Unfamiliar Words. Understanding words is fundamental to reading. You can t make sense of what you re reading if you can t make sense of the words.

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1 Connections Unfamiliar Words While reading a book for school or a document for work, how often do you come across a word you don t understand Do you continue to read and hope you still get the meaning Do you try to understand it Do you give up and put the book down Understanding words is fundamental to reading. You can t make sense of what you re reading if you can t make sense of the words. Looking up words in a dictionary isn t always practical, and it isn t always the best way to really understand a word s meaning. By using context clues and word parts, you can understand unfamiliar words while you re reading. Context clues are clues in nearby words and sentences that help you find a word s meaning. Context = What s Nearby Word parts are the root word, prefixes, and suffixes that make up a word. A root word forms the base or main part of a word. A prefix comes before the root and changes the meaning of the word. A suffix comes after the root and changes the meaning of the word. Word Meaning = Prefix Meaning + Root Meaning + Suffix Meaning 51

2 Learn It! Using Context Clues Essential Reading Skills If you come across a word you don t know, you can use context clues in nearby words to find the meaning. Read around the word to see if the rest of the sentence and paragraph can help you. Look for Examples When you identify a word you don t know, look for examples that show what the word might mean, and use them to try to understand the word. Signal words are words that give you clues about what s nearby. Examples Signal words for examples: such as, for example, including 1. Many early pioneers who headed west faced tribulations, such as starvation, illness, and extreme weather. What examples of tribulations are in this sentence This sentence includes examples of tribulations: starvation, illness, and extreme weather. Based on the examples of tribulations in the sentence, you can guess that tribulations are severe problems. Look for Synonyms A synonym, a word with a similar meaning to the unknown word, can also be a context clue. You ll often find a synonym of the unfamiliar word in the same sentence or paragraph. Synonyms Signal words for synonyms: as, is, or, are 2. Cell phones have become ubiquitous; you can see and hear them everywhere. Which word in the sentence is a synonym for ubiquitous Everywhere is a synonym for ubiquitous. The second half of the sentence explains what the author means by ubiquitous. 52

3 Unfamiliar Words Look for Antonyms An antonym is a word with a meaning that s opposite of the unknown word. Antonyms are often found in nearby text. Antonyms Signal words for antonyms: however, than, but, yet, on the other hand, in contrast 3. A memo that is brief and to the point is more likely to be read than one that is verbose and rambling. In this sentence, what are the antonyms for verbose and rambling The word than signals that a word of opposite meaning is coming. Brief and to the point are antonyms of verbose and rambling. Verbose and rambling mean the opposite: long and not keeping to the point. Check Your Meaning Using Substitution After you have an idea of what an unknown word might mean, check your idea. Substitute your meaning for the unknown word in the sentence. Does it make sense If it does, you ve got the right meaning. 4. Many early pioneers who headed west faced tribulations, such as starvation, illness, and extreme weather. Replace the word tribulations with your definition. Does the meaning make sense Here is an example of a definition substituted for the word: Many early pioneers who headed west faced severe problems, such as starvation, illness, and extreme weather. The definition makes sense, so it s probably correct. 53

4 Practice It! Essential Reading Skills Use context clues to determine the meaning of the words in the passages. Most surprising of all, germs can survive on an inanimate object and will eventually be picked up by the next person who touches that object. Think about how many objects we touch each day. We don t even think about germs as we touch tabletops, doorknobs, toilets, light switches, or money, to name a few. 1. What does the word inanimate mean Write your own definition. 2. How did you reach that conclusion 3. Write your own sentence using the word inanimate. After the altercation with his former best friend, he was asked to pay for the damage the fight had caused and not to return to the location. 4. What does the word altercation mean Write your own definition. 5. How did you reach that conclusion 6. Write your own sentence using the word altercation. 54

5 Unfamiliar Words Read the passage. Show your understanding of the vocabulary in the passage by answering the questions that follow. Joe balked at the idea that he needed to tip the waitress 20 percent. She had given him slow service in the restaurant all night, despite the fact that there were only two other couples in the restaurant. Joe wanted to show his date that he had impeccable taste in restaurants, but he feared that he had disappointed her with the food and service. 7. Who do you know that has impeccable taste How do they show it 8. Have you ever balked at something a politician, an actor, a family member, or a friend said What was it Why did you react that way 9. Write a question that uses the word balked. Answer the question, showing your understanding of the word. 10. Write a question that uses the word impeccable. Answer the question, showing your understanding of the word. 55

6 Learn It! Using Word Parts Essential Reading Skills By breaking up an unknown word into parts roots, prefixes, and suffixes it can be easier to find the word s meaning. Break Apart the Word If an unknown word has multiple syllables, chances are there are parts of the word that might look familiar. Separate the word by prefix, root, and suffix. Have you heard any of the word parts before 1. Break up the word justify into word parts. Can you recognize any of the parts on their own Prefix Root Suffix The word justify has no prefix. The root is just- and the suffix is -ify. Determine the Meaning of Word Parts Chances are you probably have heard the word just before, either by itself or as part of other words. The ending -ify is also a common suffix. Think about other words you know with similar endings. They probably also have similar meanings. 2. Based on words you know, guess the meaning of each of these word parts. just- -ify The root just- can be found in words like justice and unjust, which are about being fair and reasonable. Fair and reasonable might be a good definition of the root just-. The suffix -ify is found at the end of words such as fortify (to make secure) or clarify (to show or make clear) and means to make or show. 56

7 Determine the Meaning of the Word Unfamiliar Words If you put the meaning of the word parts together, you can get a good idea of what the word means. Word Meaning = Prefix Meaning + Root Meaning + Suffix Meaning 3. Based on the root and suffix, what does the word justify mean If you combine the two word parts, justify means to make or show to be fair or reasonable. You might guess it means to show that something s reasonable. Check Your Meaning Using Substitution After you have an idea of what an unknown word might mean, it s time to check your idea. Substitute your meaning for the unknown word in the sentence to see if it makes sense. If it does, you ve got the correct meaning. 4. She justified her overreaction by saying that she had not gotten enough sleep the previous night. Replace the word justified with your definition. Does the meaning make sense You might put in your definition like this: She [showed to be reasonable] her overreaction by saying that she had not gotten enough sleep the previous night. The wording sounds a little strange, but the meaning makes sense if you rearrange the words: She showed that her overreaction was reasonable. Reading for Understanding Anytime you think you might know what a word means, you can insert a similar word in its place. Does the similar word make sense 57

8 Practice It! Answer the following questions. Essential Reading Skills 1. Divide the words below into their parts (prefixes, roots, and suffixes), and think through the meaning of each word part. Combine the meanings of each part to guess the meaning of the word. Word Prefix Root Suffix Word Parts Ex: Amorphous a- -morph- -ous Definitions Having the quality of no shape None, without Shape Having a quality Word Parts Ambidextrous Definitions Word Parts Transformation Definitions Word Parts Definitions Nonconformity 2. The money he had left in his bank account would be insufficient to pay for fixing the leak in his roof. a. Analyze the word parts of the word insufficient. b. Write a definition of the word insufficient. 3. The police determined that the arsonist was a pyromaniac. a. Analyze the word parts of the word pyromaniac. b. Write a definition of the word pyromaniac. 58

9 Unfamiliar Words Check Your Skills Read the passage and answer the questions that follow. Researchers have found a connection between heading, using the head to hit a soccer ball, and changes in the brain. The more heading people do, the more likely their thinking and memory will be affected. Doctors discovered more structural abnormalities in the brains of people who frequently used heading in soccer. Research also showed that these people are more likely to perform poorly on cognitive tests, especially tests involving memory. Doctors are hesitant to say that heading caused the changes, however. They acknowledge a connection but won t confirm that heading is directly the cause of brain changes. To know for certain, doctors say they would need to perform a longitudinal study that observes people over a period of decades. Soccer is the world s most popular sport, and heading is a common technique. In official games, players head the ball between six and 12 times, and often more. In this top level of play, the ball can move at velocities of 50 miles per hour or more. Doctors say it is not surprising that this might result in changes to the brain. 1. According to the text, what does heading mean a. To head out or leave b. To use your head to hit a ball c. To use your brain to think d. Something that causes brain problems 2. What does longitudinal mean in this passage a. Observing over long periods of time b. To move straight up and down c. To move from side to side d. Observing different items sequentially 59

10 Essential Reading Skills 3. Which word or phrase most directly shows you the definition of longitudinal a. for certain, they would need b. head the ball between six and 12 times c. observes people over a period of decades d. especially tests involving memory 4. What does velocities mean in this passage a. Speeds b. Travels c. Organizations d. Rules 5. Which word or phrase most directly shows you the definition of velocities a. top level of play b. of 50 miles per hour or more c. head the ball an average of six to 12 times d. longitudinal study 6. Which word is a synonym for abnormalities a. Interesting facts b. Irregularities c. Regular changes d. Diseased areas 7. Which word is most closely related to the word abnormality a. Abs b. Mality c. Normal d. It Remember the Concept Read around a word for context clues. Break up a word to analyze word parts. 60

11 Answers and Explanations Unfamiliar Words page 51 Using Context Clues Practice It! pages A non-living or unmoving object 2. There are several examples of inanimate objects in the passage such as doorknobs, money, and tabletops. If you think about what they have in common, they are all nonliving things. In- is also a prefix that means not. Animate, as in animated movie, means that something moves. Inanimate means non-moving and non-living. 3. She was startled when she ran into something, but she was relieved to find that it was an inanimate object. 4. A fight or argument that often results in a disturbance 5. By using context clues in the sentence, you can tell that fight is a synonym for altercation. 6. She was fired from the store after she had an altercation with an impatient customer. 7. You might have a sister with impeccable taste in clothing who looks well put together and gets compliments on everything she wears. 8. You might have balked at an advertisement promising that you would drop 10 pounds in a week if you took a particular supplement. It doesn t sound healthy or possible. 9. Have you ever balked at something your mom told you Yes! I balked when I was visiting her and she told me I had to be home by midnight. I m 25 years old and don t need to be treated like a child. 10. How do you know when someone has impeccable taste Everything they like or recommend is the best of the best. Using Word Parts Practice It! page Word Prefix Root Suffix Word Parts Ex: Amorphous a- -morph- -ous Definitions Having the quality of no shape None, without Shape Having a quality Word Parts Ambidextrous ambi- -dex- -trous Definitions Able to use both hands equally Both Hands Having a quality i

12 Essential Reading Skills Word Parts Transformation trans- -form- -ation Definitions Process of turning into something else Change Appearance, form Word Parts Nonconformity non- -conform- -ity Definitions 2a. in- Not Not following expected rules or standards Not; absence of Following rules or standards In a state or process Showing a state or condition -suffi- -cient Enough A quality or state 2b. Not enough 3a. pyro- Fire -mania- -ac Craze or desire Person 3b. A person who has a craze for fire Check Your Skills pages b. To use your head to hit a ball 2. a. Observing over long periods of time 3. c. observes people over a period of decades 4. a. Speeds 5. b. of 50 miles per hour or more 6. b. Irregularities 7. c. Normal ii

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