Indoor Air Quality In India: Need and Concerns

Transcription

1 Indoor Air Quality In India: Need and Concerns Mukesh Khare, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering IIT Delhi Presented in Workshop on Indoor Air quality addressing the issue through partnership between government, business and communities

2 Indoor Air Pollution- Statistics Approximately half the world s population and up to 90% of rural households in developing countries still rely on unprocessed biomass fuels such as wood, dung and crop residues. Nation-wide about 78% of the Indian population relied upon the biomass fuels and about 3% on coal. Indoor air pollution is responsible for 2.7% of the global burden of disease and has been ranked among top 10 risk factors. Approximately 2.0 million deaths and 39 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYS) (mainly of women and children) a year are due to unvented burning of biomass for cooking and heating; and about half million of total deaths in India itself (WHO, 2002). India has largest burden of disease due to the use of dirty household fuels and 28% of all deaths are due to indoor air pollution in developing countries occur in India. Pollutant released indoors is one thousand times more likely to reach people s lung than a pollutant released outdoors.

3 What is IAQ?? IAQ refers to the quality of the air inside buildings as represented by concentrations of pollutants and thermal conditions that affect the health and performance of occupants. It refers to the nature/ quality of the conditioned (heat/cool) air that circulates throughout closed space/ area, where we work and live and breath the air.

4 The Causes Inadequate ventilation and air tightness 5% 4% Variations in temperature and humidity levels Indoor sources including combustion 13% 10% 53% Inadequate ventilation Inside contamination Unknown causes Outside contamination Bioaerosols Building products Infiltration of outdoor air contaminants 15% Use of cleaning chemicals and building products

5 Urban Built Environments Residential buildings Commercial buildings Office buildings Institutional complexes Malls Health care centres/hospitals

6 Indoor Pollutants Building Materials Heavy Metals, VOCs, Radon, Mineral Fibers etc. Paints Heavy Metals Electronic Equipments- Respirable Organic Particulates, Ozone and VOCs. Carpets - VOC S Cleaning compounds/cosmetics/deodorants: Organics and VOCs Combustion Sources- RSPM, NOx, SO 2, CO

7 Health Effects Pollutant Type Effects NO 2 Immediate irritation to the skin, eyes and throat, cough etc. CO Immediate headache, shortness of breath, higher conc. May cause sudden deaths. RSPM Cumulative Respiratory Illness (upper and lower), Acute (Asthma) and chronic (COPD), Lung cancer, SO 2 Immediate lung disorders and shortness of breath Radon Cumulative Lung cancer Formaldehyde Immediate irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, fatigue, headache, skin allergies, vomiting etc. Asbestos Cumulative Lung cancer Pesticides Immediate Skin diseases VOCs Immediate Liver, kidney disorders, irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, skin rashes and respiratory problems. O 3 Immediate eyes itch, burn, respiratory disorders, lowers our resistance to colds and pneumonia.

8 WHO Guidelines 1. Concentration based - PM 10, PM 2.5, CO, NO 2, SO 2, O 3, Asbestos, Formaldehyde (Reference: WHO, 2006) 2. New WHO guidelines are formed on the basis of exposure levels, which gives an objective measure of health risk and is used as reference point for design and maintenance of safe indoor environments - Benzene, CO, Formaldehyde, Naphthalene, NO 2, PAH, Radon, Ethylene, Dampness and Moulds (Reference: WHO, 2010)

9 1. Canada 2. Singapore 3. UK 4. Germany 5. USA 6. China IAQ Standards 7. ASHRAE (Ventilation) 8. S. Korea

10 IAQ: Indian Context A standard IAQ Protocol is under process of development The protocol is a check list for establishing a IAQ study in India that includes sampling, monitoring, and analysis and prediction of IAQ similar to NAAQM programme The Protocol Team IIT Delhi: Prof. Mukesh Khare NEERI: Dr. Anjali Shrivastava, Dr. Radha Goyal, Dr. S.K. Goyal CPCB: Dr. D. Saha Delhi University: Dr. Priyanka Kulshrestha

11 The IAQ protocol Indoor Air Quality Urban Localities Rural Localities Natural + Mechanically Ventilated Buildings HVAC buildings Ventilation Characterization + measurement of ventilation Naturally Ventilated Buildings Identification of contaminants/ their sources Monitoring of contaminant levels at various locations (at least 3 locations in each building type) Data interpretation/analysis (exploratory/statistical) Prediction of IAQ Identification of Control measures Record of occupant s health complains (questionnaire study) Laying down the standards/limits for various contaminants and ventilation parameters for different building types by Govt. Bodies

12 The IAQ Protocol Selection of type of building. Conducting an IAQ building audit Diagnosing IAQ related health problems Selection of pollutants of concern corresponding to the type of building Designing the monitoring programme of selected pollutants of concern Setting up of IAQ guideline values for selected pollutants Establishing an IAQ management and maintenance program to reduce IAQ risks Protecting occupants from exposures to construction/renovation contaminants; and Calculating the cost, revenue, and productivity impacts of planned IAQ activities

13 Environmental Measurements Methodology Building and Ventilation Characterization Occupant Questionnaire

14 Team Members Environmental Scientist Epidemiologist (public health expert) Building Design Engineer (Architect) HVAC Engineer Building Manager (management person) Analyst

15 IAQ Research at IIT Delhi IAQ Research group Prof. Mukesh Khare Dr. Vinita Katiyar (Presently in IGNOU) Dr. Radha Goyal (Presently in NEERI, Zonal Lab. Delhi) Dr. Priyanka Kulshreshtha (Presently in DU)

16 Study of Indoor Air Environment, M. Tech Dissertation, Civil Engineering Department, IIT Delhi, Scope of work: IAQ investigation of IIT Delhi library (Air conditioned), IC Engine, Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratories (all naturally ventilated).

17 Findings A direct relation between average SBS score and CO 2 concentration was found to exist i.e. the average SBS score increased with CO 2 concentration and vice versa.

18 Findings The study showed that the critical factor for IAQ for the naturally ventilated buildings is not the total window area but the window area per occupant and per unit floor area.

19 Evaluation of Indoor Air Quality in a Centrally Air Conditioned Airport Authority Building, M. S Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi, Best Master Dissertation Award by Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE), India, Findings: Concentrations of pollutants were complying with IAQ standards as given by ASHRAE and WHO. The SBS was higher on the third floor as compared to other floors and the control tower. The main symptoms prevailing were headache (51%), lethargy (50%), and dryness in body mucous (33%). The third floor and the control tower were affected by infiltration, mainly from entrance doors.

20 Title: Environmental Evaluation of Public Building With Respect to IAQ. Sponsored by: MHRD Duration: Scope: IAQ Investigation of IGI Airport Departure Terminal.

21 Title: IAQ Monitoring at Offices/Commercial Complexes. Sponsored by: DST, Government of India Duration: Scope: IAQ investigation at DLF Air Conditioned Commercial Complex at Muniraka, New Delhi.

22 Title: Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation in a Naturally Ventilated School Building, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. Scope: Investigating the IAQ in Naturally Ventilated School Building and formulation of Mass Balance Based IAQ Model.

23 Findings: The results of the study indicates that RSPM concentrations in classroom exceeds the permissible limits during all monitoring hours of weekdays and weekends in all seasons that may cause potential health hazards to occupants, when exposed. I/O for all sizes of particulates are greater than 1, which implies that building envelop does not provide protection from outdoor pollutants. Further, a significant influence of meteorological parameters, ventilation rate and of traffic has been observed on I/O. Higher I/O for PM10 is indicating the presence of its indoor sources in classroom and their indoor concentrations are strongly influenced by activities of occupants during weekdays.

24 Environ Monit Assess. DOI /s Indoor air quality modeling for PM 10, PM 2.5, and PM 1.0 in naturally ventilated classrooms of an urban Indian school building Radha Goyal Mukesh Khare Received: 14 December 2009 / Accepted: 27 June 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V Findings NVIAQMpm 10 shows the tendency to under-predict indoor PM10 concentrations during weekdays as it does not take into account the occupant s activities and its effects on the indoor concentrations during the class hours. The models have been validated at three different classroom locations of the school site and the sensitivity analysis of the models has been performed by varying the values of mixing factor (k) and newly introduced parameter Rc. The results indicate that the change in values of k (0.33 to 1.00) does not significantly affect the model performance.

25 Scope: Investigating the IAQ in Naturally Ventilated School Building and formulation of Mass Balance based IAQ Model.

26 Title: Air Pollution: Health and Environmental Impacts Chapter (4): Indoor Air Pollution and Health Effects Authors: Radha Goyal and Mukesh Khare Scope: Investigating the IAQ and its health effects on school children.

27 Title: Sick Building Syndrome: Indoor Air Quality: Monitoring and Modelling Protocol for Urban School Buildings (Chapter-10) Authors: Radha Goyal and Mukesh Khare Scope: Development of IAQ protocol for school building.

28 Title: Indoor Air Quality Assessment and Impact on the Respiratory Health of Inmates of the Selected Households in Delhi City, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi, Scope: Investigating the IAQ in Urban Poor Households of Delhi and Health Impact Analysis Model

29 Scope: Monitoring IAQ in populations of socio- economic strata and evaluating the respiratory health problems

30 IAQ Research at IIT Delhi- Ongoing Title: Indoor Air Quality Study in Underground Metro Stations in Delhi. Scope: To develop an indoor air quality model and to see the ventilation effectiveness in the selected underground metro stations. Collaboration: Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC)

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