The Cell Cycle: Interphase, Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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1 The Cell Cycle: Interphase, Mitosis and Cytokinesis

2 Introduction: You should be able to: Define interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis Describe the cell cycle Discuss the events and significance of mitosis.

3 Definitions: Interphase: the period during the cell cycle between cell divisions, during which DNA replication and protein synthesis take place. More...

4 Definitions (cont). Mitosis: is the process by which the nucleus of a cell is divided into two nuclei, each with the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell. Cytokinesis: is the process by which the cytoplasm divides forming two distinct cells.

5 Review: Chromosomes: are structures in the cell that contain genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next.

6 Chromosomes: Only visible during mitosis Made up of chromatin (DNA and proteins) Cells of every organism have a specific number of chromosomes. (Goldfish=94, Humans=46)

7 Chromosome Structure Each chromosome is made up of two identical chromatids joined at a specific site called the centromere.

8 The Cell Cycle Interphase Cytokinesis Mitosis

9 Interphase Period in between cell divisions Usually longer than other phases Chromosomes are unraveled, the DNA is at work 3 main parts of interphase G 1, S, G 2

10 Interphase (cont.) G 1 - Cell growth and development S- DNA replication & Protein Synthesis G 2 - Organelle replication

11 Interphase Animal Plant

12 Mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

13 Prophase Longest phase of mitosis Chromosomes begin to form visible coils Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell (no centrioles in plant cells) Spindle fibers form Nucleolus disappears Nuclear envelope breaks down

14 Prophase Animal Plant

15 Metaphase Shortest phase of mitosis Chromosomes are fully coiled Chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell Spindle fibers form star-like patterns around the centrioles called asters

16 Metaphase Animal Plant

17 Anaphase Begins when the sister chromatids begin to separate Chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell Anaphase ends when the chromosomes stop moving

18 Anaphase Animal Plant

19 Telophase Chromatids uncoil Two nuclear envelopes form Spindle fibers disappear Nucleoli become visible Telophase is the end of mitosis, but not the end of cell division.

20 Telophase Animal Plant

21 Animal Cell Mitosis I P M A T

22 Plant Cell Mitosis I P M A T

23 Cytokinesis Immediately following mitosis Cytoplasm divides Two separate cells are formed

24 Cytokinesis Animal

25 Cell Cycle Summary Interphase Mitosis: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

26 Plant Vs. Animal Cellular Division Animal Cells have centrioles, Plant cells do not

27 Plant Vs. Animal Cellular Division Animal cells form a cleavage furrow during Telophase (cell membrane pinches in the middle)

28 Plant Vs. Animal Cellular Division Plants generate a cell plate at the equator during Telophase. Cell plate is filled with cellulose to make a new cell wall.

29 Animal Cell Plant Cell Cleavage Furrow Cell Plate

30 Prokaryote Vs. Eukaryote Cell Division Prokaryotes divide by process called Binary Fission They only have one chromosome called a nucleoid Nucleoid is copied and separated during division

31 Prokaryote Vs. Eukaryote Cell Division Binary fission produces 2 identical daughter cells Can happen as fast as every 20 minutes.

32 Nucleoid

33 Prokaryote Vs. Eukaryote Cell Division Eukaryotes produces 2 or more chromosomes Organelles must be evenly separated into the new cells Slower process (Human cells take over 16 hours to divide)

34 Cancer Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells group of cancer cells is a tumor As the tumor grows, it destroys neighboring cells and tissues

35 Cancer Two types of tumors 1. Benign- cells grow in a ball, does not invade other cells. 2. Malignant- unorganized growth that can spread to other parts of the body or tissues.

36 Cancer Cells

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