Mike Ellis. TF3 Leader. TAG/MRTD 18 Montreal May 5-8, 2008

Transcription

1 Mike Ellis TF3 Leader TAG/MRTD 18 Montreal May 5-8, 2008 V /2008

2 The Machine Readable Passport consists of 2 zones:

3 The Visual Inspection Zone for data to be read by inspectors: Visual Inspection Zone VIZ

4 The Machine Readable Zone to be read by machine: Machine Readable Zone MRZ

5 The name can be treated differently in each zone: Name: Thérèse CAÑON

6 In the VIZ: Name: Thérèse CAÑON VIZ Name by convention with diacritical marks & national characters

7 In the MRZ: Name: Thérèse CAÑON VIZ Name by convention with diacritical marks & national characters MRZ Name limited to A-Z, machine readable

8 The technical terms for this process are: VIZ TRANSCRIPTION (phonetic)

9 The technical terms for this process are: VIZ TRANSCRIPTION (phonetic) MRZ TRANSLITERATION

10 Arabic Official language of: Tunisia Lebanon Syria Morocco Palestine Iraq Iran Algeria Jordan Kuwait Libya Egypt Bahrain Qatar UAE Saudi Arabia Mauritania Oman Niger Chad Sudan Yemen Djibouti Somalia Comoros

11 And the Arabic font is used in other languages: Kurdish Farsi Tunisia Lebanon Syria Morocco Palestine Iraq Iran Afghanistan Algeria Jordan Kuwait Libya Pakistan Egypt Bahrain Qatar UAE Saudi Arabia Mauritania Oman Niger Chad Sudan Yemen Hausa Djibouti Somalia Pashto & Dari Urdu, Shahmukhi, Sindhi Comoros

12 This is a well-known name in Arabic script: which according to a website that tracks newspaper & web articles, has at least 32 variations in the Latin script...

13 Latin transcriptions found: 1. Muammar Qaddafi 2. Mo ammar Gadhafi 3. Muammar Kaddafi 4. Muammar Qadhafi 5. Moammar El Kadhafi 6. Muammar Gadafi 7. Mu ammar al-qadafi 8. Moamer El Kazzafi 9. Moamar al-gaddafi 10. Mu ammar Al Qathafi 11. Muammar Al Qathafi 12. Mo ammar el-gadhafi 13. Moamar El Kadhafi 14. Muammar al-qadhafi 15. Mu ammar al-qadhafi 16. Mu ammar Qadafi 17. Moamar Gaddafi 18. Mu ammar Qadhdhafi 19. Muammar Khaddafi 20. Muammar al-khaddafi 21. Mu amar al-kadafi 22. Muammar Ghaddafy 23. Muammar Ghadafi 24. Muammar Ghaddafi 25. Muamar Kaddafi 26. Muammar Quathafi 27. Mohammar Q udafi 28. Muammar Gheddafi 29. Muamar Al-Kaddafi 30. Moammar Khadafy 31. Moammar Qudhafi 32. Mu ammar al-qaddafi

14 This is a common Arabic name: محمود عب دالرحيم

15 محمود عب دالرحيم محمود Mahmoud Mahmud Mahmut The first component of this Arabic name has at least 57 Latin transcriptions. Mahmood Mehmood and 52 more...

16 محمود عب دالرحيم عب دالرحيم The second component of this Arabic name has at least 145 Latin transcriptions. Abd-al-Rahiim Abdalraheem Abd ar-raheem Abdul Rahim Abd al Raheem and 140 more... From:

17 محمود عب دالرحيم عب دالرحيم محمود Mahmoud Abd-al-Rahiim Mahmud this is Mahmut a possible 57 x 145 = 8,265 Abd Latin ar-raheem transcriptions - Mahmood Abdalraheem While not all combinations might occur, from ONE name in Arabic script! Abdul Rahim Mehmood and 52 more... Abd al Raheem and 140 more... From:

18 Mismatches are likely to occur Database MAHMOUD ABD-AL-RAHEEM MUAMAR ABD-AL-RAHEEM MAHDI ABD-AL-RAHIM MAHMUT ABDUL RAHIIM MAHMOUD ABD-AL-RAHEEM MISMATCH!

19 1. VIZ Transcription

20 Doc 9303 states that if the name is in a non-latin script, a transcription into Latin characters must be provided.

21 There are many transcription standards: Arabic character ا DIN ISO ISO/R UN 1972 ALA-LC 1997 Alef ā ب Beh b b b b b b Teh ة ت Teh t t t t t t ث Theh t t t th th th ج Jeem ğ ğ ğ j j dj ح Hah h h h h h h EI 1960 marbuta h,t t, h,t h,t a,at خ Khah h h h kh kh kh Dal d d d d d d د ذ ر Reh r r r r r r ز Zain z z z z z z س Seen s s s s s s Thal d d d dh dh dh

22 We take the name in the Arabic script, and transcribe each part, according to a transcription standard or the practice in each issuing country. اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى Abū

23 اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى Abū Bakr

24 اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى Abū Bakr Mohammed

25 اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى Abū Bakr Mohammed ibn

26 اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى Abū Bakr Mohammed ibn Zakarīya

27 اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى Abū Bakr Mohammed ibn Zakarīya al-rāzi

28 You will notice the following points about the transcription: Short vowels inferred by user اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى Abū Bakr Mohammed ibn Zakarīya al-rāzi The short vowels are not included in the Arabic name, but are added by the translator.

29 bin or ibn Zakaria or Zakarīya اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى Abū Bakr Mohammed ibn Zakarīya al-rāzi The spelling may vary in different countries.

30 Diacritical marks اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى Abū Bakr Mohammed ibn Zakarīya al-rāzi Diacritical marks, indicating pronunciation, are permitted in the VIZ, but NOT in the MRZ.

31 So the transcribed name in Latin characters is put into the VIZ: اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى Abū Bakr Mohammed ibn Zakarīya al-rāzi

32 You will notice the following about the transcription standards: Arabic character ا DIN ISO ISO/R UN 1972 ALA-LC 1997 Alef ā ب Beh b b b b b b Teh ة ت Teh t t t t t t ث Theh t t t th th th ج Jeem ğ ğ ğ j j dj ح Hah h h h h h h EI 1960 marbuta h,t t, h,t h,t a,at خ Khah h h h kh kh kh Dal d d d d d d د ذ ر ز Thal d d d dh dh dh Reh r r r r r r Alternatives (choices) Zain z z z z z z More than one Latin س Seen character s s may sbe possible, s depending s s upon context

33 Arabic character ا Transcription standards DIN ISO ISO/R UN 1972 ALA-LC 1997 Alef ā ب Beh b b b b b b Special & silent characters Teh marbuta h,t t, h,t h,t a,at ة ت Teh t t t t t t ث Theh t t t th th th ج Jeem ğ ğ ğ j j dj ح Hah h h h h h h خ Khah h h h kh kh kh Dal d d d d d d د ذ ر ز EI 1960 Thal d d d dh dh dh Reh r r r r r r Zain z z z z z z Some Arabic characters س Seen s are s transcribed s by s special s marks, s or not at all.

34 Arabic character ا Transcription standards DIN ISO ISO/R UN 1972 ALA-LC 1997 Alef ā Beh b b b b b b ب Teh ة Teh ت t t t t t t Theh ث t t t th th th EI 1960 marbuta h,t t, h,t h,t a,at Jeem ج ğ ğ ğ j j dj Diacritical حmarks Hah h h h h h h Khah خ h h h kh kh kh Dal d d d d d d د ذ ر ز Thal d d d dh dh dh Reh r r r r r r Zain z z z z z z Diacritical Seen marks s are used s to sdistinguish s characters. s s س

35 Arabic character ا Transcription standards DIN ISO ISO/R UN 1972 ALA-LC 1997 Alef ā Beh b b b b b b ب Teh ة Teh ت t t t t t t Theh ث t t t th th th EI 1960 marbuta h,t t, h,t h,t a,at Jeem ğ ğ ğ j j dj ج Compound characters Hah h h h h h h ح Khah خ h h h kh kh kh Dal d d d d d d د ذ ر ز Thal d d d dh dh dh Reh r r r r r r Zain z z z z z z Compound?(ح) h and s (ت) same s as t s (ث) s Seen characters: s sis th س

36 Arabic character ا Transcription standards DIN ISO ISO/R UN 1972 ALA-LC 1997 Alef ā Beh b b b b b b ب Special & silent characters Teh marbuta h,t t, h,t h,t a,at ة Teh ت t t t t t t Theh ث t t t th th th Jeem ج ğ ğ ğ j j dj Diacritical حmarks Hah h h h h h h Khah خ h h h kh kh kh Dal d d d d d d د ذ ر ز EI 1960 Thal d d d dh dh dh Alternatives (choices) Reh r r r r r r Zain Compound characters z z z z z z All these variations Seen lead س s to name s differences s s s s

37 Arabic character ا Transcription standards DIN ISO ISO/R UN 1972 ALA-LC 1997 Alef ā Beh b b b b b b ب Special & silent characters Teh marbuta h,t t, h,t h,t a,at ة Teh ت t t t t t t Theh ث t t t th th th Jeem ج ğ ğ ğ j j dj Diacritical حmarks Hah h h h h h h Khah خ h h h kh kh kh Dal d d d d d d د ذ ر ز EI 1960 Thal d d d dh dh dh Alternatives (choices) Reh r r r r r r Zain Compound characters z z z z z z and make transcription Seen s س unsuitable s for s the MRZ. s s s

38 TF3 does NOT recommend that the transcription in the VIZ be standardized. TF3 recommends that each issuing country use an existing transcription standard for the VIZ, or the procedure that has been traditionally used in that country. However, the ICAO TAG/MRTD may decide to standardize the transcription in the VIZ.

39 2. MRZ Transliteration

40 We must use transliteration in the MRZ as we are limited to A to Z. We cannot have diacritical marks, etc, as in the VIZ. This is because the MRZ is meant for MACHINE READING.

41 Starting again with the Arabic name in the VIZ: اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى

42 Process of transliteration: firstly, we break up the Arabic name into its parts. و ب ا Alef Beh Waw اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى

43 اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى و ب ا Alef Beh Waw Space ر ك ب Beh Kaf Reh

44 and so on, until we have all the individual characters: و ب ا Alef Beh Waw اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى ر ك ب Beh Kaf Reh ا ي ر ك ز Zain Kaf Reh Yeh Alef د م ح م Meem Hah Meem Dal ن ب Space Space Space Space Space Beh Noon ى ز ا ر ل ا Alef Lam Reh Alef Zain Farsi Yeh

45 We then take each Arabic character, and looking up a transliteration table, we find the Latin equivalent: و ب ا Alef Beh Waw اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى ر ك ب Beh Kaf Reh ا ي ر ك ز Zain Kaf Reh Yeh Alef د م ح م Meem Hah Meem Dal ن ب Space Space Space Space Space Beh Noon ى ز ا ر ل ا Alef Lam Reh Alef Zain Farsi Yeh A

46 اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى ن ب د م ح م ر ك ب و ب ا Alef Beh Waw Space Space Space Space Beh Kaf Reh ا ي ر ك ز Zain Kaf Reh Yeh Alef Meem Hah Meem Dal Beh Noon ى ز ا ر ل ا Alef Lam Reh Alef Zain Farsi Yeh A B

47 و ب ا Alef Beh Waw اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى ر ك ب Beh Kaf Reh د م ح م Meem Hah Meem Dal ن ب Space Space Space Space ا ي ر ك ز Zain Kaf Reh Yeh Alef Space Beh Noon ى ز ا ر ل ا Alef Lam Reh Alef Zain Farsi Yeh A B W

48 In the MRZ a space becomes < و ب ا Alef Beh Waw اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى ر ك ب Beh Kaf Reh ا ي ر ك ز Zain Kaf Reh Yeh Alef د م ح م Meem Hah Meem Dal ن ب Space Space Space Space Space Beh Noon ى ز ا ر ل ا Alef Lam Reh Alef Zain Farsi Yeh A B W <

49 and so on, until we get to hah. In our transliteration table the Latin H is already taken by heh, so we use XH for hah. This preserves some phonetic similarity. و ب ا Alef Beh Waw اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى ر ك ب Beh Kaf Reh ا ي ر ك ز Zain Kaf Reh Yeh Alef د م ح م Meem Hah Meem Dal ن ب Space Space Space Space Space Beh Noon ى ز ا ر ل ا Alef Lam Reh Alef Zain Farsi Yeh A B W < B K R < M XH

50 and so on, until we get to the Farsi yeh, which is transliterated in our table by XAY, since the standard yeh is Y. و ب ا Alef Beh Waw اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى ر ك ب Beh Kaf Reh ا ي ر ك ز Zain Kaf Reh Yeh Alef د م ح م Meem Hah Meem Dal ن ب Space Space Space Space Space Beh Noon ى ز ا ر ل ا Alef Lam Reh Alef Zain Farsi Yeh A B W < B K R < M XH M D < B N < Z K R Y A < A LR A Z XAY

51 In our transliteration table we are using X as an escape character to modify the following character or characters. We have to do this because there are not enough Latin characters in A to Z to match the Arabic characters. We are also doing this to preserve some phonetic similarity. و ب ا Alef Beh Waw اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى ر ك ب Beh Kaf Reh ا ي ر ك ز Zain Kaf Reh Yeh Alef د م ح م Meem Hah Meem Dal ن ب Space Space Space Space Space Beh Noon ى ز ا ر ل ا Alef Lam Reh Alef Zain Farsi Yeh A B W < B K R < M XH M D < B N < Z K R Y A < A LR A Z XAY

52 The transliterated name is then placed in the MRZ: اب و بك ر محمد ب ن زآري ا ا ل رازى ABW<BKR<MXHMD<BN<ZKRYA<ALRAZXAY

53 Remember: the name can be treated differently in each zone: Name by convention with diacritical marks & national characters Name limited to A-Z, machine readable

54 There are many transliteration standards: Arabic character Buckwalter ASMO 449 SATTS ا Alef A G A ب Beh b H B Teh ة marbuta p I? ت Teh t J T ث Theh v K C ج Jeem j L J ح Hah H M H خ Khah x N O Dal d O D د Thal ذ * P Z ر Reh r Q R ز Zain z R ; س Seen s S S Buckwalter ASMO 449 SATTS (this is a partial table)

55 Transliteration standards Arabic character Buckwalter ASMO 449 SATTS ا Alef A G A ب Beh b H B Teh ة marbuta p I? ت Teh t J T ث Theh v K C ج Jeem j L J ح Hah H M H خ Khah x N O Dal d O D د Thal ذ * P Z ر Reh r Q R ز Zain z R ; س Seen s S S ASMO 449 is an arbitrary sequence which preserves no phonetic similarity.

56 Transliteration standards Arabic character Buckwalter ASMO 449 SATTS ا Alef A G A ب Beh b H B Teh ة marbuta p I? ت Teh t J T ث Theh v K C ج Jeem j L J ح Hah H M H خ Khah x N O Dal d O D د Thal ذ * P Z ر Reh r Q R ز Zain z R ; س Seen s S S Buckwalter contains many lower case characters. (NOT A-Z)

57 Transliteration standards Arabic character Buckwalter ASMO 449 SATTS ا Alef A G A ب Beh b H B Teh ة marbuta p I? ت Teh t J T ث Theh v K C ج Jeem j L J ح Hah H M H خ Khah x N O Dal d O D د Thal ذ * P Z ر Reh r Q R ز Zain z R ; س Seen s S S Buckwalter & SATTS contain many special characters (NOT A-Z)

58 Transliteration standards Arabic character Buckwalter ASMO 449 SATTS ا Alef A G A ب Beh b H B Teh ة marbuta p I? ت Teh t J T ث Theh v K C ج Jeem j L J ح Hah H M H خ Khah x N O Dal d O D د Thal ذ * P Z ر Reh r Q R ز Zain z R ; س Seen s S S For these reasons, these transliteration schemes are NOT suitable for the MRZ.

59 Our suggested transliteration standard: Arabic character Buckwalter SATTS ا Alef A A ب Beh b B Teh ة marbuta p? ت Teh t T ث Theh v C ج Jeem j J ح Hah H H خ Khah x O Dal d D د Thal ذ * Z ر Reh r R ز Zain z ; س Seen s S 1. We discount schemes like ASMO 449

60 Our suggested transliteration standard: Arabic character Buckwalter SATTS TF3 Scheme ا Alef A A A ب Beh b B B Teh ة marbuta p? XTA ت Teh t T T ث Theh v C XTH ج Jeem j J J ح Hah H H XH خ Khah x O XKH Dal d D D د ذ ر Reh r R R ز Zain z ; Z س Seen s S S Thal * Z XDH 2. We use some characters similarly to Buckwalter & SATTS.

61 Our suggested transliteration standard: Arabic character Buckwalter SATTS TF3 Scheme ا Alef A A A ب Beh b B B Teh ة marbuta p? XTA ت Teh t T T ث Theh v C XTH ج Jeem j J J ح Hah H H XH خ Khah x O XKH Dal d D D د ذ ر Reh r R R ز Zain z ; Z س Seen s S S Thal * Z XDH 3. We use X as an escape character, and try to preserve phonetic similarity. X has no Arabic equivalent (and a precedent of being used for ICAO transliteration)

62 Our suggested transliteration standard: Unicode Arabic letter Name Doc ء hamza XE 0622 ا alef with madda above XAA 0623 أ alef with ham za above XAE 0624 ؤ waw with ham za above XWE 0625 إ alef with ham za below XAI 0626 ئ yeh with hamza above XYE 0627 ا alef A 0628 ب beh B 0629 ة teh marbuta XTA 062A ت teh T 062B ث theh XTH 062C ج jeem J 062D ح hah XH 062E خ khah XKH 062F د dal D 0630 ذ thal XDH 0631 ر reh R 0632 ز zain Z 0633 س seen S 0634 ش sheen XSH 0635 ص sad XSS 0636 ض dad XDD 0637 ط tah XTT 0638 ظ zah XZZ 0639 ع ain E 063A غ ghain G 0640 tatwheel Not transliterated 0641 ف feh F 0642 ق qaf Q 0643 ك kaf K 0644 ل lam L 0645 م meem M 0646 ن noon N 0647 ه heh H 0648 و waw W 0649 ى alef maksura XAY 064A ي yeh Y 064B fathatan Not transliterated 064C dammatan Not transliterated 064D kasratan Not transliterated 064E fatha Not transliterated 064F damma Not transliterated 0650 kasra Not transliterated 0651 shadda Not transliterated 0652 sukun Not transliterated 0670? superscript alef Not transliterated 0671? alef wasla XXA 06A4? veh V 06A5? feh with 3 dots below XFF

63 0639 ع ain E 063A غ ghain G 0640 tatwheel 4. Short vowels, being optional in Arabic names, are not transliterated 0641 ف feh F 0642 ق qaf Q 0643 ك kaf K 0644 ل lam L 0645 م meem M 0646 ن noon N 0647 ه heh H 0648 و waw W 0649 ى alef maksura XAY 064A ي yeh Y 064B fathatan Not transliterated 064C dammatan Not transliterated 064D kasratan Not transliterated 064E fatha Not transliterated 064F damma Not transliterated 0650 kasra Not transliterated 0651 shadda 0652 sukun 0670? superscript alef Not transliterated 0671? alef wasla XXA 06A4? veh V 06A5? feh with 3 dots below XFF

64 0639 ع ain E 063A غ ghain G 5. Tatwheel is a graphics filler character tatwheel Not transliterated 0641 ف feh F 0642 ق qaf Q 0643 ك kaf K 0644 ل lam L 0645 م meem M 0646 ن noon N 0647 ه heh H 0648 و waw W 0649 ى alef maksura XAY 064A ي yeh Y 064B fathatan 064C dammatan 064D kasratan 064E fatha 064F damma 0650 kasra 0651 shadda 0652 sukun 0670? superscript alef 0671? alef wasla XXA 06A4? veh V 06A5? feh with 3 dots below XFF

65 0639 ع ain E 063A غ ghain G 0640 tatwheel 6. Sukun marks the absence of a vowel and shadda is doubling, also optional ف feh F 0642 ق qaf Q 0643 ك kaf K 0644 ل lam L 0645 م meem M 0646 ن noon N 0647 ه heh H 0648 و waw W 0649 ى alef maksura XAY 064A ي yeh Y 064B fathatan 064C dammatan 064D kasratan 064E fatha 064F damma 0650 kasra 0651 shadda 0652 sukun 0670? superscript alef Not transliterated Not transliterated 0671? alef wasla XXA 06A4? veh V 06A5? feh with 3 dots below XFF

66 So we have achieved an exact representation of the Arabic name in the MRZ by a process of transliteration: محمود عب دالرحيم د و م ح م Meem Hah MeemWaw Dal Space م ي ح د ل ا د ب ع Ain Beh Dal Alef Lam Reh Hah Yeh Meem M XHM W D < E BDA L R XH Y M

67 The transliteration process is reversible, so the original Arabic name can be recovered from the MRZ: MXHMWD<EBDALRXHYM Meem Hah Meem Waw Dal Ain Beh Dal Alef Lam Reh Hah Yeh Meem م ي ح د ل ا د ب ع د و م ح م محمود عب دالرحيم

68 The transliterated name may only look approximately similar to the transcribed name in the VIZ, but remember it is MACHINE readable, and not meant to be humanly readable. MXHMWD<EBDALRXHYM محمود عب دالرحيم

69 Mismatches should not occur: Database MXHMWD EBDALRXHYM MWMR EBDALRXHYM MXHDY EBDALRXHYM MXHMWD EBDALRXHYM MXHMWD EBDALRXHYM MATCH!

70 1. TF3 recommends that transcription be used in the VIZ and transliteration in the MRZ. 2. TF3 recommends that the transliteration table for the MRZ formulated here be included as an appendix to Doc 9303.

71 RECOMMENDATION 1: VIZ: Transcription MRZ: Transliteration

72 RECOMMENDATION 2: Unicode Arabic letter Name Doc ء hamza XE 0622 ا alef with madda above XAA 0623 أ alef with ham za above XAE 0624 ؤ waw with ham za above XWE 0625 إ alef with ham za below XAI 0626 ئ yeh with hamza above XYE 0627 ا alef A 0628 ب beh B 0629 ة teh marbuta XTA 062A ت teh T 062B ث theh XTH 062C ج jeem J 062D ح hah XH 062E خ khah XKH 062F د dal D 0630 ذ thal XDH 0631 ر reh R 0632 ز zain Z 0633 س seen S 0634 ش sheen XSH 0635 ص sad XSS 0636 ض dad XDD 0637 ط tah XTT 0638 ظ zah XZZ 0639 ع ain E 063A غ ghain G 0640 tatwheel Not transliterated 0641 ف feh F 0642 ق qaf Q 0643 ك kaf K 0644 ل lam L 0645 م meem M 0646 ن noon N 0647 ه heh H 0648 و waw W 0649 ى alef maksura XAY 064A ي yeh Y 064B fathatan Not transliterated 064C dammatan Not transliterated 064D kasratan Not transliterated 064E fatha Not transliterated 064F damma Not transliterated 0650 kasra Not transliterated 0651 shadda Not transliterated 0652 sukun Not transliterated 0670? superscript alef Not transliterated 0671? alef wasla XXA 06A4? veh V 06A5? feh with 3 dots below XFF

73 MRZ Name of arabic letter Arabic letter Unicode A alef ا 0627 B beh ب 0628 C tcheh (Urdu) چ 0686 D dal د 062F E ain ع 0639 F feh ف 0641 G ghain غ 063A H heh ه 0647 J jeem ج 062C K kaf ك 0643 L lam ل 0644 M meem م 0645 N noon ن 0646 P peh (Persian, Urdu)? 067E Q qaf ق 0642 R reh ر 0631 S seen س 0633 T teh ت 062A V veh? 06A4 W waw و 0648 Y yeh ي 064A Z zain ز 0632 XAA alef with madda above ا 0622 XAE alef with hamza above أ 0623 XAI alef with hamza below إ 0625 XCH tcheh (Persian, Urdu) چ 0686 To simplify recovery of the Arabic name - we include the REVERSE TRANSLITERATION TABLE: XDD dad ض 0636 XDH thal ذ 0630 XE hamza ء 0621 XFF feh with 3 dots below? 06A5 XG gaf (Persian, Urdu) گ 06AF XH hah ح 062D XJ jeh (Urdu) ژ 0698 XKH khah خ 062E XKK keheh (Persian, Urdu)? 06A9 XSH sheen ش 0634 XSS sad ص 0635 XTA teh marbuta ة 0629 XTH theh ث 062B XTT tah ط 0637 XWE waw with hamza above ؤ 0624 XXA alef wasla? 0671 XYE yeh with hamza above ئ 0626 XYY alef maksura 0649 ى or Persian yeh (final position) XZZ zah 0638 ظ XZH jeh (Persian, Urdu) ژ 0698

74 Mike Ellis TF3 Leader 2008