Switched-Capacitor Circuits. Basic Building Blocks

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1 SwitchedCapacitor Circuits David Johns and Ken Martin University of Toronto University of Toronto 1 of 60 Basic Building Blocks Opamps Ideal opamps usually assumed. Important nonidealities dc gain: sets the accuracy of charge transfer, hence, transferfunction accuracy. unitygain freq, phase margin & slewrate: sets the max clocking frequency. A general rule is that unitygain freq should be 5 times (or more) higher than the clockfreq. dc offset: Can create dc offset at output. Circuit techniques to combat this which also reduce 1/f noise. University of Toronto 2 of 60

2 DoublePoly Capacitors metal poly1 Basic Building Blocks metal C p1 poly2 C p2 thin oxide thick oxide bottom plate C p1 C p2 (substrate ac ground) crosssection view Substantial parasitics with large bottom plate capacitance (20 percent of ) equivalent circuit Also, metalmetal capacitors are used but have even larger parasitic capacitances. University of Toronto 3 of 60 Switches Symbol Basic Building Blocks nchannel v 2 v 2 pchannel v 2 v 2 transmission gate Mosfet switches are good switches. offresistance near G range onresistance in 100 to 5k range (depends on transistor sizing) However, have nonlinear parasitic capacitances. University of Toronto 4 of 60

3 NonOverlapping Clocks T n ff n ff n 2 n 1 n n + 1 n 3 n 1 n + 1 Basic Building Blocks Nonoverlapping clocks both clocks are never on at same time Needed to ensure charge is not inadvertently lost. Integer values occur at end of. End of t T t T 1 f s T is 1/2 off integer value. delay delay University of Toronto 5 of 60 SwitchedCapacitor Resistor Equivalent V 1 V V 2 1 V 2 Q V 1 V 2 every clock period Q x C x V x (1) charged to V 1 and then V 2 during each clk period. Q 1 V 1 V 2 (2) Find equivalent average current V 1 V 2 I avg T where T is the clk period. R eq R eq T (3) University of Toronto 6 of 60

4 SwitchedCapacitor Resistor Equivalent For equivalent resistor circuit Equating two, we have V 1 V 2 I eq R eq R eq T 1 f s (4) (5) This equivalence is useful when looking at lowfreq portion of a SCcircuit. For higher frequencies, discretetime analysis is used. University of Toronto 7 of 60 Resistor Equivalence Example What is the equivalent resistance of a 5pF capacitance sampled at a clock frequency of 100kHz. Using (5), we have 1 R eq M Note that a very large equivalent resistance of 2M can be realized. Requires only 2 transistors, a clock and a relatively small capacitance. In a typical CMOS process, such a large resistor would normally require a huge amount of silicon area. University of Toronto 8 of 60

5 ParasiticSensitive Integrator v c2 ( nt) v ci () t v i v ci ( nt) v C cx () t 2 v c1 () t () v co ( nt) vo n v co () t Start by looking at an integrator which IS affected by parasitic capacitances Want to find output voltage at end of in relation to input sampled at end of. University of Toronto 9 of 60 ParasiticSensitive Integrator v ci ( nt T) v ( nt T ) ci v C co ( nt T) 1 vco ( nt T ) on At end of on v co ( nt T ) v co ( nt T) v ci ( nt T) But would like to know the output at end of v co ( nt) v co ( nt T ) leading to v co ( nt) v co ( nt T) v ci ( nt T) (6) (7) (8) University of Toronto 10 of 60

6 ParasiticSensitive Integrator Modify above to write v o v o ( n 1) v i ( n 1) and taking ztransform and rearranging, leads to (9) Hz () Note that gaincoefficient is determined by a ratio of two capacitance values. Ratios of capacitors can be set VERY accurately on an integrated circuit (within 0.1 percent) Leads to very accurate transferfunctions. z 1 (10) University of Toronto 11 of 60 Typical Waveforms v ci () t t t t v cx () t t v co () t t University of Toronto 12 of 60

7 Low Frequency Behavior Equation (10) can be rewritten as Hz () z 12 / z 12 / z 12 / To find freq response, recall z e jt cost+ jsint z 12 / T T cos + j sin z 12 / T T cos j sin T T cos j He ( jt sin ) T j2 sin (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) University of Toronto 13 of 60 Low Frequency Behavior Above is exact but when T «1 (i.e., at low freq) He jt ( ) jt (16) Thus, the transfer function is same as a continuoustime integrator having a gain constant of K I 1 T (17) which is a function of the integrator capacitor ratio and clock frequency only. University of Toronto 14 of 60

8 Parasitic Capacitance Effects C p3 C p4 v i () n v o C p1 C p2 Accounting for parasitic capacitances, we have Hz () + C p1 z 1 (18) Thus, gain coefficient is not well controlled and partially nonlinear (due to being nonlinear). C p1 University of Toronto 15 of 60 ParasiticInsensitive Integrators v ci () t v co () t v i v ci ( nt) 1 v o () n v co ( nt) By using 2 extra switches, integrator can be made insensitive to parasitic capacitances more accurate transferfunctions better linearity (since nonlinear capacitances unimportant) University of Toronto 16 of 60

9 v ci ( nt T) + ParasiticInsensitive Integrators vco ( nt T) on v ci ( nt T ) + v co ( nt T ) on Same analysis as before except that in polarity before discharging into. is switched Hz () z 1 (19) A positive integrator (rather than negative as before) University of Toronto 17 of 60 ParasiticInsensitive Integrators C p3 C p4 v i v o 1 C p1 C p2 has little effect since it is connected to virtual gnd C p3 has little effect since it is driven by output C p4 has little effect since it is either connected to C p2 virtual gnd or physical gnd. University of Toronto 18 of 60

10 ParasiticInsensitive Integrators C p1 is continuously being charged to v i and discharged to ground. on the fact that C p1 is also charged to v i ( n 1) does not affect charge. on C p1 is discharged through the switch attached to its node and does not affect the charge accumulating on. While the parasitic capacitances may slow down settling time behavior, they do not affect the discretetime difference equation University of Toronto 19 of 60 ParasiticInsensitive Inverting Integrator v i v o Present output depends on present input(delayfree) Delayfree integrator has negative gain while delaying integrator has positive gain. 2 v co ( nt T ) v co ( nt T) v co ( nt) v co ( nt T ) v ci ( nt) Hz () z z 1 (20) (21) (22) University of Toronto 20 of 60

11 SignalFlowGraph Analysis V 1 V 2 V 3 V C o 3 V 1 1 z 1 V 2 z 1 1 z 1 V 3 C 3 University of Toronto 21 of 60 FirstOrder Filter n () s ut () s Start with an activerc structure and replace resistors with SC equivalents. Analyze using discretetime analysis. University of Toronto 22 of 60

12 FirstOrder Filter C3 C 3 1 z 1 1 z 1 University of Toronto 23 of 60 FirstOrder Filter 1 z 1 C 3 1 z 1 (23) Hz () z + A 1 z 1 C 3 + (24) + z C z 1 University of Toronto 24 of 60

13 FirstOrder Filter The pole of (24) is found by equating the denominator to zero z p + C 3 (25) For positive capacitance values, this pole is restricted to the real axis between 0 and 1 circuit is always stable. The zero of (24) is found to be given by z z + (26) Also restricted to real axis between 0 and 1. University of Toronto 25 of 60 FirstOrder Filter The dc gain is found by setting z 1 which results in H( 1) (27) Note that in a fullydifferential implementation, effective negative capacitances for, and C 3 can be achieved by simply interchanging the input wires. In this way, a zero at z 1 could be realized by setting 0.5 (28) C 3 University of Toronto 26 of 60

14 FirstOrder Example Find the capacitance values needed for a firstorder SCcircuit such that its 3dB point is at 10kHz when a clock frequency of 100kHz is used. It is also desired that the filter have zero gain at 50kHz (i.e. z 1) and the dc gain be unity. Assume 10pF. Solution Making use of the bilinear transform p z 1 z + 1 the zero at 1 is mapped to. The frequency warping maps the 3dB frequency of 10kHz (or 0.2 rad/sample) to University of Toronto 27 of 60 FirstOrder Example 0.2 tan in the continuoustime domain leading to the continuoustime pole,, required being p p p p This pole is mapped back to z p 1 + p p z p p p given by (29) (30) (31) Therefore, Hz () is given by Hz () kz + 1 z (32) University of Toronto 28 of 60

15 FirstOrder Example where k is determined by setting the dc gain to one (i.e. H( 1) 1) resulting Hz () z + 1 z (33) or equivalently, Hz () z z 1 (34) Equating these coefficients with those of (24) (and assuming 10pF) results in 4.814pF 9.628pF 9.628pF C 3 (35) (36) (37) University of Toronto 29 of 60 Switch Sharing C 3 ) Share switches that are always connected to the same potentials. University of Toronto 30 of 60

16 FullyDifferential Filters Most modern SC filters are fullydifferential Difference between two voltages represents signal (also balanced around a commonmode voltage). Commonmode noise is rejected. Even order distortion terms cancel nonlinear element nonlinear element v p1 k 1 + k 2 + k 3 + k v diff 2k 1 + 2k 3 + 2k v n1 k 1 + k 2 k 3 + k 4 + University of Toronto 31 of 60 FullyDifferential Filters C C 3 University of Toronto 32 of 60

17 FullyDifferential Filters Negative continuoustime input equivalent to a negative C C 3 University of Toronto 33 of 60 FullyDifferential Filters Note that fullydifferential version is essentially two copies of singleended version, however... area penalty not twice. Only one opamp needed (though commonmode circuit also needed) Input and output signal swings have been doubled so that same dynamic range can be achieved with half capacitor sizes (from kt C analysis) Switches can be reduced in size since small caps used. However, there is more wiring in fullydiffer version but better noise and distortion performance. University of Toronto 34 of 60

18 H a () s LowQ Biquad Filter ut () s n () s k 2 s 2 + k 1 s + k o s 2 o + s + o Q (38) n () s o k o 1 1 k 1 1 o V c1 () s 1 o Q o C B 1 ut () s k 2 University of Toronto 35 of 60 LowQ Biquad Filter K 4 K 6 K V 1 K 5 K 2 K 3 University of Toronto 36 of 60

19 LowQ Biquad Filter K 4 V 1 K 6 K z 1 K 2 1 z 1 K 3 K 5 z z 1 Hz () K 2 + K 3 z 2 + K 1 K 5 K 2 2K 3 z + K K 6 z 2 + K 4 K 5 K 6 2z + 1 (39) University of Toronto 37 of 60 LowQ Biquad Filter Design Hz () a 2 z 2 + a 1 z + a 0 b 2 z 2 + b 1 z + 1 we can equate the individual coefficients of z in (39) and (40), resulting in: K 3 a 0 K 2 a 2 a 0 K 1 K 5 a 0 + a 1 + a 2 K 6 b 2 1 K 4 K 5 b 1 + b A degree of freedom is available here in setting internal V 1 output (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) University of Toronto 38 of 60

20 LowQ Biquad Filter Design Can do proper dynamic range scaling Or let the timeconstants of 2 integrators be equal by K 4 K 5 b 1 + b (46) LowQ Biquad Capacitance Ratio Comparing resistor circuit to SC circuit, we have K 4 K 5 o T o T K 6 Q (47) (48) However, the samplingrate, 1 T, is typically much larger that the approximated polefrequency,, o T «1 o (49) University of Toronto 39 of 60 LowQ Biquad Capacitance Ratio Thus, the largest capacitors determining pole positions are the integrating capacitors, and. If Q, the smallest capacitors are K 4 and K 5 resulting in an approximate capacitance spread of 1 o T. If Q, then from (48) the smallest capacitor would be K 6 resulting in an approximate capacitance spread of Q o T can be quite large for Q» 1 University of Toronto 40 of 60

21 HighQ Biquad Filter Use a highq biquad filter circuit when Q» 1 Qdamping done with a cap around both integrators ActiveRC prototype filter 1 o 1 Q n () s o k 1 k o o o ut () s k 2 University of Toronto 41 of 60 HighQ Biquad Filter K 4 K 6 K 1 2 V 1 K 5 K 2 K 3 Qdamping now performed by K 6 University of Toronto 42 of 60

22 Input Input Input HighQ Biquad Filter K 1 : major path for lowpass K 2 : major path for bandpass filters K 3 : major path for highpass filters General transferfunction is: Hz () K 3 z 2 + K 1 K 5 + K 2 K 5 2K 3 z + K 3 K 2 K 5 (50) z 2 + K 4 K 5 + K 5 K 6 2z + 1 K 5 K 6 If matched to the following general form Hz () a 2 z 2 + a 1 z + a 0 z 2 + b 1 z + b 0 (51) University of Toronto 43 of 60 HighQ Biquad Filter K 1 K 5 a 0 + a 1 + a 2 K 2 K 5 a 2 a 0 K 3 a 2 K 4 K b 0 + b 1 K 5 K 6 1 b 0 And, as in lowpass case, can set K 4 K b 0 + b 1 (52) (53) (54) (55) (56) (57) As before, K 4 and K 5 approx o T «1 but K 6 Q University of Toronto 44 of 60

23 Charge Injection To reduce charge injection (thereby improving distortion), turn off certain switches first. C3 1 Q 6 Q 5 a Q 1 Q 2 Q 4 Q 3 a Advance a and a so that only their charge injection affect circuit (result is a dc offset) University of Toronto 45 of 60 Charge Injection Note: a connected to ground while a connected to virtual ground, therefore... can use single nchannel transistors charge injection NOT signal dependent Q CH WLC ox V eff WLC ox V GS V t (58) Charge related to V GS and V t and V t related to substratesource voltage. Source of Q 3 and Q 4 remains at 0 volts amount of charge injected by Q 3 Q 4 is not signal dependent and can be considered as a dc offset. University of Toronto 46 of 60

24 Charge Injection Example Estimate dc offset due to channelcharge injection when 0 and 10C 3 10pF. Assume switches Q 3 Q 4 have V tn 0.8V, W 30m, L 0.8m, C ox pf m 2, and power supplies are 2.5V. Channelcharge of Q 3 Q 4 (when on) is Q CH3 Q CH pc (59) dc feedback keeps virtual opamp input at zero volts. University of Toronto 47 of 60 Charge Injection Example Charge transfer into Q C3 C 3 given by C 3 v out (60) We estimate half channelcharges of Q 3, Q 4 are injected to the virtual ground leading to 1 Q 2 CH3 + Q CH4 Q C3 which leads to (61) pc v out 78 mv (62) 1pF dc offset affected by the capacitor sizes, switch sizes and power supply voltage. University of Toronto 48 of 60

25 SC Gain Circuits Parallel RC R 2 K R 2 v in K vout t () Kv in () t K v in K v out Kv in University of Toronto 49 of 60 SC Gain Circuits Resettable Gain v in v out vin v out ff time University of Toronto 50 of 60

26 SC Gain Circuits Parallel RC Gain Circuit circuit amplifies 1/f noise as well as opamp offset voltage Resettable Gain Circuit performs offset cancellation also highpass filters 1/f noise of opamp However, requires a high slewrate from opamp ff + + ff ff + ff v in V + C1 + ff V C2 + v out vin University of Toronto 51 of 60 SC Gain Circuits CapacitiveReset Eliminate slew problem and still cancel offset by coupling opamp s output to invertering input C 3 v in C 4 v out v in is optional deglitching capacitor C 4 University of Toronto 52 of 60

27 SC Gain Circuits CapacitiveReset ff + + ff ff + v ( n 1 ) out C 3 + during reset v out ( n 1) + ff during valid output v in ff + C 3 v out v in University of Toronto 53 of 60 SC Gain Circuits Differential CapReset a C3 a + v in v out + vin v in v in a C 3 a Accepts differential inputs and partially cancels switch clockfeedthrough University of Toronto 54 of 60

28 Correlated DoubleSampling (CDS) Preceeding SC gain amp is an example of CDS Minimizes errors due to opamp offset and 1/f noise When CDS used, opamps should have low thermal noise (often use nchannel input transistors) Often use CDS in only a few stages input stage for oversampling converter some stages in a filter (where lowfreq gain high) Basic approach: Calibration phase: store input offset voltage Operation phase: error subtracted from signal University of Toronto 55 of 60 Better HighFreq CDS Amplifier v in v out C C ' ' used but include errors used but here no offset errors University of Toronto 56 of 60

29 CDS Integrator v in v out C sample opamp offset on ' placed in series with opamp to reduce error ' Offset errors reduced by opamp gain Can also apply this technique to gain amps University of Toronto 57 of 60 Smplitude Modulator Square wave modulate by 1 (i.e. ut n ) C 3 v in A B C1 v out B A A ca + ca B ca + ca ca Makes use of capreset gain circuit. is the modulating signal ca University of Toronto 58 of 60

30 SC FullWave Rectifier v in Square Wave Modulator v out ca Use square wave modulator and comparator to make For proper operation, comparator output should changes synchronously with the sampling instances. University of Toronto 59 of 60 SC Peak Detector V DD v in v in Q 1 comp C H v out opamp Q 2 C H v out Left circuit can be fast but less accurate Right circuit is more accurate due to feedback but slower due to need for compensation (circuit might also slew so opamp s output should be clamped) University of Toronto 60 of 60

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