Overview. Functional Description
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1 VGA Component Reference Design Revision: April 17, E Main Suite D Pullman, WA (509) Voice and Fax Overview This generic VGA component generates the necessary signals for the VGA to display an image, by coordinating the electron beam to be scanned over the viewing screen of the VGA. The actual image is obtained by a sequence of horizontal lines that are constantly refreshed. The component can manage both 640x480 and 800x600 resolutions. The screen refresh process begins in the top left corner and paints one pixel at a time from left to right. At the end of the first row, the row increments and the column address are reset to the first column. Once the entire screen has been painted the refresh process begins again. The refresh process happens when the video signal redraws the screen 60 times per second (refresh rate) to provide for motion in the image and to reduce flicker. Refresh rates higher than 60 Hz are used in PC monitors. Functional Description The VGA component is structured in three sub-modules: vga_controller_640_60, which manages the 640x480 resolution; the vga_controller_800_60, manages the 800x600 resolution; and vga_selector, that is in charge of choosing the right outputs for the resolution selected. The controllers for the two resolutions work similarly. CLK_25MHz CLK_40MHz RESOLUTION RST HS VS BLANK HCOUNT VCOUNT Figure 1 VGA Component Copyright Digilent, Inc. Page 1
2 The vertical and horizontal sync (VS and HS) are pulse signals that indicate the beginning of a new frame or row. The vertical sync signal tells the monitor to start displaying a new image or frame, and the monitor starts in the upper left corner with pixel (0,0). The horizontal sync signal tells the monitor to refresh another row of 640 pixels. After 480 rows of pixels are refreshed with 480 horizontal sync signals, a vertical sync signal resets the monitor to the upper left corner and the process repeats. During the time when pixel data is not being displayed and the beam is returning to the left column to start another horizontal scan, the RGB signals are all set to the color black (all zeros). The vga_controller_640_60 inputs a 25Mhz to generate the video synch pulses for the monitor to enter 640x480 at 60Hz resolution state. It also provides horizontal and vertical counters for the currently displayed pixel and a blank signal that is active when the pixel is not inside the visible screen. The color outputs should be reset to 0. The blank signal is delayed one pixel clock period (40ns) from where the pixel leaves the visible screen to account for the pixel pipeline delay. This delay happens because the color data does not arrive at the monitor pins at the same time as the counters indicate the current pixel to be displayed (memory read delays, synchronization delays). Timings for sync pulse width and front and back porch intervals are based on observations taken from VGA displays. Porch intervals are the pre- and post-sync pulse times during which information cannot be displayed. See Figure 2 for the signal timings. rst - pixel_clk - HS - VS - global reset signal input pin, from dcm_25mhz, the clock signal generated by a DCM that has a frequency of 25MHz output pin, to monitor, horizontal sync pulse output pin, to monitor, vertical sync pulse output pin, to clients, 11 bits, horizontal count of the currently displayed pixel output pin, to clients, 11 bits, vertical count of the currently active video line output pin, to clients, active when pixel is not in visible area. Copyright Digilent, Inc. Page 2
3 Figure 2 Timings for Sync Pulse Copyright Digilent, Inc. Page 3
4 The vga_controller_800_60 inputs a 25Mhz and generates the video synch pulses for the monitor to enter 800x600 at 60Hz resolution state. The functionality is similar to the vga_controller_640_60 component. Figure 3 VGA Component s Structure rst - pixel_clk - HS - VS - global reset signal input pin, from dcm_40mhz, the clock signal generated by a DCM that has a frequency of 40MHz output pin, to monitor, horizontal synch pulse output pin, to monitor, vertical synch pulse output pin, to clients, 11 bits, horizontal count of the currently displayed pixel output pin, 11 bits, to clients, to clients, vertical count of the currently active video line output pin, active when pixel is not in visible area. The vga_selector contains the logic that selects between the output of the vga controllers depending on the resolution used. Depending on the input signal resolution, the output signals from the vga controllers are selected and sent to other logic in the design that needs these outputs, or to the monitor. If the resolution pin is set high the 800x600 resolution is selected and if low, the 640x480 resolution is selected. Copyright Digilent, Inc. Page 4
5 resolution - HS_640_60 - VS_640_60 - HS_800_60 - VS_800_60 - blank_640_60 - blank_800_60 - hcount_640_60 - hcount_800_60 - vcount_640_60 - vcount_800_60 - hs - vs - input pin, from resolution_swticher selects active resolution input pin, from vga_controller_640_60, if the horizontal synch signal for 640x480 input pin, from vga_controller_640_60, vertical synch signal for 640x480 input pin, from vga_controller_800_60 - horizontal synch signal for 800x600 input pin, from vga_controller_800_60, vertical synch signal for 800x600 input pin, from vga_controller_640_60, blank signal for 640x480 input pin, from vga_controller_800_60, blank signal for 800x600 input pin, 11 bits, from vga_controller_640_60, horizontal pixel counter for 640x480 input pin, 11 bits, from vga_controller_800_60, horizontal pixel counter for 800x600 input pin, 11 bits, from vga_controller_640_60, vertical lines counter for 640x480 input pin, 11 bits, from vga_controller_800_60, vertical lines counter for 800x600 output pin, to monitor, selected horizontal synch signal output pin, to monitor, selected vertical synch signal output pin, to clients, selected blank signal output pin, 11 bits, to clients, selected horizontal pixel counter output pin, 11 bits, to clients, selected vertical lines counter. Copyright Digilent, Inc. Page 5
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