Varistors: Ideal Solution to Surge Protection
|
|
- Hilary Cobb
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 aristors: deal Soltion to Srge Protection By Brno van Beneden, ishay BCcomponents, Malvern, Pa. f yo re looking for a srge protection device that delivers high levels of performance while addressing pressres to redce prodct size and component cont, then voltage dependent resistor or varistor technologies might be the ideal soltion. New reglations concerning srge protection are forcing engineers to look for soltions that allow sch protection to be incorporated at minimal cost penalty, particlarly in cost-sensitive consmer prodcts. n the atomotive sector, srge protection is also a growing necessity thanks to the rapid growth of electronic content in even the most basic prodction cars combined with the acknowledged problems of relatively nstable spply voltage and interference from the vehicle s ignition system. Another growing market for srge protection is in the telecom sector, where continosly increasing intelligence in exchanges and throghot the networks leads to greater se of sensitive semicondctors, and the stringent demands on ptime and availability mean that high ssceptibility to distrbances in spply is intolerable. Srge Protection Soltions Srge protection devices protect against srges generated by electromagnetic effects, sch as lightning or electrostatic discharge cased by a variety of effects. As sch, srge protection may be applied at the mains inpt to combat distrbances on the mains spply external to the operating eqipment or internally generated overvoltages sally cased by high indctive load switching. A srge protector may either attenate a transient by filtering or divert the transient to prevent damage to the load. Those that divert the transient fall into two broad categories: crowbar devices that switch into a very low impedance mode to short circit the transient ntil the crrent is broght to a low level; and clamping devices that Srge protection devices protect against srges generated by electromagnetic effects, sch as lightning or electrostatic discharge cased by a variety of effects. limit the voltage to a defined level. The crowbar grop incldes devices triggered by the breakdown of a gas or inslating layer, sch as air gap protectors, carbon block detectors, gas discharge tbes (GDTs), or break over diodes (BODs), or by the trn-on of a thyristor; these inclde overvoltage triggered SCRs and srgectors. One advantage of the crowbar-type device is that its very low impedance allows a high crrent to pass withot dissipating a considerable amont of energy within the protector. On the other hand, there s a finite volt-time response as the device switches or transitions to its breakdown mode, dring which the load may be exposed to damaging overvoltage. Another limitation is power-follow, where a power crrent from the voltage sorce follows the srge discharge. This crrent may not be cleared in an ac circit and clearing is even more ncertain in dc applications. Zener or avalanche diodes and voltage-dependent resistors (varistors) display a variable impedance, depending on the crrent flowing throgh the device or the voltage across its terminals. They se this property to clamp the overvoltage to a level dependent on the design and constrction of the device. The impedance characteristic, althogh nonlinear, is continos and displays no time delay sch as that associated with the spark-over of a gap or the triggering of a thyristor. The clamping device itself is transparent to the spply and to the load at a steady state voltage below the clamping level. Power Electronics Technology May 23 26
2 Low-Cost, High-Performance aristors The main fnction of the clamp is to absorb the overvoltage srge by lowering its impedance to sch a level that the voltage drop on an always-present series impedance is significant enogh to limit the overvoltage on critical parts to an acceptable level. Modern Zener diodes are very effective and come closest to the ideal constant voltage clamp. However, the avalanche voltage is maintained across a thin jnction area, leading to sbstantial heat generation. Therefore, the energy dissipation capability of a Zener diode is qite limited. A varistor, by contrast, displays a nonlinear, variable impedance. The varistor designer can control the degree of nonlinearity over a wide range by exploiting new materials and constrction techniqes that extend the range of applications for varistors. For example, varistors now offer a cost-effective soltion for low-voltage logic reqiring a low protection level and low standby crrent, as well as for ac power line and high capacity, tility-type applications. Compared with transient sppressor diodes, varistors can absorb mch higher transient energies and can sppress positive and negative transients. Frthermore, against crowbar-type devices, varistor response time is typically less than a nanosecond, and devices can be bilt to withstand srges of p to a 7,A srge. They have a long lifetime compared with diodes, and the varistor failre mode is a short circit. This prevents damage to the load that may reslt if failre of the protection circit is ndetected. aristors typically offer cost savings over crowbar-type devices. aristor Operation Metal Oxide aristors, or MOs, are typically constrcted from sintered zinc oxide pls a sitable additive. Each intergranlar bondary displays a rectifying action and presents a specific voltage barrier. When these condct, they form a low ohmic path to absorb srge energy. Dring manfactre, the zinc oxide granles are pressed before being fired for a controlled period and temperatre ntil the desired electrical characteristics are achieved. A varistor s behavior is defined by the relation: = K α where K and α are device constants. K is dependent on the device geometry. On the other hand, α defines the degree of nonlinearity in the resistance characteristic and can be controlled by selection of materials and the application of manfactring processes. A high α implies a better clamp; zinc oxide technology has enabled varistors with α in the range 15 to 3 significantly higher than earlier generation devices sch as silicon carbide varistors. The - behavior of a varistor is shown in Fig. 1 highlighting the distinct operating zones of the varistor. The slope of the protect region is determined by the device parameter β, which bears an inverse relation to α. n fact, varistor behavior can also be described by the relation: = C β (the inverse of = K α ) where C is also a geometry-dependent device constant. Fig. 1 also compares the varistor characteristic with that of the ideal voltage clamping device, which wold display a slope of zero, as well as a Zener diode characteristic. The Zener diode comparison highlights the extended protect region the varistor also offers for a comparable crrent and power capability. Selection Criteria For most applications, yo can determine the selection by assessing for aspects of the desired application: 1. The normal operating conditions of the apparats or system, and whether ac or dc voltage is applied. Fig. 2 shows a flowchart that may be sed to determine the necessary steady-state voltage rating or working voltage. Yo can find DRs in varios sizes and voltages ranging from 8 p to 1rms or more. The higher the nominal voltage of the selected varistor compared with the normal circit operating voltage, the better its reliability is over time, as the device is able to withstand more srge crrents withot degrading performance. The disadvantage deal voltage-clamping device Zinc oxide DR Zener diode Fig behavior of a varistor. Clamping voltage Clamping voltage Zener voltage (reverse avalanche) 27 Power Electronics Technology May 23
3 What is the voltage sorce? AC voltage DC voltage oltage is sinsoidal oltage is not sinsoidal Tolerance on known Tolerance on not known Maximm crest Maximm crest voltage not known Tolerance on nominal Tolerance on nominal Add tolerance vale to Mltiply nominal voltage by 1.15 Mltiply maximm crest voltage by.77 Mltiply nominal voltage by 1.2 Add tolerance vale to Mltiply nominal voltage by 1.2 Select next ac voltage greater than calclated voltage sing maximm continos ac voltage colmn in table electrical characteristics of the data sheet Select next dc voltage greater than calclated voltage sing maximm continos dc voltage colmn in table electrical characteristics of the data sheet Go to mltichoice selection of repetitive peak crrent Fig. 2. Flowchart sed to determine the necessary steady state voltage rating or working voltage. is a redction in the level of protection offered by an overspecified varistor. Hence, yo shold maintain the following relation: Maximm withstand voltage of protected device > max. varistor clamping voltage > max. continos operating voltage. 2. Determine the repetitive peak crrent. Fig. 3 shows a flowchart that may be sed to determine the repetitive peak crrent. Maximm srge crrents are related to the size of the component and start from a few hndred amperes p to several tens of kiloamperes (at standard waveforms of 8/ 2 µs). Once the repetitive peak crrent is known, then yo can calclate the necessary energy absorption, in Joles (Watt.second or Ws), for the varistor. 3. Calclate the energy absorption. There are two cases one for dc and one for ac energy. Energy ratings for available varistors start at a few Joles p to several hndred Joles. Case 1 Calclating dc Dissipation: The power dissipated in a varistor is eqal to the prodct of the voltage and crrent, and may be written: W = = C β+1 When the coefficient α = 3 (β =.33), the power dissipated by the varistor is proportional to the 31 st power of the voltage. A voltage increase of only 2.26% will, in this case, doble the dissipated power. Conseqently, it s important that the applied voltage doesn t rise above a certain maximm vale, or the permissible rating will be exceeded. Moreover, since varistors have a negative temperatre coefficient, at a higher dissipation (and accordingly at a higher temperatre) the resistance vale will decrease and the dissipated power will increase frther. Case 2 Calclating ac Dissipation: When a sinsoidal alternating voltage is applied to a varistor, the dissipation is calclated by integrating the prodct. A sitable expression is as follows: P = 1 2 (a + 1)/2 π (sinωt) α + 1 π dt Transient energy ratings are qoted in Joles. t s important to ensre the varistor is able to absorb this energy throghot the planned prodct lifetime or replacement interval withot failing. When the device is being sed to protect against transients reslting from an indctive or capacitive discharge, sch as switching a motor, the transient energy is easily calclated. However, if the varistor is expected to protect against transients originating from external sorces, the magnitde of the transient is typically nknown and an approximation techniqe mst be applied. This involves calclating the energy absorbed after finding the transient crrent and voltage applied to the varistor. The following eqation may be applied: E = ntegral of (everything p to the c (t) (t) t) from to τ = K c τ Where is the peak crrent, c is the reslting clamp voltage, τ is the implse dration, and K is an energy form factor constant dependent on the crrent waveform. 4. Package size and style. Electrical and mechanical considerations mst be taken into accont when selecting the package size and style. This incldes determining the reqired energy rating and srge crrent amplitdes, and Power Electronics Technology May 23 28
4 whether the device is intended to protect against exceptional srges or those cased by repetitive events will feed into the selection process. The amont of energy expected to be dissipated will also inflence this, and designers mst ensre the package dimensions are appropriate to the physical and mechanical design of the prodct. Conventional form factors typically range from disc types of a few millimeters in diameter p to 5 mm, or block and rectanglar types for high-energy handling parts. Other important selection considerations are the effects of lead indctance and device capacitance, which also impact the performance of the varistor in circit, and mst be considered when choosing to se a varistor. n conventional leaded devices, the indctance of the lead can slow the fast action of the varistor to the extent that protection is negated. Modeling the varistor presents a shnt capacitance that may range from a few tens of pf p to several nf, depending on size and voltage range of the device. Depending on the application, the presence of this capacitance can be of little conseqence, a desirable property, or, at worst, problematical. For example, in dc applications a large capacitance is desirable and can provide a degree of filtering and transient sppression. On the other hand, it may preclde the se of a varistor to protect high-freqency circits. Sample Applications Looking at Fig. 4, yo can see how a varistor may be sed to protect a generic load against power srges originating from the spply. The power spply s own otpt impedance combines with that of the varistor to create a potential divider whose ratio varies with the varistor impedance to protect the load. Yo can see an alternative application in Fig. 5, on page 32. Withot varistor protection, the measred peak crrent throgh the pmp motor when S is closed is 1A. The energy expended in establishing the electromagnetic field in the indctance of the motor is therefore: 2 L =.4 = 2 mj 2 2 Withot varistor protection, an initial crrent of 1A will flow throgh the thyristor bridge when S is opened, and a voltage sfficient to damage or destroy the thyristors will be developed. Arcing will occr across the opening contacts of the switch. Bt with a varistor inserted in the circit, the peak voltage developed across the varistor on opening switch S is: = C MAX β = 6. The thyristors in the bridge can withstand this voltage withot dam- Which parameter of line is known? Origins of the plses not known Origins of the plses known Lightning or indstrial indctive load on line Electrostatic discharge (ESD) Solenoid (e.g. transformer, electromagnetic etc.) Short circit crrent vale known RLC line impedance known Short circit crrent vale not known RLC line impedance not known crrent < 5 A crrent eqals vale of peak crrent passing throgh solenoid (don t forget to calclate the dissipation when the recrrent time is short. i.e.<5 mintes) ale of repetitive peak crrent eqals short circit crrent vale Mlitply nominal voltage by 1, divide reslt by RLC line impedance vale to find the repetitive peak crrent Line conforms to category A of ANS / EEE C or category of EC 6664 (Long branch circit and otlets) crrent is 2 A Line conforms to category B of ANS / EEE C or category of EC 6664 (Long branch circit and otlets) crrent is 4 A Sbscribers lines crrent is 75 A Telecom lines Trnk carrier systems crrent is 15 A Repeaters crrent is 8 A When the repetitive peak crrent is: max. 5 A max. 12 A max. 25 A max 5 A max. 1 A The correct series to se is: 5mm 7mm 1mm 14mm 2 mm Fig. 3. Flowchart sed to determine the repetitive peak crrent. 29 Power Electronics Technology May 23
5 S Heater Electronic circit Rp 33W RH = 24W Fig. 4. Sppression directly across mains. age. The total energy retrned to the circit is 2 mj. Of this 2 mj, 15.1 mj is dissipated in the heater, and mj is dissipated in the varistor. The varistor can withstand more than 1 5 transients containing this amont of energy. For frther reference, Fig. 6 shows how varistors may be sed to sppress internally generated spikes in a T application. New Paths of Development aristors offer cost savings and performance advantages over crowbartype srge protectors and Zener diode clamp devices in a wide range of applications. Enhanced materials and optimized component design particlarly in the field of Zinc Oxide varistors have opened p new applications for varistors, especially those reqiring low protective level and a low standby crrent. n line with this indstry s overriding drive toward miniatrization and srface-mont technology, DRs in a 22 5 Hz L.4H back e.m.f. Pmp motor Fig. 5. Protection of a thyristor bridge in a washing machine. single-layer SMD package are emerging to satisfy medim energy handling capabilities within a relatively small volme. Also, where disc-type varistors occpy relatively large space within an enclosre, new low-profile varistors redce the maximm height above the board for sch a device, while maintaining eqivalent crrent handling capabilities. n addition to these, ltrahigh srge varistors are also more widely sed in the market, capable of offering an improved srge crrent/size ratio and allowing replacement of large components by smaller devices with similar performance and reliability. Other new varistor types incorporate a thermo fse to provide a predictable fail-safe behavior in case of To drm motor Fig. 6. aristors sed to sppress internally generated spikes in a T application. abnormal se. Frther avenes of development inclde varistors capable of handling ambient temperatres above 125 C over the fll voltage/ srge capability range. PETech Power Electronics Technology May 23 3
Primary Analysis of Effective Permeability of the Flame in Burning Natural Gas
Jornal of etals, aterials and inerals. Vol.7 No. pp.63-66. rimary Analysis of Effective ermeability of the Flame in Brning Natral Gas Rakoš JAROSAV * and Repasova AGDAENA * Department of Thermal Technology,
More informationRClamp 3354S Low Voltage RClamp Surge Protection for GbE Interfaces
- RailClamp Description RailClamp TVS diodes are specifi cally designed to protect sensitive components which are connected to high-speed data and transmission lines from overvoltage cased by ESD (electrostatic
More informationTBD 616. Der Gen Motor.
TBD 616. Der Gen Motor.... 384-1223 kva at 1500/1800 min -1 These are the characteristics of the 616: Modern 8-, 12- and 16-cylinder 60ºV-engines. Trbocharging with charge air cooling. Crankshaft with
More informationTClamp1272S Low Capacitance TClamp Surge Protection for xdsl Interfaces
- TransClamp Description The TClamp 1272S provides dedicated line driver side srge and ESD protection for ADSL and VDSL applications. It is designed to replace mltiple discrete components in portable applications.
More informationGUIDELINE. Guideline for the Selection of Engineering Services
GUIDELINE Gideline for the Selection of Engineering Services 1998 Mission Statement: To govern the engineering profession while enhancing engineering practice and enhancing engineering cltre Pblished by
More informationA guide to safety recalls in the used vehicle industry GUIDE
A gide to safety recalls in the sed vehicle indstry GUIDE Definitions Aftermarket parts means any prodct manfactred to be fitted to a vehicle after it has left the vehicle manfactrer s prodction line.
More informationEvery manufacturer is confronted with the problem
HOW MANY PARTS TO MAKE AT ONCE FORD W. HARRIS Prodction Engineer Reprinted from Factory, The Magazine of Management, Volme 10, Nmber 2, Febrary 1913, pp. 135-136, 152 Interest on capital tied p in wages,
More informationChapter 3. 2. Consider an economy described by the following equations: Y = 5,000 G = 1,000
Chapter C evel Qestions. Imagine that the prodction of fishing lres is governed by the prodction fnction: y.7 where y represents the nmber of lres created per hor and represents the nmber of workers employed
More informationSample Pages. Edgar Dietrich, Alfred Schulze. Measurement Process Qualification
Sample Pages Edgar Dietrich, Alfred Schlze Measrement Process Qalification Gage Acceptance and Measrement Uncertainty According to Crrent Standards ISBN: 978-3-446-4407-4 For frther information and order
More informationOn the urbanization of poverty
On the rbanization of poverty Martin Ravallion 1 Development Research Grop, World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC, USA Febrary 001; revised Jly 001 Abstract: Conditions are identified nder which the
More informationPurposefully Engineered High-Performing Income Protection
The Intelligent Choice for Disability Income Insrance Prposeflly Engineered High-Performing Income Protection Keeping Income strong We engineer or disability income prodcts with featres that deliver benefits
More informationThe Intelligent Choice for Disability Income Protection
The Intelligent Choice for Disability Income Protection provider Pls Keeping Income strong We prposeflly engineer or disability income prodct with featres that deliver benefits sooner and contine paying
More information5 High-Impact Use Cases of Big Data Analytics for Optimizing Field Service Processes
5 High-Impact Use Cases of Big Analytics for Optimizing Field Service Processes Improving Field Service Efficiency and Maximizing Eqipment Uptime with Big Analytics and Machine Learning Field Service Profitability
More informationPreparing your heavy vehicle for brake test
GUIDE Preparing yor heavy vehicle for brake test A best practice gide Saving lives, safer roads, ctting crime, protecting the environment Breaking the braking myth Some people believe that a locked wheel
More information3. Fluid Dynamics. 3.1 Uniform Flow, Steady Flow
3. Flid Dynamics Objectives Introdce concepts necessary to analyse flids in motion Identify differences between Steady/nsteady niform/non-niform compressible/incompressible flow Demonstrate streamlines
More informationWHITE PAPER. Filter Bandwidth Definition of the WaveShaper S-series Programmable Optical Processor
WHITE PAPER Filter andwidth Definition of the WaveShaper S-series 1 Introdction The WaveShaper family of s allow creation of ser-cstomized filter profiles over the C- or L- band, providing a flexible tool
More informationMember of the NKT Group. We connect renewable energy sources. Onshore, offshore and photovoltaic
Member of the NKT Grop We connect renewable energy sorces Onshore, offshore and photovoltaic Completing the pictre www.nktcables.com We connect renewable energy sorces These days, renewable and clean energies
More informationPower surges can also be generated by equipment in your facility such as:
Power Quality Surge Suppressors What is Surge Protection A surge suppressor can be the first and best defense against the instant or gradual destruction of electrical equipment. Compared to the replacement
More informationTransient Suppression Devices and Principles
Transient Suppression Devices and Principles Application Note January 1998 AN9768 Transient Suppression Devices There are two major categories of transient suppressors: a) those that attenuate transients,
More informationIntroduction to HBase Schema Design
Introdction to HBase Schema Design Amandeep Khrana Amandeep Khrana is a Soltions Architect at Clodera and works on bilding soltions sing the Hadoop stack. He is also a co-athor of HBase in Action. Prior
More informationOPERATING MANUAL UNIPOWER TELECOM POWER CONTROL & MONITOR SYSTEM PCM500 SERIES
PRICE: $25.00 UNIPOWER TELECOM POWER CONTROL & MONITOR SYSTEM PCM500 SERIES www.nipowertelecom.com Manal No. PCM-800-3 01/14/02 PCM500-Man 2002 UNIPOWER Corp. All Rights Reserved UNIPOWER Telecom, Division
More informationSME Business. Solutions
SME Bsiness Soltions For more information, please contact SME Banking: Bahrain World Trade Center, East Tower 15th Floor Tel: 17 13 3383 Fax: 17 13 1043 E-mail: sme@bmi.com.bh ABOUT BMI BANK We re a yong,
More informationAPPLICATION FOR FIRST ADR ROAD VEHICLE CERTIFICATION OR A CHANGE TO EXISTING ADR CATEGORY
ADRIII MAY 16 DVSA 436 APPLICATION FOR FIRST ADR ROAD VEHICLE CERTIFICATION OR A CHANGE TO EXISTING ADR CATEGORY Please read the notes at the rear of this form before filling in this application. Complete
More informationStability of Linear Control System
Stabilit of Linear Control Sstem Concept of Stabilit Closed-loop feedback sstem is either stable or nstable. This tpe of characterization is referred to as absolte stabilit. Given that the sstem is stable,
More informationCorporate performance: What do investors want to know? Innovate your way to clearer financial reporting
www.pwc.com Corporate performance: What do investors want to know? Innovate yor way to clearer financial reporting October 2014 PwC I Innovate yor way to clearer financial reporting t 1 Contents Introdction
More informationThe Intelligent Choice for Basic Disability Income Protection
The Intelligent Choice for Basic Disability Income Protection provider Pls Limited Keeping Income strong We prposeflly engineer or basic disability income prodct to provide benefit-rich featres delivering
More informationTechnical Article MS-2443
. MS-2443 Safeguard Your RS-485 Communication Networks from Harmful EMC Events by James Scanlon, Senior Evaluation Engineer, Analog Devices, Inc., and Koenraad Rutgers, Senior Field Applications Engineer,
More informationThe D.C Power Supply
The D.C Power Supply Voltage Step Down Electrical Isolation Converts Bipolar signal to Unipolar Half or Full wave Smoothes the voltage variation Still has some ripples Reduce ripples Stabilize the output
More informationTISP4600F3, TISP4700F3 OBSOLETE
*RoHS COMPLIANT TISP4600F3, TISP4700F3 HIGH OLTAGE BIDIRECTIONAL THYRISTOR OEROLTAGE PROTECTORS TISP4600F3, TISP4700F3 Ion-Implanted Breakdown Region Precise and Stable oltage Low oltage Overshoot under
More informationwww.macu.com LH-2011 Products for Life
www.mac.com LH-2011 Prodcts for Life 2 6 8 10 12 13 prchase Qick 14 insrance There s nothing like the feeling of bying yor own home. Yo finally have yor own space, and yor money is going toward something
More informationFacilities. Car Parking and Permit Allocation Policy
Facilities Car Parking and Permit Allocation Policy Facilities Car Parking and Permit Allocation Policy Contents Page 1 Introdction....................................................2 2.0 Application
More informationBorrowing for College. Table of contents. A guide to federal loans for higher education
Borrowing for College A gide to federal loans for higher edcation Table of contents Edcation loan basics 2 Applying for edcation loans 3 Repaying edcation loans 3 Controlling edcation loan debt 5 Glossary
More informationModeling Roughness Effects in Open Channel Flows D.T. Souders and C.W. Hirt Flow Science, Inc.
FSI-2-TN6 Modeling Roghness Effects in Open Channel Flows D.T. Soders and C.W. Hirt Flow Science, Inc. Overview Flows along rivers, throgh pipes and irrigation channels enconter resistance that is proportional
More informationStandard. 8029HEPTA DataCenter. Because every fraction of a second counts. network synchronization requiring minimum space. hopf Elektronik GmbH
8029HEPTA DataCenter Standard Becase every fraction of a second conts network synchronization reqiring minimm space hopf Elektronik GmbH Nottebohmstraße 41 58511 Lüdenscheid Germany Phone: +49 (0)2351
More informationUsing GPU to Compute Options and Derivatives
Introdction Algorithmic Trading has created an increasing demand for high performance compting soltions within financial organizations. The actors of portfolio management and ris assessment have the obligation
More informationPlanning a Smart Card Deployment
C H A P T E R 1 7 Planning a Smart Card Deployment Smart card spport in Microsoft Windows Server 2003 enables yo to enhance the secrity of many critical fnctions, inclding client athentication, interactive
More information17: Transmission Lines
s Line E1.1 Analysis of Circits (2015-6973) Transmission Lines: 17 1 / 13 Transmission Lines s Line Previosly assme that any change inv S (t) appears instantly atv R (t). E1.1 Analysis of Circits (2015-6973)
More informationDeploying Network Load Balancing
C H A P T E R 9 Deploying Network Load Balancing After completing the design for the applications and services in yor Network Load Balancing clster, yo are ready to deploy the clster rnning the Microsoft
More informationMaximum security, even underground: funkwerk TETRA FT4 S Ex
Maximm secrity, even ndergrond: fnkwerk TETRA FT4 S Ex The certified TETRA radio for personal secrity, commnication and precise localisation: for hazardos tnnelling and mining environments. Fnkwerk Secrity
More informationDesigning an Authentication Strategy
C H A P T E R 1 4 Designing an Athentication Strategy Most organizations need to spport seamless access to the network for mltiple types of sers, sch as workers in offices, employees who are traveling,
More informationContents Welcome to FOXTEL iq2...5 For your safety...6 Getting Started...7 Playlist... 51 Active...53 Setup...54 FOXTEL Guide...18 ON DEMAND...
Contents Welcome to FOXTEL iq2...5 The FOXTEL iq2...5 Updates to FOXTEL iq2...5 Getting in toch with FOXTEL...5 For yor safety...6 Getting Started...7 Switching the FOXTEL iq2 on and off...7 Changing channel...7
More informationPosition paper smart city. economics. a multi-sided approach to financing the smart city. Your business technologists.
Position paper smart city economics a mlti-sided approach to financing the smart city Yor bsiness technologists. Powering progress From idea to reality The hman race is becoming increasingly rbanised so
More informationEquilibrium of Forces Acting at a Point
Eqilibrim of orces Acting at a Point Eqilibrim of orces Acting at a Point Pre-lab Qestions 1. What is the definition of eqilibrim? Can an object be moving and still be in eqilibrim? Explain.. or this lab,
More informationits heating value. As a rule the proportions are CH 4, H 2 and CO. Table 3-1 lists their heating values.
3. Energy Conversion 3.1 Heating vales The chemical enthalpy is converted into heat by the oxidation o the carbon and hydrogen contained in the el. I, in accordance with Figre 31, the gas is cooled to
More informationPeriodized Training for the Strength/Power Athlete
Periodized Training for the /Power Athlete Jay R. Hoffman, PhD, FACSM, CSCS *D The se of periodized training has been reported to go back as far as the ancient Olympic games. Its basic premise is that
More informationRC NETWORKS SALES GUIDE
SALES GUIDE INTRODUCTION TO Recent developments in electronic equipment have shown the following trends: Increasing demands for numerical control machines, robotics and technically advanced appliances
More informationPlanning an Active Directory Deployment Project
C H A P T E R 1 Planning an Active Directory Deployment Project When yo deploy the Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Active Directory directory service in yor environment, yo can take advantage of the centralized,
More informationLTC1255 Dual 24V High-Side MOSFET Driver DESCRIPTIO
LTC1 Dual 24V High-Side MOSFET Driver FEATRES Fully Enhances N-Channel Power MOSFETs 12µA Standby Current Operates at Supply Voltages from 9V to 24V Short Circuit Protection Easily Protected Against Supply
More informationA series of technology briefs spanning Tyco Electronics product portfolio
A series of technology briefs spanning Tyco Electronics product portfolio Coordinated Circuit Protection Schemes Help Prevent Overvoltage and Overcurrent Damage Through advances in materials science and
More informationDirect Loan Basics & Entrance Counseling Guide. For Graduate and Professional Student Direct PLUS Loan Borrowers
Direct Loan Basics & Entrance Conseling Gide For Gradate and Professional Stdent Direct PLUS Loan Borrowers DIRECT LOAN BASICS & ENTRANCE COUNSELING GUIDE For Gradate and Professional Stdent Direct PLUS
More informationSpectrum Balancing for DSL with Restrictions on Maximum Transmit PSD
Spectrm Balancing for DSL with Restrictions on Maximm Transmit PSD Driton Statovci, Tomas Nordström, and Rickard Nilsson Telecommnications Research Center Vienna (ftw.), Dona-City-Straße 1, A-1220 Vienna,
More informationDesigning and Deploying File Servers
C H A P T E R 2 Designing and Deploying File Servers File servers rnning the Microsoft Windows Server 2003 operating system are ideal for providing access to files for sers in medim and large organizations.
More informationHigh Availability for Internet Information Server Using Double-Take 4.x
High Availability for Internet Information Server Using Doble-Take 4.x High Availability for Internet Information Server Using Doble-Take 4.x pblished April 2000 NSI and Doble-Take are registered trademarks
More informationLSN RF Fire Detection System
17 19 18 34 3 50 49 21 20 36 35 52 51 23 2 38 37 54 53 24 10 26 25 40 39 5 57 56 13 12 28 27 42 41 59 58 15 14 30 29 4 43 61 60 16 32 31 46 45 63 62 48 47 64 Fire Alarm Systems LSN RF Fire Detection System
More informationA Spare Part Inventory Management Model for Better Maintenance of Intelligent Transportation Systems
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 A Spare Part Inventory Management Model for Better Maintenance of Intelligent
More informationThe Single Vehicle Approval Scheme
GUIDE The Single Vehicle Approval Scheme A gide to the approval of special prpose light goods vehicles Saving lives, safer roads, ctting crime, protecting the environment A gide to the approval of special
More informationAN-6 COMMON MISTAKES IN LIGHTNING PROTECTION OF PHONE LINE INTERFACE CIRCUITS
AN-6 COMMON MISTAKES IN LIGHTNING PROTECTION OF PHONE LINE INTERFACE CIRCUITS By Joe Randolph Introduction Lightning protection of phone line interface circuits is a complicated topic. The specific protection
More informationPlanning a Managed Environment
C H A P T E R 1 Planning a Managed Environment Many organizations are moving towards a highly managed compting environment based on a configration management infrastrctre that is designed to redce the
More informationHerzfeld s Outlook: Seasonal Factors Provide Opportunities in Closed-End Funds
VIRTUS HERZFELD FUND Herzfeld s Otlook: Seasonal Factors Provide Opportnities in Closed-End Fnds When it comes to investing in closed-end fnds, a comprehensive nderstanding of the inefficiencies of the
More informationCIVE2400 Fluid Mechanics. Section 1: Fluid Flow in Pipes
CIVE00 Flid Mechanics Section : Flid Flow in Pipes CIVE00 FLUID MECHNICS... SECTION : FLUID FLOW IN PIPES.... FLUID FLOW IN PIPES.... Pressre loss de to riction in a pipeline..... Pressre loss dring laminar
More informationDiode Applications. by Kenneth A. Kuhn Sept. 1, 2008. This note illustrates some common applications of diodes.
by Kenneth A. Kuhn Sept. 1, 2008 This note illustrates some common applications of diodes. Power supply applications A common application for diodes is converting AC to DC. Although half-wave rectification
More informationLBC 3210/00 Line Array Indoor/Outdoor Loudspeaker
Commnications Systems LBC 3210/00 Line Array Indoor/Otdoor Lodspeaker LBC 3210/00 Line Array Indoor/Otdoor Lodspeaker www.boschsecrity.com Extended listening area Excellent intelligibility of speech and
More informationLBC 14x0/x0 MK Volume Controls and LBC 1430/10 Program Selector
Commnications Systems LBC 14x0/x0 MK Volme Controls and LBC 1430/10 Program Selector LBC 14x0/x0 MK Volme Controls and LBC 1430/10 Program Selector www.boschsecrity.com 12 W, 36 W and 100 W versions Available
More informationProperties of electrical signals
DC Voltage Component (Average voltage) Properties of electrical signals v(t) = V DC + v ac (t) V DC is the voltage value displayed on a DC voltmeter Triangular waveform DC component Half-wave rectifier
More informationPlanning and Implementing An Optimized Private Cloud
W H I T E PA P E R Intelligent HPC Management Planning and Implementing An Optimized Private Clod Creating a Clod Environment That Maximizes Yor ROI Planning and Implementing An Optimized Private Clod
More informationSickness Absence in the UK: 1984-2002
Sickness Absence in the UK: 1984-2002 Tim Barmby (Universy of Drham) Marco Ecolani (Universy of Birmingham) John Treble (Universy of Wales Swansea) Paper prepared for presentation at The Economic Concil
More informationHigh Availability for Microsoft SQL Server Using Double-Take 4.x
High Availability for Microsoft SQL Server Using Doble-Take 4.x High Availability for Microsoft SQL Server Using Doble-Take 4.x pblished April 2000 NSI and Doble-Take are registered trademarks of Network
More informationFollowing are definitions for major parameters to consider when selecting a power line polarity protection diode for an automotive application.
Diode rectifiers are ideal solutions for automotive electronic power line protection and have several important parameters for these applications, including: Forward current, repetitive reverse voltage,
More informationFINANCIAL FITNESS SELECTING A CREDIT CARD. Fact Sheet
FINANCIAL FITNESS Fact Sheet Janary 1998 FL/FF-02 SELECTING A CREDIT CARD Liz Gorham, Ph.D., AFC Assistant Professor and Family Resorce Management Specialist, Utah State University Marsha A. Goetting,
More informationAND8229/D. An Introduction to Transient Voltage Suppression Devices APPLICATION NOTE
An Introduction to Transient Voltage Suppression Devices Prepared by: Jim Lepkowski ON Semiconductor APPLICATION NOTE INTRODUCTION Transient Voltage Suppression (TVS) protection devices such as shielded
More informationFILM CAPACITORS FOR ELECTRONIC LIGHTING
1. Introduction: FILM CAPACITORS FOR ELECTRONIC LIGHTING G. Schabbach, Dr. K. Weigel, Dr. G. Zimmermann EPCOS AG Fluorescent lamps have emerged as the preferred light source for industrial and domestic
More informationMotorola Reinvents its Supplier Negotiation Process Using Emptoris and Saves $600 Million. An Emptoris Case Study. Emptoris, Inc. www.emptoris.
Motorola Reinvents its Spplier Negotiation Process Using Emptoris and Saves $600 Million An Emptoris Case Stdy Emptoris, Inc. www.emptoris.com VIII-03/3/05 Exective Smmary With the disastros telecommnication
More information8. Forced Convection Heat Transfer
8. Forced Convection Heat Transfer 8.1 Introdction The general definition for convection ma be smmarized to this definition "energ transfer between the srface and flid de to temperatre difference" and
More informationCandidate: Shawn Mullane. Date: 04/02/2012
Shipping and Receiving Specialist / Inventory Control Assessment Report Shawn Mllane 04/02/2012 www.resorceassociates.com To Improve Prodctivity Throgh People. Shawn Mllane 04/02/2012 Prepared For: NAME
More informationASAND: Asynchronous Slot Assignment and Neighbor Discovery Protocol for Wireless Networks
ASAND: Asynchronos Slot Assignment and Neighbor Discovery Protocol for Wireless Networks Fikret Sivrikaya, Costas Bsch, Malik Magdon-Ismail, Bülent Yener Compter Science Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic
More informationpersonal income insurance product disclosure statement and policy Preparation date: 26/03/2004
personal income insrance prodct disclosre statement and policy Preparation date: 26/03/2004 personal income Insrer CGU Insrance Limited ABN 27 004 478 371 AFS Licence No. 238291 This is an important docment.
More informationCentral Angles, Arc Length, and Sector Area
CHAPTER 5 A Central Angles, Arc Length, and Sector Area c GOAL Identify central angles and determine arc length and sector area formed by a central angle. Yo will need a calclator a compass a protractor
More informationImmigration and Unemployment of Skilled and Unskilled Labor. Shigemi Yabuuchi* Nagoya City University
Ag. 7, 6 Immigration and Unemployment of Skilled and Unskilled Labor Shigemi Yabchi* Nagoya City University Abstract This paper discsses the problem of nemployment in developed contries that faces international
More informationPhone Banking Terms Corporate Accounts
Phone Banking Terms Corporate Acconts If there is any inconsistency between the terms and conditions applying to an Accont and these Phone Banking Terms, these Phone Banking Terms prevail in respect of
More informationPower Supplies. 1.0 Power Supply Basics. www.learnabout-electronics.org. Module
Module 1 www.learnabout-electronics.org Power Supplies 1.0 Power Supply Basics What you ll learn in Module 1 Section 1.0 Power Supply Basics. Basic functions of a power supply. Safety aspects of working
More informationHCFC-22 Alternatives for Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps
Prde University Prde e-pbs International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 1994 HCFC-22 Alternatives for Air Conditioners and Heat Pmps M. B. Shiflett DPont
More informationThe full wave rectifier consists of two diodes and a resister as shown in Figure
The Full-Wave Rectifier The full wave rectifier consists of two diodes and a resister as shown in Figure The transformer has a centre-tapped secondary winding. This secondary winding has a lead attached
More informationCloser Look at ACOs. Putting the Accountability in Accountable Care Organizations: Payment and Quality Measurements. Introduction
Closer Look at ACOs A series of briefs designed to help advocates nderstand the basics of Accontable Care Organizations (ACOs) and their potential for improving patient care. From Families USA Janary 2012
More informationChapter 1. LAN Design
Chapter 1 LAN Design CCNA3-1 Chapter 1 Note for Instrctors These presentations are the reslt of a collaboration among the instrctors at St. Clair College in Windsor, Ontario. Thanks mst go ot to Rick Graziani
More information7 Help Desk Tools. Key Findings. The Automated Help Desk
7 Help Desk Tools Or Age of Anxiety is, in great part, the reslt of trying to do today s jobs with yesterday s tools. Marshall McLhan Key Findings Help desk atomation featres are common and are sally part
More informationAt your service. Your guide to Alinta and the Gas Customer Service Charter
At yor service Yor gide to Alinta and the Gas Cstomer Service Charter Contents Welcome to Alinta 4 Yor accont 8 Cstomer Service Charter 18 Yor gas service 29 Using gas safely 34 Using gas wisely 39 Alinta
More informationAppraisal Firewall 1.0. Appraisal Revolution. powered by Appraisal Firewall DATA FACTS WHITE PAPER SERIES
Appraisal Firewall 1.0 Appraisal Revoltion powered by Appraisal Firewall DATA FACTS WHITE PAPER SERIES The Technology Standard Appraisal Revoltion, powered by Appraisal Firewall technology maximizes yor
More informationHSBC Internet Banking. Combined Product Disclosure Statement and Supplementary Product Disclosure Statement
HSBC Internet Banking Combined Prodct Disclosre Statement and Spplementary Prodct Disclosre Statement AN IMPORTANT MESSAGE FOR HSBC CUSTOMERS NOTICE OF CHANGE For HSBC Internet Banking Combined Prodct
More informationSERVICE PLANS AIR CONDITIONING HEAT PUMP. Inside a service agreement to safeguard your family s comfort and budget! NATURAL GAS PROPANE
Inside a service agreement to safegard yor family s comfort and bdget! For for generations we ve provided continos, dependable, state-of-theart heating and cooling services. We have grown to become one
More informationICP CC488 Series Control Panels
Intrsion Alarm Systems ICP CC488 Series Control Panels ICP CC488 Series Control Panels www.boschsecrity.com Eight programmable ser codes and eight radio remote ser codes Two areas DTMF telephone remote
More informationDIRECT TAX LAWS Taxability of Capital Gains on By-back of Shares - Debate ignites after AAR s rling in RST s case BACKGROUND 1. Recently, the Athority for Advance Rlings ( AAR ) in the case of RST, In
More informationIntroducing Revenue Cycle Optimization! STI Provides More Options Than Any Other Software Vendor. ChartMaker Clinical 3.7
Introdcing Revene Cycle Optimization! STI Provides More Options Than Any Other Software Vendor ChartMaker Clinical 3.7 2011 Amblatory EHR + Cardiovasclar Medicine + Child Health STI Provides More Choices
More informationCloser Look at ACOs. Making the Most of Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs): What Advocates Need to Know
Closer Look at ACOs A series of briefs designed to help advocates nderstand the basics of Accontable Care Organizations (ACOs) and their potential for improving patient care. From Families USA Updated
More informationSIMPLE DESIGN METHOD FOR OPENING WALL WITH VARIOUS SUPPORT CONDITIONS
SIMPLE DESIGN METHOD FOR OPENING WALL WITH VARIOUS SUPPORT CONDITIONS Jeng-Han Doh 1, Nhat Minh Ho 1, Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University-Gold Coast Camps, Qeensland, Astralia ABSTRACT
More informationOur business is to help you take care of your business. Throgmorton Outsourcing Services. HR Services Payroll Immigration Health & Safety
Or bsiness is to help yo take care of yor bsiness Throgmorton Otsorcing Services HR Services Payroll Immigration Health & Safety Hman Resorces Throgmorton is dedicated to providing HR spport for bsinesses
More information10 Evaluating the Help Desk
10 Evalating the Help Desk The tre measre of any society is not what it knows bt what it does with what it knows. Warren Bennis Key Findings Help desk metrics having to do with demand and with problem
More informationOptimizing the Data Warehouse Infrastructure with Archiving
WHITE PAPER Optimizing the Data Warehose Infrastrctre with Archiving By Bill Inmon This docment contains Confidential, Proprietary and Trade ecret Information ( Confidential Information ) of Informatica
More informationIEC 1000-4-2 ESD Immunity and Transient Current Capability for the SP72X Series Protection Arrays
IEC 00-4-2 ESD Immunity and Transient Current Capability for the SP72X Series Protection Arrays Application Note July 1999 AN9612.2 Author: Wayne Austin The SP720, SP721, SP723, and SP724 are protection
More informationSolid-State Relays (SSRs) vs Electromechanical Relays (EMRs)
Oct 2010 Solid-State Relays (SSRs) vs Electromechanical Relays (EMRs) A study on worldwide relays market found the market size of solid state relays to be between $200M and $600M, which represent 17% of
More informationThe Good Governance Standard for Public Services
The Good Governance Standard for Pblic Services The Independent Commission on Good Governance in Pblic Services Good Governance Standard for Pblic Services OPM and CIPFA, 2004 OPM (Office for Pblic Management
More information