationCHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Chapter 13
Page 1 1 hemical Equilibrium EMIAL EQUILIBRIUM hapter 1 The state where the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant with time. On the molecular level, there is frantic activity. Equilibrium
More informationChapter 18 Homework Answers
Chapter 18 Homework Answers 18.22. 18.24. 18.26. a. Since G RT lnk, as long as the temperature remains constant, the value of G also remains constant. b. In this case, G G + RT lnq. Since the reaction
More informationStandard Free Energies of Formation at 298 K. Average Bond Dissociation Energies at 298 K
1 Thermodynamics There always seems to be at least one free response question that involves thermodynamics. These types of question also show up in the multiple choice questions. G, S, and H. Know what
More informationChemistry B11 Chapter 4 Chemical reactions
Chemistry B11 Chapter 4 Chemical reactions Chemical reactions are classified into five groups: A + B AB Synthesis reactions (Combination) H + O H O AB A + B Decomposition reactions (Analysis) NaCl Na +Cl
More informationThermochemical equations allow stoichiometric calculations.
CHEM 1105 THERMOCHEMISTRY 1. Change in Enthalpy ( H) Heat is evolved or absorbed in all chemical reactions. Exothermic reaction: heat evolved - heat flows from reaction mixture to surroundings; products
More informationUnit 19 Practice. Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Name: Class: Date: Unit 19 Practice Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The first law of thermodynamics can be given as. A) E = q + w B) =
More informationBomb Calorimetry. Example 4. Energy and Enthalpy
Bomb Calorimetry constant volume often used for combustion reactions heat released by reaction is absorbed by calorimeter contents need heat capacity of calorimeter q cal = q rxn = q bomb + q water Example
More informationChemistry 122 Mines, Spring 2014
Chemistry 122 Mines, Spring 2014 Answer Key, Problem Set 9 1. 18.44(c) (Also indicate the sign on each electrode, and show the flow of ions in the salt bridge.); 2. 18.46 (do this for all cells in 18.44
More information4. Using the data from Handout 5, what is the standard enthalpy of formation of BaO (s)? What does this mean?
HOMEWORK 3A 1. In each of the following pairs, tell which has the higher entropy. (a) One mole of liquid water or one mole of water vapor (b) One mole of dry ice or one mole of carbon dioxide at 1 atm
More informationChapter 8 - Chemical Equations and Reactions
Chapter 8 - Chemical Equations and Reactions 8-1 Describing Chemical Reactions I. Introduction A. Reactants 1. Original substances entering into a chemical rxn B. Products 1. The resulting substances from
More informationEquilibria Involving Acids & Bases
Week 9 Equilibria Involving Acids & Bases Acidic and basic solutions Self-ionisation of water Through reaction with itself: The concentration of water in aqueous solutions is virtually constant at about
More informationWORKSHEET: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
WORKSHEET: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Name Last First FOR ALL EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEMS, YOU MUST: 1) Write all equilibrium equations 2) Write all equilibrium concentrations 3) Write all equilibrium expressions SET
More informationFinal Exam CHM 3410, Dr. Mebel, Fall 2005
Final Exam CHM 3410, Dr. Mebel, Fall 2005 1. At -31.2 C, pure propane and n-butane have vapor pressures of 1200 and 200 Torr, respectively. (a) Calculate the mole fraction of propane in the liquid mixture
More informationChapter 9 Lecture Notes: Acids, Bases and Equilibrium
Chapter 9 Lecture Notes: Acids, Bases and Equilibrium Educational Goals 1. Given a chemical equation, write the law of mass action. 2. Given the equilibrium constant (K eq ) for a reaction, predict whether
More information1. The graph below represents the potential energy changes that occur in a chemical reaction. Which letter represents the activated complex?
1. The graph below represents the potential energy changes that occur in a chemical reaction. Which letter represents the activated complex? 4. According to the potential energy diagram shown above, the
More informationEnthalpy of Reaction and Calorimetry worksheet
Enthalpy of Reaction and Calorimetry worksheet 1. Calcium carbonate decomposes at high temperature to form carbon dioxide and calcium oxide, calculate the enthalpy of reaction. CaCO 3 CO 2 + CaO 2. Carbon
More informationChapter 13 Chemical Kinetics
Chapter 13 Chemical Kinetics Student: 1. The units of "reaction rate" are A. L mol -1 s -1. B. L 2 mol -2 s -1. C. s -1. D. s -2. E. mol L -1 s -1. 2. For the reaction BrO 3 - + 5Br - + 6H + 3Br 2 + 3H
More informationChem 1721 Brief Notes: Chapter 19
Chem 1721 Brief Notes: Chapter 19 Chapter 19: Electrochemistry Consider the same redox reaction set up 2 different ways: Cu metal in a solution of AgNO 3 Cu Cu salt bridge electrically conducting wire
More informationSpring 2009. kj mol 125 0-229 -92. H f. H rxn = Σ H f (products) - Σ H f (reactants)
Spring 2009 2. The reaction of an elemental halogen with an alkane is a very common reaction. The reaction between chlorine and butane is provided below. (NOTE: Questions a d and f pertain to this reaction.)
More informationSolubility Product Constant
Solubility Product Constant Page 1 In general, when ionic compounds dissolve in water, they go into solution as ions. When the solution becomes saturated with ions, that is, unable to hold any more, the
More informationReading: Moore chapter 18, sections 18.6-18.11 Questions for Review and Thought: 62, 69, 71, 73, 78, 83, 99, 102.
Thermodynamics 2: Gibbs Free Energy and Equilibrium Reading: Moore chapter 18, sections 18.6-18.11 Questions for Review and Thought: 62, 69, 71, 73, 78, 83, 99, 102. Key Concepts and skills: definitions
More informationLab #11: Determination of a Chemical Equilibrium Constant
Lab #11: Determination of a Chemical Equilibrium Constant Objectives: 1. Determine the equilibrium constant of the formation of the thiocyanatoiron (III) ions. 2. Understand the application of using a
More information1. Thermite reaction 2. Enthalpy of reaction, H 3. Heating/cooling curves and changes in state 4. More thermite thermodynamics
Chem 105 Fri 10-23-09 1. Thermite reaction 2. Enthalpy of reaction, H 3. Heating/cooling curves and changes in state 4. More thermite thermodynamics 10/23/2009 1 Please PICK UP your graded EXAM in front.
More information5.111 Principles of Chemical Science
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 5.111 Principles of Chemical Science Fall 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. Page 1 of 10 pages
More informationFinal Exam Review. I normalize your final exam score out of 70 to a score out of 150. This score out of 150 is included in your final course total.
Final Exam Review Information Your ACS standardized final exam is a comprehensive, 70 question multiple choice (a d) test featuring material from BOTH the CHM 101 and 102 syllabi. Questions are graded
More informationChapter 6 Chemical Calculations
Chapter 6 Chemical Calculations 1 Submicroscopic Macroscopic 2 Chapter Outline 1. Formula Masses (Ch 6.1) 2. Percent Composition (supplemental material) 3. The Mole & Avogadro s Number (Ch 6.2) 4. Molar
More informationChapter 14. Review Skills
Chapter 14 The Process of Chemical Reactions ave you ever considered becoming a chemical engineer? The men and women in this profession develop industrial processes for the large-scale production of the
More informationChemistry 132 NT. Solubility Equilibria. The most difficult thing to understand is the income tax. Solubility and Complex-ion Equilibria
Chemistry 13 NT The most difficult thing to understand is the income tax. Albert Einstein 1 Chem 13 NT Solubility and Complex-ion Equilibria Module 1 Solubility Equilibria The Solubility Product Constant
More information11 Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry
Copyright ç 1996 Richard Hochstim. All rights reserved. Terms of use.» 37 11 Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry Thermodynamics is the study of heat, and how heat can be interconverted into other energy
More informationChem 31 Fall 2002. Chapter 3. Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations. Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
Chem 31 Fall 2002 Chapter 3 Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations 1. Write Equation in Words -you cannot write an equation unless you
More informationAP Chemistry 2010 Scoring Guidelines Form B
AP Chemistry 2010 Scoring Guidelines Form B The College Board The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded
More informationReview: Balancing Redox Reactions. Review: Balancing Redox Reactions
Review: Balancing Redox Reactions Determine which species is oxidized and which species is reduced Oxidation corresponds to an increase in the oxidation number of an element Reduction corresponds to a
More informationSUGGESTION ANSWER SCHEME CHAPTER 8: THERMOCHEMISTRY. 1 (a) Use the data in the table below to answer the following questions:
SUGGESTION ANSWER SCHEME CHAPTER 8: THERMOCHEMISTRY ANSWER SCHEME UPS 2004/2005 SK027 1 (a) Use the data in the table below to answer the following questions: Enthalpy change ΔH (kj/mol) Atomization energy
More informationSample Problem: STOICHIOMETRY and percent yield calculations. How much H 2 O will be formed if 454 g of. decomposes? NH 4 NO 3 N 2 O + 2 H 2 O
STOICHIOMETRY and percent yield calculations 1 Steps for solving Stoichiometric Problems 2 Step 1 Write the balanced equation for the reaction. Step 2 Identify your known and unknown quantities. Step 3
More informationCHEM 105 HOUR EXAM III 28-OCT-99. = -163 kj/mole determine H f 0 for Ni(CO) 4 (g) = -260 kj/mole determine H f 0 for Cr(CO) 6 (g)
CHEM 15 HOUR EXAM III 28-OCT-99 NAME (please print) 1. a. given: Ni (s) + 4 CO (g) = Ni(CO) 4 (g) H Rxn = -163 k/mole determine H f for Ni(CO) 4 (g) b. given: Cr (s) + 6 CO (g) = Cr(CO) 6 (g) H Rxn = -26
More informationThermodynamics. Thermodynamics 1
Thermodynamics 1 Thermodynamics Some Important Topics First Law of Thermodynamics Internal Energy U ( or E) Enthalpy H Second Law of Thermodynamics Entropy S Third law of Thermodynamics Absolute Entropy
More informationIMPORTANT INFORMATION: S for liquid water is 4.184 J/g degree C
FORM A is EXAM II, VERSION 2 (v2) Name 1. DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL DIRECTED TO DO SO. 2. These tests are machine graded; therefore, be sure to use a No. 1 or 2 pencil for marking the answer sheets.
More informationGalvanic cell and Nernst equation
Galvanic cell and Nernst equation Galvanic cell Some times called Voltaic cell Spontaneous reaction redox reaction is used to provide a voltage and an electron flow through some electrical circuit When
More informationTOPIC-1: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM A MATTER OF BALANCE
Chemistry 534 CHAPTER 6 Chemical Equilibrium The subject of any investigation is called a system. When the study involves experimentation, the system is said to be real. When the study involves ideas,
More informationChemical Equations and Chemical Reactions. Chapter 8.1
Chemical Equations and Chemical Reactions Chapter 8.1 Objectives List observations that suggest that a chemical reaction has taken place List the requirements for a correctly written chemical equation.
More informationChem 1A Exam 2 Review Problems
Chem 1A Exam 2 Review Problems 1. At 0.967 atm, the height of mercury in a barometer is 0.735 m. If the mercury were replaced with water, what height of water (in meters) would be supported at this pressure?
More informationFORM A is EXAM II, VERSION 1 (v1) Name
FORM A is EXAM II, VERSION 1 (v1) Name 1. DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL DIRECTED TO DO SO. 2. These tests are machine graded; therefore, be sure to use a No. 1 or 2 pencil for marking the answer sheets.
More informationChemical reactions allow living things to grow, develop, reproduce, and adapt.
Section 2: Chemical reactions allow living things to grow, develop, reproduce, and adapt. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Essential Questions What are the parts of a chemical reaction?
More informationCalculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations
Chapter 3 Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations Concept Check 3.1 You have 1.5 moles of tricycles. a. How many moles of seats do you have? b. How many moles of tires do you have? c. How could
More informationIntroductory Chemistry, 3 rd Edition Nivaldo Tro. Roy Kennedy Massachusetts Bay Community College Wellesley Hills, Maqqwertd ygoijpk[l
Introductory Chemistry, 3 rd Edition Nivaldo Tro Quantities in Car an octane and oxygen molecules and carbon dioxide and water Chemical Reactions Roy Kennedy Massachusetts Bay Community College Wellesley
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Given: 4 NO2(g) + O2(g) 2 N2O5(g) ΔH = -110.2 kj find ΔH for N2O5(g) 2 NO2(g) + 1/2 O2(g).
More informationENTHALPY CHANGES FOR A CHEMICAL REACTION scaling a rxn up or down (proportionality) quantity 1 from rxn heat 1 from Δ r H. = 32.
CHEMISTRY 103 Help Sheet #10 Chapter 4 (Part II); Sections 4.6-4.10 Do the topics appropriate for your lecture Prepared by Dr. Tony Jacob http://www.chem.wisc.edu/areas/clc (Resource page) Nuggets: Enthalpy
More informationUnit 10A Stoichiometry Notes
Unit 10A Stoichiometry Notes Stoichiometry is a big word for a process that chemist s use to calculate amounts in reactions. It makes use of the coefficient ratio set up by balanced reaction equations
More informationChapter 13: Electrochemistry. Electrochemistry. The study of the interchange of chemical and electrical energy.
Chapter 13: Electrochemistry Redox Reactions Galvanic Cells Cell Potentials Cell Potentials and Equilbrium Batteries Electrolysis Electrolysis and Stoichiometry Corrosion Prevention Electrochemistry The
More informationChapter 5 Chemical Quantities and Reactions. Collection Terms. 5.1 The Mole. A Mole of a Compound. A Mole of Atoms.
Chapter 5 Chemical Quantities and Reactions 5.1 The Mole Collection Terms A collection term states a specific number of items. 1 dozen donuts = 12 donuts 1 ream of paper = 500 sheets 1 case = 24 cans 1
More informationUnit 5 Practice Test. Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Name: Class: Date: Unit 5 Practice Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The internal energy of a system is always increased by. A) adding
More informationGeneral Chemistry II Chapter 20
1 General Chemistry II Chapter 0 Ionic Equilibria: Principle There are many compounds that appear to be insoluble in aqueous solution (nonelectrolytes). That is, when we add a certain compound to water
More informationCHEM 110: CHAPTER 3: STOICHIOMETRY: CALCULATIONS WITH CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND EQUATIONS
1 CHEM 110: CHAPTER 3: STOICHIOMETRY: CALCULATIONS WITH CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND EQUATIONS The Chemical Equation A chemical equation concisely shows the initial (reactants) and final (products) results of
More informationChemical Equations. Chemical Equations. Chemical reactions describe processes involving chemical change
Chemical Reactions Chemical Equations Chemical reactions describe processes involving chemical change The chemical change involves rearranging matter Converting one or more pure substances into new pure
More informationGibbs Free Energy and Chemical Potential. NC State University
Chemistry 433 Lecture 14 Gibbs Free Energy and Chemical Potential NC State University The internal energy expressed in terms of its natural variables We can use the combination of the first and second
More informationName AP CHEM / / Collected Essays Chapter 17 Answers
Name AP CHEM / / Collected Essays Chapter 17 Answers 1980 - #2 M(s) + Cu 2+ (aq) M 2+ (aq) + Cu(s) For the reaction above, E = 0.740 volt at 25 C. (a) Determine the standard electrode potential for the
More informationCh 8.5 Solution Concentration Units % (m/m or w/w) = mass of solute x 100 total mass of solution mass of solution = mass solute + mass solvent
1 Ch 8.5 Solution Concentration Units % (m/m or w/w) = mass of solute x 100 total mass of solution mass of solution = mass solute + mass solvent % (v/v) = volume of solute x 100 volume of solution filled
More informationFORMA is EXAM I, VERSION 1 (v1) Name
FORMA is EXAM I, VERSION 1 (v1) Name 1. DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL DIRECTED TO DO SO. 2. These tests are machine graded; therefore, be sure to use a No. 1 or 2 pencil for marking the answer sheets. 3.
More informationSolubility Product. Application of Equilibrium concepts
Solubility Product Application of Equilibrium concepts Introduction In even the most insoluble compounds, a few ions at the least dissolve. We can treat dissolving as a mini reaction in which the cation(s)
More informationINTI COLLEGE MALAYSIA A? LEVEL PROGRAMME CHM 111: CHEMISTRY MOCK EXAMINATION: DECEMBER 2000 SESSION. 37 74 20 40 60 80 m/e
CHM111(M)/Page 1 of 5 INTI COLLEGE MALAYSIA A? LEVEL PROGRAMME CHM 111: CHEMISTRY MOCK EXAMINATION: DECEMBER 2000 SESSION SECTION A Answer ALL EIGHT questions. (52 marks) 1. The following is the mass spectrum
More informationThermodynamics and Equilibrium
Chapter 19 Thermodynamics and Equilibrium Concept Check 19.1 You have a sample of 1.0 mg of solid iodine at room temperature. Later, you notice that the iodine has sublimed (passed into the vapor state).
More information7. 1.00 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 101.325 kpa = 14.70 psi. = 0.446 atm. = 0.993 atm. = 107 kpa 760 torr 1 atm 760 mm Hg = 790.
CHATER 3. The atmosphere is a homogeneous mixture (a solution) of gases.. Solids and liquids have essentially fixed volumes and are not able to be compressed easily. have volumes that depend on their conditions,
More informationAdditional Lecture: TITRATION BASICS
Additional Lecture: TITRATION BASICS 1 Definition and Applications Titration is the incremental addition of a reagent solution (called titrant) to the analyte until the reaction is complete Common applications:
More informationEnergy and Chemical Reactions. Characterizing Energy:
Energy and Chemical Reactions Energy: Critical for virtually all aspects of chemistry Defined as: We focus on energy transfer. We observe energy changes in: Heat Transfer: How much energy can a material
More informationChemical Kinetics. Reaction Rate: The change in the concentration of a reactant or a product with time (M/s). Reactant Products A B
Reaction Rates: Chemical Kinetics Reaction Rate: The change in the concentration of a reactant or a product with time (M/s). Reactant Products A B change in number of moles of B Average rate = change in
More informationAP Chemistry 2012 Free-Response Questions
AP Chemistry 01 Free-Response Questions About the College Board The College Board is a mission-driven not-for-profit organization that connects students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900,
More informationChapter 3: Stoichiometry
Chapter 3: Stoichiometry Key Skills: Balance chemical equations Predict the products of simple combination, decomposition, and combustion reactions. Calculate formula weights Convert grams to moles and
More informationFinal. Mark Scheme. Chemistry CHEM5. (Specification 2420) Unit 5: Energetics, Redox and Inorganic Chemistry
Version.2 General Certificate of Education (A-level) January 202 Chemistry CHEM5 (Specification 2420) Unit 5: Energetics, Redox and Inorganic Chemistry Final Mark Scheme Mark schemes are prepared by the
More information2. Write the chemical formula(s) of the product(s) and balance the following spontaneous reactions.
1. Using the Activity Series on the Useful Information pages of the exam write the chemical formula(s) of the product(s) and balance the following reactions. Identify all products phases as either (g)as,
More information2. The percent yield is the maximum amount of product that can be produced from the given amount of limiting reactant.
UNIT 6 stoichiometry practice test True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. moles F 1. The mole ratio is a comparison of how many grams of one substance are required to participate in
More information87 16 70 20 58 24 44 32 35 40 29 48 (a) graph Y versus X (b) graph Y versus 1/X
HOMEWORK 5A Barometer; Boyle s Law 1. The pressure of the first two gases below is determined with a manometer that is filled with mercury (density = 13.6 g/ml). The pressure of the last two gases below
More informationAnswer Key, Problem Set 5 (With explanations)--complete
Chemistry 122 Mines, Spring 2016 Answer Key, Problem Set 5 (With explanations)complete 1. NT1; 2. NT2; 3. MP; 4. MP (15.38); 5. MP (15.40); 6. MP (15.42); 7. NT3; 8. NT4; 9. MP; 10. NT5; 11. NT6; 12. MP;
More informationChapter 1 The Atomic Nature of Matter
Chapter 1 The Atomic Nature of Matter 6. Substances that cannot be decomposed into two or more simpler substances by chemical means are called a. pure substances. b. compounds. c. molecules. d. elements.
More informationChapter 5. Chemical Reactions and Equations. Introduction. Chapter 5 Topics. 5.1 What is a Chemical Reaction
Introduction Chapter 5 Chemical Reactions and Equations Chemical reactions occur all around us. How do we make sense of these changes? What patterns can we find? 1 2 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies,
More informationCHEM 1212 Test II. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
CHEM 1212 Test II MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that est completes the statement or answers the question. 1) At 1000 K, the equilirium constant for the reaction is K p = 0.013. 2NO (g) +
More informationAP Chemistry 2009 Scoring Guidelines
AP Chemistry 2009 Scoring Guidelines The College Board The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900,
More informationChemical Kinetics. 2. Using the kinetics of a given reaction a possible reaction mechanism
1. Kinetics is the study of the rates of reaction. Chemical Kinetics 2. Using the kinetics of a given reaction a possible reaction mechanism 3. What is a reaction mechanism? Why is it important? A reaction
More informationProblem Solving. Stoichiometry of Gases
Skills Worksheet Problem Solving Stoichiometry of Gases Now that you have worked with relationships among moles, mass, and volumes of gases, you can easily put these to work in stoichiometry calculations.
More informationName period Unit 9: acid/base equilibrium
Name period Unit 9: acid/base equilibrium 1. What is the difference between the Arrhenius and the BronstedLowry definition of an acid? Arrhenious acids give H + in water BronstedLowry acids are proton
More informationChemistry 11 Some Study Materials for the Final Exam
Chemistry 11 Some Study Materials for the Final Exam Prefix Abbreviation Exponent giga G 10 9 mega M 10 6 kilo k 10 3 hecto h 10 2 deca da 10 1 deci d 10-1 centi c 10-2 milli m 10-3 micro µ 10-6 nano n
More informationwww.chemsheets.co.uk 17-Jul-12 Chemsheets A2 033 1
www.chemsheets.co.uk 17-Jul-12 Chemsheets A2 033 1 AS THERMODYNAMICS REVISION What is enthalpy? It is a measure of the heat content of a substance Enthalpy change ( H) = Change in heat content at constant
More informationIn the box below, draw the Lewis electron-dot structure for the compound formed from magnesium and oxygen. [Include any charges or partial charges.
Name: 1) Which molecule is nonpolar and has a symmetrical shape? A) NH3 B) H2O C) HCl D) CH4 7222-1 - Page 1 2) When ammonium chloride crystals are dissolved in water, the temperature of the water decreases.
More informationLimiting Reagent Worksheet #1
Limiting Reagent Worksheet #1 1. Given the following reaction: (Balance the equation first!) C 3 H 8 + O 2 -------> CO 2 + H 2 O a) If you start with 14.8 g of C 3 H 8 and 3.44 g of O 2, determine the
More informationCHEM 36 General Chemistry EXAM #1 February 13, 2002
CHEM 36 General Chemistry EXAM #1 February 13, 2002 Name: Serkey, Anne INSTRUCTIONS: Read through the entire exam before you begin. Answer all of the questions. For questions involving calculations, show
More informationAppendix D. Reaction Stoichiometry D.1 INTRODUCTION
Appendix D Reaction Stoichiometry D.1 INTRODUCTION In Appendix A, the stoichiometry of elements and compounds was presented. There, the relationships among grams, moles and number of atoms and molecules
More informationChapter 10. Can You... 1. draw the Lewis structure for a given covalently bonded molecule?
Chapter 10 Can You... 1. draw the Lewis structure for a given covalently bonded molecule? e.g. SF 6 and CH 3 Cl 2. identify and count the number of non-bonding and bonding domains within a given covalently
More informationstoichiometry = the numerical relationships between chemical amounts in a reaction.
1 REACTIONS AND YIELD ANSWERS stoichiometry = the numerical relationships between chemical amounts in a reaction. 2C 8 H 18 (l) + 25O 2 16CO 2 (g) + 18H 2 O(g) From the equation, 16 moles of CO 2 (a greenhouse
More informationEXPERIMENT 7 Reaction Stoichiometry and Percent Yield
EXPERIMENT 7 Reaction Stoichiometry and Percent Yield INTRODUCTION Stoichiometry calculations are about calculating the amounts of substances that react and form in a chemical reaction. The word stoichiometry
More informationUNIT (4) CALCULATIONS AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS
UNIT (4) CALCULATIONS AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS 4.1 Formula Masses Recall that the decimal number written under the symbol of the element in the periodic table is the atomic mass of the element. 1 7 8 12
More information