Steel construction and the circular economy. Michael Sansom 7 th June 2016
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1 Steel construction and the circular economy Michael Sansom 7 th June 2016
2 Some definitions! Reuse Use again in same form; minor alterations! Recycling Process of converting waste into a new product! Downcycling Recycling to a lower value! Recyclable x
3 Steel in construction Fundamental material properties Properties of structural steel systems
4 Fundamental properties of steel! Versatile 3,500 different grades! Durable and strong! Infinitely recycled (multi-cycled)! No loss of properties! Magnetic properties assist recovery & sorting! Economic value ensures recovery! Global infrastructure for trading scrap steel! Energy/carbon intensive in production
5 Steel construction products
6 Fundamental properties of steel structures! Structurally efficient! Lightweight! Manufactured off-site! Fast, predictable programme! Flexible & adaptable! Theoretically reusable
7 All materials are not the same at EOL
8 All materials are not the same at EOL Concrete Timber Steel 75% crushed Landfill avoided Primary aggregates saved Downcycling 14% downcycled 23% incinerated 46% energy recovery 16% landfilled - Decomposition CO 2 CH 4 - Landfill gas capture (51%) 99% recycled or reused Landfill avoided Primary steel saved True recycling
9 Reuse and recycling rates Product! % Reused! % Recycled! % Lost! Heavy structural sections/tubes! 7! 93! 0! Rebar (in concrete superstructures)! 0! 98! 2! Rebar (in concrete sub-structure or foundations)! 2! 95! 2! Steel piles (sheet and bearing)! 15! 71! 14! Light structural steel! 5! 93! 2! Profile steel cladding (roof/facade)! 10! 89! 1! Internal light steel (e.g. plaster profiles, door frames)! 0! 94! 6! Other (e.g. stainless steel)! 4! 95! 1! Average (across all products)! 5! 91! 4! Survey of NFDC members, 2013
10 Why reuse? Structural steel! Move up waste hierarchy! Save resources! Reduce carbon emissions! Save money! Security of supply
11 Many reusable steel systems If viable CE business models cannot be developed for structural steel then it is hard to see how CE models will be achievable for other construction products
12 Structural steel reuse! In-situ or relocated! All building or part of building! Component or element
13 Warehouse refurbishment, UK Before After
14 Warehouse refurbishment, UK! Portal frame raised by 3m! Existing purlins, bracing and rafters reused! New office block added (composite metal decking)! Clad in steel sandwich panels
15 SEGRO relocation case study! 3,180m 2 office and warehouse (2000)! Relocated 1 mile away! Slough trading estate
16 SEGRO relocation case study Reused elements:! Steel structure! Plant/MEP! Precast planks! Curtain walling! Raised access floor
17 SEGRO relocation case study 56% lower embodied carbon compared to an equivalent new build (Sturgis cp)
18 BedZed London! 98 tonnes of reclaimed structural steel temporary steel from Brighton station! 96% saving on environmental impact (BRE)
19 Sydney Olympics aquatics stadium
20 London 2012 stadium! 2,500 tonnes surplus tube from offshore pipeline! Saved time and carbon
21 Carrwood Park, Doncaster Portal frame 1,800m 2 82 t reused steel
22 ebay! steel beams returned 1,800 listings! Small-scale sales but surprisingly high buy-now price per tonne
23 From niche to mainstream
24 From niche to mainstream
25 Barriers to steel reuse! Cost! Availability & storage! Lack of demand! Traceability & CE marking! Demolition time constraints! Lack of supply chain integration
26 Supply chain integration! Innovate UK funded feasibility study! Supply-demand co-ordination tool for steel reuse
27 Construction supply chains! Traditionally long, complex and linear! Often end at completion/handover! Long in-use phase! Designers disconnected from demolition contractors End of supply chain years
28 On-line portal Designer requirements:! Member size & grade! Age and origin! Location & availability Demolition contractor:! Pre-demolition audit! Weight & value
29 Supporting guidance! Specification and design of reused steel! CE marking and other regulatory requirements for reused steel! Pre-demolition surveys and audits! Testing! Contractual arrangements for sourcing and using reused steel! Insurance and warranties! Case studies of successful projects and quantification of the carbon savings
30 Demolition industry! H&S and time biggest barriers to reuse! Low steel price! Current practice: High-reach plant Shearing of sections No/poor structural info Top-down construction in sensitive locations! Significant extra cost to deconstruct
31 Steel reuse and BIM! BIM theoretically overcomes many problems of traceability! Steelwork contractors already BIM proficient! Our prototype will explore this
32 Future steel reuse! Steelwork constractors have been doing BIM for years Tekla structures StruMIS! As-built IFC files provided on request Simple to generate from Tekla! Uploaded to a database to facilitate: Refurbishment and extension Reuse Traceability and properties for optimising recycling
33 IFC file of steel structure
34 Maersk Triple-E ships! Largest ship in the world! 60k tonnes of steel! Cradle-to-cradle passport 3D model and database! Separation for reuse: High & low grade steel Copper wiring Hazardous waste
35 Conclusions! Steel has excellent recycling credentials True recycling is the benchmark in CE! Structural steel reuse today has many barriers If no viable steel model, it will be difficult for other construction products! Future reuse looks more viable with BIM But will probably require legislative drivers! Despite recent over-supply and falls in price, long-term resource scarcity, price volatility and environmental costs will require new CE construction business models
36 CE theory vs reality vs
37 SCI is the leading, independent provider of technical expertise and disseminator of best practice to the steel construction sector. We work in partnership with clients, members and industry peers to help build businesses and provide competitive advantage through the commercial application of our knowledge. We are committed to offering and promoting sustainable and environmentally responsible solutions.
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