GEO.POWER - Benchmarking Report

Transcription

1 GEO.POWER - Benchmarking Report Component 3 phase 1 review of the best practices Activity: match-making and benchmark report VÄSTRAGÖTALANDS REGIONEN SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden

2 Territorial framework Location and Land use Västra Götalandsregionen ( square km) is located in western Sweden. It has about inhabitants (17% of Sweden s population), the largest municipality is Gothenburg ( inh), followed by Borås ( inh), Trollhättan ( inh) and Skövde ( inh). In total 49 municipalities. 50% of the land is forest, 23% farmland, 10% outcrop, 7.3% urban land and 5.6% water.

3 Climate and buildings The average annual temperature in Västra Götalandsregionen is 7-8 C, and the heating season is about 9 months. The insolation is kwh/m2, year. The average building is built in the 1950 s and the building stock is well insulated by European standards. Average energy demand in Sweden is 150 kwh/m2, year for multi family houses and 125 kwh/m2, y for detached single family houses. Newly built houses kwh/m2, year. All figures excluding household consumption of electric energy. In Västra Götalandsregionen, there are about detached houses (for year round living) and apartments. About 85% of the multi family units are heated with district heating, heat pumps about 5%, while oil is less than 1%. For detached houses are combinations of different heating systems common, for example air/air heat pump and direct electric heaters. About 40% have a heat pump installed and about 30% use bio fuel fired boiler. District heating is about 10-15% and oil is less than 5%. Ground conditions The ground conditions are to a large extent crystalline rock, which simplifies drilling for vertical GSHP significantly. Certain areas do have sedimentary rock and other types of ground. Some areas have a meters surface layer of clay before bedrock. For ground-source heat pumps using vertical boreholes the average undisturbed ground temperature along the borehole depth is relevant information. The figure shows the estimated ground temperature at 100 m depth, which may be used as a reference value for the design. In urban areas, the ground temperature is often somewhat increased down to m due to heat losses from buildings. The ground temperature increases downwards due to the geothermal heat flux by 1-2 C per 100 meter the in crystalline rock and slightly more in sedimentary rock.

4 The seasonal temperature variations close to the ground surface are attenuated with depth. Field measurements for typical Swedish conditions show that annual amplitude of 20 C at ground surface is reduced to 12 C at 1 m depth, 7 C at 2 m depth and 4 C at 3 m depth. The amplitude is less than 1 C below the depth 6 m. For shallow horizontal systems, the progression and depth of natural frost penetration is crucial and linked to winter air temperatures, ground conditions (mainly ground water level), depth of snow cover, and how early an insulating snow cover builds up in the winter season. Use of mainstream forms of renewable energy sources (RES) The figures below shows the energy supplied in Sweden and the energy use in multi and single family houses. The same trends are valid in Västra Götalandsregionen.

5 Coal and coke 3,2% Large heat pumps 1,0% Import-export Natural gas 2,3% electricity 0,8% Wind power 0,4% Hydropower 11,6% Crude oil and oilproducts 32,2% Biofuels, torv, waste etc 22,3% Nuclear power 26,2% Figure: Total energy supplied in Sweden 2009, including building, service, transport and industry sector, 568 TWh [Source: Swedish energy Agency] Heat Pump (Ground or lake) + electricity and/or biofuels 7% Electricity + oil 1% Oil only 2% Others 9% Electricity only 26% Heat Pump (Ground or lake) 9% District Heating 12% Electricity + biofuels 22% Biofuels only 12% Figure: Percentage of heated area in single family houses by heating method 2009 [Source: Swedish Energy Agency]

6 Combinations with heat pumps 4% Electricity 3% Oil 1% Others 8% District Heating 84% Figure: Percentage of heated area in multi family houses by heating method 2009 [Source: Swedish Energy Agency] Figure: Total percentage renewable energy use in Sweden for all sectors, [Source: Swedish Energy Agency]

7 Hydropower in Västra Götalandsregionen: Production: 2 TWh/year (3% of Sweden s total). The hydropower in Sweden is already well exploited, and there are no plans to build new large scale hydropower plants. But if one includes higher efficiency and new small scale hydropower plants there are assumptions that the hydropower can increase by 0.05 TWh in the near future. [Source: ECON-rapport En mindre fossilberoende ekonomi Kan en region gå före? Kan Västra Götaland gå före?] Wind power in Västra Götalandsregionen: Production: 0.48 TWh/year [Source: Gotalandsregionen/startsida/Miljo/Prioriterade-miljoomraden/Energi/Vind/]. Wind power is the most rapid growing energy form in Sweden. In Västra Götalandsregionen the plan is to have a production of 5 TWh/year in Biomass in Västra götalandsregionen: There are no statistics for biomass fuel and energy production within Västra Götalandsregionen. The overall figure for Sweden is roughly 20% of the overall energy supply.

8 Use of geothermal energy Shallow and medium depth geothermal heating: Shallow and medium depth (1-250 meters) ground source heat pumps are common for detached single-family houses, with a market share of 15-20%. For multi dwelling units are ground source heat pumps a small market, with less than 5% of the buildings. Underground Thermal Energy Storages: For larger commercial buildings are BTES (borehole thermal energy storages) an emerging market, utilising free cooling and heat pumps. The number of installations in Västra Götalandsregionen is less than ten. Aquifers are scares in the region, but there are examples in nearby regions of groundwater source heat pump in combination with free groundwater cooling. Deep geothermal heating: There are no deep wells in Västra Götalandsregionen due to unsuitable geological conditions, i.e. the temperature rise is below 20 C per kilometer. Geothermal power production: There is no geothermal power production in Sweden at all due to unsuitable geological conditions. There are some smaller areas outside Västra Götalandsregionen with different conditions, but even where wells been drilled below 3500 meters, there has not been possible to utilize any energy for power production.

9 Regulations and incentive programmes supporting GE exploitation Rules and regulations (measure of quality) When constructing energy wells, closed loop systems, one is obliged to leave the specified information required by law SFS 1985: 245 in Sweden. This means that the copy of the protocol of the well shall be transmitted to a well archive at SGU, Geological Survey of Sweden. You are obliged to declare that you are planning a well for geothermal heating to the municipality's environmental health office. Regarding open loop systems you have to seek a permit at the regional environmental court office. Incentive programmes (criterion for granting subsidies) There is a possibility for private individuals to get tax reduction for all repair and maintenance work, refurbishment and retrofit (renovation work) (ROT) and therefore including also GSHP installation. Tax reduction is given only for the cost of the work. Materials and travel expenses in connection with the house work is not included. The reduction is given for half the cost of the work but no more than Euro per person and year. The Swedish Heat Pump Society has together with the Swedish Agency developed cost models for an estimation of the amount of work cost of the total contract cost of the installation of a ground source heat pump, which for a ground-source heat pump is estimated to 30% of the total cost. Labelling schemes (rating scale) The European Eco-label for Heat Pumps Svanen, or Nordic Ecolabelling, is the official ecolabelling for the Nordic countries. It includes: o Quality testing conducted by an independent laboratory. o Requirements for efficiency, calculated on one year of operation. o Requirements on refrigerants and other environmental pressures. o Requirements for certificated installers. o Requirements for operation and maintenance instructions that comes with the heat pump.

10 P-marking/SPCR130 The P-mark on a heat pump indicates that the heat pump fulfils the requirements set out in certification rules SPCR 130. These rules have been developed in conjunction with manufacturers and relevant authorities, and specify required performance levels such as COP, documentation and quality assurance in manufacture. Certification of products entitles the manufacturer to display the P-mark on the certified products. Air-to-air, air-to-water and liquid-to-water heat pumps can be tested for approval for P-marking. EHPA Testing Regulations and EHPA Quality Label The EHPA Quality Label scheme operates in Sweden, Switzerland, Germany and Austria. Testing includes performance, security, sound level and electrical characteristics, together with inspection of technical data, maintenance and installation instructions. Air-to-water, water-to-water and directexpansion heat pumps can be tested and inspected for approval under this scheme. NORMBRUNN 07 Both water and energy wells must comply with the Standard Procedure for execution of water and energy wells. Standards and technical guidelines (measure of quality) General standards and methods SP method 0033 (Calculation of annual energy savings) SP 0033 is a method used to calculate the seasonal performance factor of a system and the annual energy savings, in comparison with a house having direct electric heating. The data used in the calculations are based on results from a number of test points derived from EN 14511:2007 performance testing and some additional test points. The heating demand as calculated in the program varies in accordance with a duration diagram for the particular house. Calculation is performed for the house with loss factors of 109 W/K and 199 W/K at 20 C indoor temperature, and calculates the estimated net energy savings, excluding energy for domestic electricity and hot water. The houses are postulated as located in areas with average annual temperatures of 8.2 C, 6.1 C and 1.3 C, which correspond to locations in Malmö, Borås and Luleå respectively. The lowest heat pump source temperature in the calculation is assumed to be -15 C, and there is no heating demand above an outdoor air temperature of +17 C. Energy Savings Calculation SP Method 0033 is currently used for air-to-air heat pumps, air-to-water heat pumps and liquid-to-water heat pumps.

11 EN 14511:2007 A complete test in accordance with this standard tests and measures the performance of the heat pump, derives technical data, and inspects maintenance and installation instructions. The performance test is carried out at a number of defined test points, specified in EN EN specifies functional testing of a number of different steps/phases, as follows: o Operating range of the heat pump. The heat pump must be able to start at the highest and lowest specified operating temperatures, without being stopped by its safety devices. o Potential blocking due to the build-up of frost is investigated. No ice may accumulate on the evaporator, and nor may water or ice drip into or blow off into the room. o Performance of the defrosting function i checked. o Correct operation of safety devices is checked by turning off the flow of both hightemperature and low-temperature heat transfer media to the heat exchangers for at least one hour, and then restoring the flows. The heat pump must be able to start up after this test without any damage. o The heat pump must be capable of restarting after a power failure without any damage. o Draining of condensate (i.e. from the evaporator) is inspected. o The rating plates of the heat pump are inspected. Air conditioners; liquid chiller packs; air-to-air, water-to-air and water-to-water heat pumps can be tested in accordance with the requirements of this standard. pren This standard describes the testing procedure for direct-expansion groundcoupled heat pumps. The heating coil of the heat pump is assembled in a brine bath held at constant temperature during the test. A complete test includes performance and functional inspections and a review of technical data, maintenance and installation instructions. A function test includes measurement of the operating temperature range, correct operation after a power failure, and correct operation of safety devices in the event of pressure loss in the refrigerant or during failure of heat transfer medium flow. Direct-expansion heat pumps may be tested in accordance with this method.

12 CEN TS This test method is used to test heating or cooling mode operation under part-load conditions. The method specifies the testing procedure, depending on whether the heat pump has constant capacity, variable capacity or incremental capacity control. This is a technical specification associated with EN 14511, and is used for testing the same types of heat pumps: air conditioners, liquid chillers, air-to-air heat pumps, water-to-air heat pumps, and water-to-water heat pumps. pren This standard is used for testing heating or cooling mode operation under partload conditions. It specifies calculation methods for determining seasonal energy efficiency and seasonal coefficient of performance. It is associated with EN 14511, and is used for the same types of heat pumps: air conditioners, liquid chillers, air-to-air heat pumps, water-toair heat pumps, and water-to-water heat pumps. Standards and methods for domestic hot water production LOT 2 Annex IV on Eco-design implementing measures for dedicated water heaters (Domestic hot water) LOT 2 Annex IV is a method of evaluating the performance of equipment for heating sanitary water in accordance with the Ecodesign Directive, which applies to products powered by electricity or fossil fuels. The test measures performance over a period of one day, with a number of hot water draw-off periods. The time and energy requirements for heating up, energy use, standby power losses and overall efficiency of the equipment are measured and evaluated. The method is used for heat pumps and sanitary water heaters, powered by electricity, fossil fuels, gas or solar energy. EN 255-3:1997 (Domestic hot water) The test involves two draw offs of half the volume of the storage tank, together with a single tapping to determine the maximum quantity of useable hot water and the reference hot water temperature. The heating-up periods, energy use, standby power losses and COP of the heat pump are measured and evaluated. The test also includes verification of product marking on the heat pump. The method is used only for electrically driven heat pumps. FprEN (sound test) This test method specifies a number of draw-offs over a 24-hour period, measuring and evaluating the heating-up periods, energy use, standby power losses and COP of the heat pump. The maximum quantity of useable hot water and the reference hot water temperature are measured during a single draw-off. The method includes testing of safety functions and inspection of technical data, maintenance and installation instructions. The method is used only for electrically driven heat pumps.

13 Sound tests SS-EN (sound test) The method is used to measure the airborne noise to the surroundings from heat pumps, air conditioners, liquid chillers and dehumidifiers when in operation. The method is used for sound power level determination. ISO 3747:2010 (sound test) This standard specifies a method for determination of sound power level for heat pumps. Sound power level measurements are performed at specified positions around the sound source and around a reference sound source, from which the sound power level can be calculated. Installer certifications There are three different certification schemes for heat pump installers in Sweden. Two of them focus on installation quality and are based on the same education and training, the EU-cert.HP and SVEP-certification. Certification according to these schemes is voluntary. To get the certificate, the installer must show competence in designing and the installation of heat pump systems. The third one is certification in order to fulfil the requirement of the EU directive 303/2008 which is required whenever the installer will make any intervention at the refrigerant circuit. In addition to the certification schemes there is a handbook, called svensk kylnorm, provided by kyl och värmepumpföretagen. Svensk Kylnorm is a guide for refrigeration and heat pump companies in order to help them to live up to legislation and requirements from the authorities. The norm gives an overview of the various security directives and regulations involving construction, installation, operation and maintenance of refrigeration and heat pumps. It also gives examples of what is considered good practice in the industry. Svensk Kylnorm is gradually adapted to the common European CEN standard.

14 Annex 1: overview on the main Best Practices (BP) Best practice 1 Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage for district heating and cooling: Stockholm Arlanda Airport The world s largest energy storage unit the aquifer that supplies space cooling and heating for Stockholm-Arlanda Airport has been in service since the summer of From now on, all cooling of airport buildings, including the terminals, will come from the aquifer. Arlanda consumes as much energy as a town of 25,000 people. Areas as large as one hundred European football pitches need to be cooled in summer and warmed in winter. During the summer, the aquifer supplies cooling to Stockholm-Arlanda s buildings while at the same time storing heat. In the winter, this stored heat will be used in the ground heating system (for snow melting) at the airport s aircraft parking stands and to pre-heat ventilation air in buildings. The aquifer will reduce the airport s annual electricity consumption by 4 GWh (no longer needed for operation of electrical chillers) and its district heating consumption by around 15 GWh making a total of 19 GWh/year The system efficiency is world class. No heat pumps are used and electrical chillers less than 100 hours per year, gives a SPF closer to 100. Pay-back about 5 years.

15 Best practice 2 Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage for district heating and cooling: Western Harbour, Malmö Western Harbour is a new city district in Malmö, Sweden with a clear aim to be a sustainable district. It is the first city district in Sweden, only using renewable energy. The renewable heating and cooling system contains an aquifer (40-70 meters deep) for seasonal storage of heat as well as cooling. Besides the recycling of recovered energy from the buildings (heat in summer and cooling in winter) in the aquifer storage, 1400 m2 solar thermal collectors and seawater are used as auxiliary renewable energy sources. The aquifer system is assisted by heat pumps for heating and cooling (1.1/0.7 MW) and cooling machines ( MW). The Western Harbour area is mainly occupied by residential buildings. For better balance between cooling and heating demand, is the system also delivering cooling to nearby commercial buildings. The system produces MWh heating/year MWh cooling/year and the area is almost self-sustaining in both heat and power. For supply of renewable power are a nearby wind power (2MW) and 120 m 2 solar photovoltaic used.

16 Best practice 3 Borehole Thermal Energy Storage for Heating and Cooling, Astronomy house, university of Lund Borehole Thermal Energy Storages has become more and more popular for large complex buildings with both heating and cooling demand. There are more than 50 larger systems in operations in Sweden today. The Astronomy house was a pilot project in 2001 for Akademiska Hus (a Swedish real estate owner specialised in buildings for higher education). The idea was to build a heating and cooling system based on heat pumps connected to ground energy storage. The costs were compared with district heating and cooling. The pay-off time for the pilot project was calculated to 10 years, but is expected to lower to 6 year for a similar project now when the experience has been gained. The ground properties in the area are complicated which made the cost of the drilling to rise. If the project was to be carried out in other parts of Sweden with parent rock, the drilling cost is expected to be 30-40% lower, decreasing pay-off further. The heat pumps (used in winter for base load heating) are cooling the bedrock to just below zero degrees. In summer is the cooled bedrock supplying base load cooling without any electrical chillers. For peak loads (about 10% of total energy) are district heating and electrical chillers used.

17 Best Practice 4 Borehole Thermal Energy Storage for Heating and Cooling Commercial Buildings Borehole Thermal Energy Storages has become more and more popular for large real estate owners with both heating and cooling demand. The most common mode of operation is to use heat pumps winters and utilize free cooling from bedrock in summers. Since the geo systems are investment intensive, they usually cover base load, about 80-95% of total heat/cooling demand. Typical technical data for BTES: Working temperature: -1 C / +10 C SPF: 4-6 Pay back: 4-6 years Example of borehole storages No. holes Depth Q-med (pharmaceutical industry) Vällingby centrum (malll) IKEA Karlstad and Uppsala 100 each >100 Bergvik (mall) Kemicentrum (chemist. research)

18 Best Practice 5 Ground source heat pumps for private and public housing Ground source heat pumps are very common in the housing sector in Sweden. Most ground source heat pumps are used with borehole heat exchangers, ranging from small houses with one borehole to larger multi dwelling houses requiring several boreholes. The latter is an increasing market. The boreholes are typical meters deep. Key figures: installed ground source systems: - Borehole heat exchanger 70 % - Shallow Ground heat exchanger 25 % - Ground water heat pump 5 % % of the residential heating in Sweden - Reduces the usage of fossil fuel (oil) by million m³/year - Reduces CO2 emission with million ton/year The market success is a result of a technology procurement in by the Swedish National Board for Technical Development (NUTEK) on heat pumps. This got quite a lot of attention and the sales started to increase rapidly. There were two winners in this procurement and both were ground-source units. As a consequence of the procurement, this type of heat pump began to dominate the market. The total sales in 2002 had increased more than 400 % from the technology procurement 7 years earlier. Since then has the annual sales stayed between units.