Composting and dry sanitation toilets
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1 Composting and dry sanitation toilets P. D. Jenssen Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology The Norwegian University of Life Sciences Appropriate sanitaion in the developing world. August 15, 2005
2 Systems with source separation P.D. Jenssen 2005
3 Systems with source separation P.D. Jenssen 2005
4 Pit toilets A: Pit toilet B: VIP toilet C: Pour flush toilet
5 Systems with source separation P.D. Jenssen 2005
6 Composting toilet
7 Dehydration - composting toilets Enviroloo, South Africa
8 Composting toilets A B C A: single chamber B. Dual chamber C: Removable compartments
9 Composting toilet Major toilet type in Norwegian cottages ( cottages) Commonly used in rural homes in Norway Used in many other settings world wide
10 Systems with source separation P.D. Jenssen 2005
11 Pit toilets A: Pit toilet B: VIP toilet C: Pour flush toilet
12 Systems with source separation P.D. Jenssen 2005
13 Urine diverting toilets Double flush Single flush
14 Single flush urine diverting toilet
15 Waterless urinals Kastrup airport Copenhagen
16 Composting toilet
17 Urine divertion and dry composting of fecal matter Tingvall conference center Sweden
18 Urine divertion and dry composting of fecal matter Tingvall conference center Sweden
19 Composting toilet Removes: 90% of N 60-90% of P 40-60% of BOD
20 Composting toilet Reduces toilet waste to: % of original volume Del Porto and Steinfeld 1999)
21 Composting toilet Volume reduction: 70-90% 550 down to 55 liters (Del Porto and Steinfeld 1999)
22 Composting toilet at roadside facility - Sweden Clean odourless toilets
23 Composting toilet at roadside facility - Sweden
24 Vent pipe Composting toilet Collection/composting compartment Liquid overflow collection
25 NH 3 Composting toilet Nitrogen loss To wet/dry Hygiene
26 Composting toilet To much liquid Nitrogen loss To wet/ (dry) Hygiene
27 Composting toilet Nitrogen loss To wet/dry Hygiene - flies
28 Composting toilet A composting toilet requires care and daily maintenance! Addition of bulking Material (composting) Addition of absorbing Material (dry)
29 Composting toilet Nitrogen loss To wet/dry Hygiene - flies - no system above 43 o C Maximum 43 o C (Engen 1989)
30 Composting toilet Nitrogen loss To wet/dry Hygiene - flies - no system above 43 o C - risk of handling
31 Composting toilets - some challenges Minimize risk when handling/emptying Ensure a hygienized compost Minimizing the nitrogen loss during composting of nitrogen-rich waste (no urine diversion) Minimizing the odour emission during composting
32 Secondary composting Secondary composting Final hygienized product
33 Secondary composting Compost laboratory
34 The composting bioreactor Air flow Compost x Screen Liquid container Vacuum pump
35 The composting bioreactor Total volume 750 liter Compost x Screen Liquid container Vacuum pump
36 The compost bioreactor Return of process water Total volume 750 liter Compost x Screen Liquid container Vacuum pump
37 Input to the composting bioreactor Composition of compost material in Reactor 2 11 % 9 % EXCRETA kg FOOD WASTE - 49 kg 15 % BARK (initial) - 37 kg 65 % BARK (added) - 31 kg
38 Influence of time and temperature on destroying pathogens in excreta Temperature ( 0 C) Shigella 55 Taenia Ascaris Vibrio cholera e Salmonella Hookworms 20 Time 1 day 1 week 1 month 1 year Figure 1: Influence of time and temperature on destroying pathogens in excreta (Feachem et al.,1983).
39 Temperature in compost vs. time REACTOR 2 65,0 1,00E+10 60,0 1,00E+09 55,0 50,0 1,00E+08 45,0 1,00E+07 Temp o C Temperatur [ 0 C] 40,0 35,0 30,0 25,0 UNSAFE SAFE Total coliforms 1,00E+06 1,00E+05 1,00E+04 Coliforms [MPN] 20,0 Thermo-tolerant coliforms 1,00E+03 15,0 10,0 E.coli Safety level 1,00E+02 5,0 Mean compost temperature 1,00E+01 0, Days / / Days 1,00E+00
40 Results Temp vs.time Run no.1 Temp vs.time Run no.2 REACTOR - 1 REACTOR Temperature [ 0 C] Temperature [ 0 C] Days / / Days / / Day Coliforms (MPN) Total (37 o C) Thermo-tolerant (44 o C) E. coli (44 o C) X X X X X X X 10 8 <2.0 X X X X X X X X X X X 10 4 <2.0 X 10 4 <2.0 X 10 4 Day Coliforms (MPN) Total (37 o C) Thermo-tolerant (44 o C) E. coli (44 o C) X X X X X 10 8 <2.0 X X 10 7 <2.0 X 10 6 <2.0 X X 10 5 <2.0 X 10 5 <2.0 X X 10 4 <2.0 X 10 4 <2.0 X 10 4
41 Temperature vs. time 60 REACTOR Reactor Top Middle Bottom Surface Room Bark Mixing Process water 40 Temperature [ 0 C] Days / /
42 The compost bioreactor - process control Return of process water amount and frequency Compost x Screen Liquid container Vacuum pump
43 The compost bioreactor - process control Return of process water amount and frequency Compost x Screen Liquid container Vacuum pump
44 The compost bioreactor - process control Compost x Pumping frequency Screen Liquid container Vacuum pump
45 Ammonia volatilization NH 3 NH 4 +
46 The compost bioreactor - process control Temperature [ 0 C] REACTOR - 2 Reactor Top Middle Bottom Surface Room Bark Mixing Process water Recycling of process water Controlling air flow Addition of bulking material Days / /
47 The compost bioreactor - process control Recycling of process water Controlling air flow Addition of bulking material Manual mixing
48 Conclusions Compost x A composting bioreactor for processing of human excreta with other biodegradable organic waste is developed
49 Conclusions Compost x The composting bioreactor reduce the nitrogen loss compared to windrow composting, thus producing a more valuable compost
50 Conclusions Temperatur [ 0 C] 65,0 60,0 55,0 50,0 45,0 40,0 35,0 30,0 25,0 20,0 15,0 10,0 5,0 0,0 REACTOR 2 1,00E+10 1,00E+09 1,00E+08 1,00E+07 UNSAFE 1,00E+06 1,00E+05 SAFE 1,00E+04 Total coliforms Thermo-tolerant coliforms 1,00E+03 E.coli 1,00E+02 Safety level Mean compost temperature 1,00E+01 1,00E Days / / Coliforms [MPN] Secondary composting can produce a safe soil amendment in about two months in contrast to the generally recommended six months
51 Conclusions Secondary composting opens for professional collection and treatment of material from composting toiletsthus reducing risk
52 Thank you
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