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1 Biol. 453A, Exam 1, A Version NAME LAB 1 Biology 453 Version A Exam 1, Winter 2016 Be sure that you write your name on the following sheets, as noted. Failure to put your name on all sheets can lead to a 5% penalty. The test has 6 pages of questions.
2 Jan. 20, 2016 Exam 1, A Version, 50 pt Total Points Percentage 2 1. (6 pt) Place the letter for each of these shared derived traits on this phylogeny at its ONE correct location: A True neural crest B Osteoderms C macrolecithal eggs D Hensen s node E Stratum corneum F Claws 2. (4 pt) Check off ONE correct germ layer origin for each of these features: Somatic (nonneural) Ectoderm Neural crest (ectomesenchyme) Neurogenic (ectodermal) placode Lens of eye Stratum compactum Hair Multicellular mucous glands Epimere Mesoderm (somite, paraxial) Endoderm
3 Biol. 453A, Exam 1, A Version NAME LAB 3 3. (2 pt) Compare & explain the functional reason for the differences in mineralization of alligator s osteoderms (right). X-ray images (white mineralization) of alligator osteoderms (a) female who laid eggs (b) mature female hasn t laid eggs Yellow circle isolates a single osteoderm. 4. (2 pt) Describe & explain the trend in TEWL in these birds. Dacke CG, Elsey RM, Trosclair PL, et al J Zool. doi: /jzo Total evap. water loss (TEWL). Water vapor density (WVD = humidity) in 2 species of birds: weavers (dashed) & doves (solid) at 48 o C (= 118 o F). List & then explain which species will dehydrate the fastest. 5. (2 pt) The snake R. tigrinus has glands in the dorsal skin of the neck that contain toxic alkaloids acquired from toads. Hypothesize how adult snakes may benefit from these glands. Gerson AR, Smith EK, Smit B, et al Physiolog Biochem Zool. 87(6): Number of snakes that followed trail of a toxic toad, B. japonicas (black), & that of a non-toxic frog, R. arboreus (grey), in Y-maze experiments (a) during gestation (pregnancy gravid) & (b) during non-gestation. **p < 0.01; n.s., not sign. Describe & explain the differences in diet (shown at the right) between gravid (pregnant) females & non- pregnant females. Kojima Y, Mori A Proc R Soc B 282:
4 6 (2 pt) Is the bird genus Pitohui a monophyletic, or polyphyletic assemblage? Explain your reasoning based on this phylogeny. 4 Part of a phylogeny of birds in the genus Pitohui & its close relatives, based on 3 mitochondrial & 2 nuclear gene segments. Bayesian posterior probabilities (X 100) appear above each node; parsimony bootstrap percentage (X 100) appears below the node. Birds in the genus Pitohui (in bold) contain neurotoxic alkaloids in their skin. The alkaloids were obtained from insects in their diet. Based on this phylogeny, how many times did this defense evolve? Rotate taxa & redraw the relationships of the 3 species at this node, without altering the relationships between them. 7. (2 pt) Describe the effect of temperature on scale fracture resistance. How will this affect carp that prefer to live at 32 deg. C? Dumbacher, Deiner, Thompson, Fleischer Mol Phylogenetics Evol 49: Fracture resistance of carp scales, measured by tear tests. Carp scales also differed in fracture resistance based on their location on the body. Predict if the strongest scales would be on the head, tail or body & 1 design change that could makes those scales stronger. 8. (2 pt) Compare the variation in asymmetry of the primary feathers in the Mesozoic, flightless & modern birds. Hypothesize whether the Mesozoic group flew based on these data & explain your reasoning. Murcia S, McConville M, Li G, et al Acta Biomaterialia 14: Chord length = vane width of a feather Leading (primary feathers), cutting (1 st primary) rachis positions in Mesozoic dromeosaurs & birds, flightless & modern flying birds Feo TJ, Field DJ, Prum RO Proc. R. Soc. B 282:
5 Biol. 453A, Exam 1, A Version NAME LAB 5 9. (4 pt) Draw the phylogeny based on this data set. Show the traits at the correct locations & the taxa at their terminal branches. Species Paired toes with hooves Single toed with hooves Fur Antlers Horns A B C D E (4 pt) Place these 4 traits on the phylogeny at the correct location for each: dorsal-ventral pattern (axis) inversion (I), forms an enterocoelous coelom (C), notochord (N), and blastopore becomes anus (B). 11. (4 pt) Is each pair a set of homologs, analogs or neither? Explain your choices (BOTH for your choice & against the choices you didn t make) with specific details. Bird uropygial gland & Lizard scent gland Boxfish dermal scales & Turtle shell
6 12. (2 pt) Draw & label 2 sets of bars to compare the relative size of the central nervous system brain (S solid) & complexity of myotomes (M dashed)). 6 Large / Complex CNS size Complexity of myotomes Small / Simple Cephalochordate Tunicate Vertebrate 13. (2 pt) Draw & label 2 sets of bars to compare relative thickness of alpha (A solid) & beta (B - dashed) keratin in the scales of a lizard. High Relative thickness of alpha & beta keratin Low Absent Scale Exposed Surface Hinge Region 14. (2 pt) Draw & label 2 sets of bars to show the hypothesized evolution of feather functions: sensory (S - solid) & insulation (I - dashed). Function Present Sensory Insulation Possibility Function Absent Dinosauria Theropoda Modern Bird 15. (2 pt) Draw & label 2 sets of bars to compare relative stickiness (S - solid) & watery (W - dashed) content from each gland secretion. High Stickiness Watery Content Low Slime Gland Sebaceous Gland Eccrine Sudoriferous Gland
7 Biol. 453A, Exam 1, A Version NAME LAB (2 pt) Draw & label 2 lines to predict thyroxine production of a salamander that is paedomorphic (P - solid) & a salamander that undergoes metamorphosis (M dashed). Both reach sexual maturity. High Thyroxine Production Low Hatchling Development Sexual Maturity 17. (2 pt) Draw & label 2 lines to compare the expression of chordin (C dashed) & an unknown (U solid) that aids placode formation. Many / High Chordin Expression Unknown for Placode Few / Low Neural Tube Neural Crest Placode Somatic Ectoderm 18. (2 pt) Draw & label 2 lines to show Alibardi s hypothesis of the evolution of milk, as only an anti-microbial, watery fluid (W solid) & with nutrients (N dashed). Large volume Watery fluid only Nutrients in milk Absent Synapsida Therapsida Mammalia 19. (2 pt) Draw & label 2 lines to show heterochronic patterns of faster sexual maturity (M solid) & slower somatic growth (G dashed). The dashed line already on the graph is the ancestral condition. Trait Size Large Small Absent I II Ontogenic Timeline IV V
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Sciences Activity 1: 10 min Activity 2: 30 minutes Activity 3: 45 minutes Experiment: 30 minutes Activity 2: Gather supplies needed and make photocopies Activity 3: Gather materials, insects (all the same
Lab Exercise 9. Nervous Tissue. Brain. Cranial Nerves. Spinal Cord. Spinal Nerves
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