MIGRATION MIGRATORY FEATS. Golden Plover and Ruddy Turnstone. Red Knot & Arctic Tern PATTERNS OF MIGRATION
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1 MIGRATION MIGRATORY FEATS Unquestionable one of natures most impressive adaptations Human records of migration go back as far as recorded time (I Ching) some of the ideas were BIZARRE Aristotle understood migration of cranes between Asia Minor and the Nile, but thought smaller birds hibernated Because of the seasonal migration of barnacle geese from England the myth was that geese were produced from goose barnacles Barnacle Goose Stalked goose barnacle In North American, an estimated 5 billion land birds migrate to and from central and south America annually A blue-winged teal banded on the St. Lawrence River near Quebec was recovered in Guiana 7 days later =,00 miles A Lesser Yellowlegs was banded on coast of Massachusetts and shot on Martinique 6 days later =,90 miles Red Knot & Arctic Tern Golden Plover and Ruddy Turnstone The Red Knot migrates from Baffin Island to Tierra Del Fuego w/ Delaware Bay as the primary staging area The Golden plovers from Alaska migrate,500 miles to winter on the Hawaiian Islands The Arctic Tern migrates between the Arctic and Antarctic for a total distance of 0,000 miles Ruddy Turnstone flies over 650 miles /day at > 50 mph The record-holder: Bar-tailed Godwits fly nonstop from staging groups near breeding area in Alaska to wintering grounds in New Zealand (nearly 7000 miles) Migration routes and patterns vary substantially among species but there are some general trends PATTERNS OF MIGRATION In North American, most migration routes are oriented North to South WHY??
2 PATTERNS IN NORTH AMERICA Climatic differences are most consistent and pronounced North to South rather than East to West Therefore, migrants move South for warmer winter weather and north for abundant food resources PATTERNS IN THE OLD WORLD In Europe, birds initially migrate East-West along major topographical features like the Alps, the Mediterranean Sea, and African Deserts They then move North-South to reach their ultimate latitudinal destinations Topographic features (Rocky mtns, Appalachian mtns) are oriented North to South Inland-coastal (eastwest) Occurs everywhere, prominent in Eurasia Coasts are important wintering areas, especially for waterbirds Other Migration Systems Other Migration Systems Altitudinal Common in tropics, but does occur in temperate zone Migration distances may be short (0 miles) Wet season dry season Breed in wet season, leave in dry season Common in tropics MIGRATION PATTERNS AND RANGE EXPANSION Some species will migrate along recent distributional histories where individuals in newly colonized areas will retrace the expansion routes The Arctic Warbler, recently colonized central Alaska from Siberia, return to Siberia before migrating south The Pectoral Sandpiper, recently colonized Siberia, migrates east back to Alaska before migrating to South America for the winter WHAT IS MIGRATION? Migration is the predictable, seasonal movement of individuals in response to variation in climate and / or resource availability long distance Round trip (not one way = dispersal) Migration differs from NOMADISM by predictability. Nomadism is movement related to unpredictable changes in climate and resources (crossbills) Irruptions = irregular movement between consistent or inconsistent locations Invasions of winter finches in response to severe winter
3 WHAT IS MIGRATION? Historically, we viewed migration as an escape from hostile climates, limited food, predation, etc. More recently, migration is viewed positively as a means to exploit temporarily favorable opportunities This changed our perception to neo-tropical migrants from temperate birds that are trying to escape the winter to tropical birds taking advantage of abundant food and low competition COSTS OF MIGRATION Cost of migration is HUGE more than 50% of the North American migrants do not return the following spring Of the 00 million waterfowl that migrate south annually, only 40 million return Flight is energetically costly and migration exposes birds to lethal weather events, increased predation risk, and other hazards (buildings, towers) There is also a temporal cost associated with the reduced time for reproduction EVOLUTION OF MIGRATION Benefits of migration must be substantial for individuals to take such extreme risks Some hypotheses assert that migrant landbirds evolved from tropical ancestors moving small distances to take advantage of changing resources reduced competition and less predation EVOLUTION OF MIGRATION Changes in Resource Levels Drive the Evolution of Migration Move to areas of high resources to breed, leave areas of low resources to survive Can evolve as movement to a new breeding area (former area of permanent residency remains the non-breeding area) Can evolve as movement to new non-breeding area (former area of permanent residency remains the breeding area) EVOLUTION OF MIGRATION The best place to study the evolution of bird migration is in species where some populations migrate and others do not Or in species where there is a broad range of migratory distribution Example = European Robin THE EUROPEAN ROBIN Residents comprise about 0% of the population in Southwestern Germany They remain within 5 km of their breeding site all year Do not acquire pre-migration fat And do not exhibit Zugunruhe In contrast, migrant populations fatten in the fall, exhibit Zugunruhe and travel,000 km to wintering grounds
4 EUROPEAN ROBIN Migratory behavior of the young is inherited from parents Zugunruhe is a heritable trait with variation and therefore subjected to selection pressures Because the winter climate is variable and swings from mild (residents are favored) to severe (migrants are favored) both populations persist The evolution of migratory behavior has three stages: Partial migration Division of species into migratory and resident population Gradual elimination of resident populations SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION Generally, temperate resident species have higher reproductive rates but lower annual survival rates than migrants Tropical resident species have low productivity but high survival Year round climate conditions are benign compared to the temperate zone but there is intense competition for nest sites and resources Migrants seek the best of both worlds The bloom of abundant resources in the temperate region during spring and summer The mild climate of the tropics during winter The tradeoff is the cost associated with migrating successfully AGE AND SEX PATTERNS There is variation in migration distance within fully migratory species based on age and sex Males often winter farther North than Females Juveniles often winter farther south in some species Why?? Example - DARK-EYED JUNCOS There are differential costs and benefits associated with migration distance dependent on sex and age Dark eyed-juncos adult females winter the farthest south, juvenile females and adult males in the middle, and immature males the farthest north There are hypotheses explaining this pattern in migratory behavior DARK-EYED JUNCOS ) High migration mortality favors young flying short distances ) Males winter farther north to return to breeding grounds first and claim the best territories ) Survival increases with decreasing latitude so females, unaffected by the first two factors, take advantage of higher survival and winter the farthest south FUEL FOR MIGRATION How do birds cope with physiological cost of migration? Many species exhibit periods of hyperphagia before and during migration to build lipid reserves Fat yields times more energy and water per gram than protein 9 Kilojoules / gram for lipid versus 7 / gram for protein 4
5 FUEL FOR MIGRATION Most lipid reserves are stored under the skin, in peritoneal cavity, and in muscle tissue A bird can double its body mass in a few days if food is available Black pole Warblers heading for South America nearly double their body mass from to 0 grams Lipids are Labile = added to body quickly and burned very efficiently FUEL FOR MIGRATION - STOPOVER AREAS Regular refueling is common on both spring and fall migrations Many passerines fly several hundred kilometers and then stop to refuel while others fly until their fat reserves are exhausted Shorebirds in particular have important staging areas like Copper River Delta in Alaska, Bay of Fundy, and Delaware Bay FLIGHT RANGES Various authors have tried to derive formulas for the "gas mileage" based on the depletion of weight, timing of arrival, and distance between points in migration The potential flight range of a migrant is a function of the fat load, tail and head winds, and water loss. Generally, equations conclude that small migrants can cover about 500 km in 00 hours if 40% of their weight is in fat That will get them across any of the world's major geographical barriers to migration Timing of Migration Internal rhythms influence migration timing Photoperiod and circannual cycles clearly important because even in captivity under constant temp and food, migratory birds exhibit zegunruhe External factors also play a significant role Many migrants wait at staging areas for favorable weather conditions to initiate their flights - strong tail winds, clear nights, etc. Soaring birds like vulture and raptors migrate during the day to take advantage of thermals Timing of Migration Migration Research and Conservation Birds Migrate Along Fronts Use cold fronts in fall migration to take advantage of northerly winds Detect by rising pressure, falling temperature Use warm fronts in spring migration to take advantage of southerly winds Detect by falling pressure, rising temperature The first BIRDRAD unit was developed by the Clemson University Radar Ornithology Laboratory 998 The nationwide network of Doppler weather radar is revolutionizing wildlife research and management Linking migration to landscape features 5
6 Precipitation. Bird migration, Chicago, May 0, 00 Landcover Chicago, May 0, 00 Radar (birds) Landcover 6
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