McAfee Application Control Change Control Integrity Control

Transcription

1 PNNL Technology Security Assessment for Capabilities and Applicability in Energy Sector Industrial Control Systems: McAfee Application Control Change Control Integrity Control Philip A Craig Jr Thomas P McKenna Jr March 2012

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3 PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY Operated by BATTELLE For the UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Under Contract DE- AC05-76RL01830 Printed in the United States of America DISCLAIMER Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor Battelle Memorial Institute, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or Battelle Memorial Institute. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. This document was printed on recycled paper.

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5 Technology Security Assessment for Capabilities and Applicability in Energy Sector Industrial Control Systems: McAfee Application Control Change Control Integrity Control Authors: Philip A Craig Jr Thomas P McKenna Jr March 2012 Prepared for McAfee, Inc. Under a Related Services Agreement With the U.S. Department of Energy Contract DE- AC05-76RL01830 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352

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7 Preface There are many applicable and effective features of the McAfee product suite included in this technical security assessment. Through the engagement with the McAfee management and technical teams we fully recognize that McAfee is committed to provide significant improvements for cyber security capabilities that will enable energy sector owners and operators to provide highly defensible security postures for their control system environments. Highlighting where legacy and next generation security opportunities await, vendors such as McAfee are incumbent to provide security solutions that are effective and can be dynamically upgradable in response to a very active and capable advanced persistent threat environment. As our assessment indicates, our energy domain engineers and computational sciences experts conclude that McAfee can provide many critical answers to confidentiality, integrity, and availability concerns that are currently shattering cyber security postures throughout critical infrastructure. Outdated security methods that use a maze of disparate, multi- vendor bolted- on, and stacked security tools will only delay an attack while providing multiple opportunities for a modern cyber adversary to attack this fragmented security posture. The McAfee approach of total security Solidification provides new paradigms for defense- in- depth where a highly integrated suite of capabilities can overwhelm today s cyber adversary by enabling security experts with a tightly integrated and effective solution. Many thanks to the tireless efforts and air miles of those committed to secure our nations digital infrastructure. A special thank you to Mr. Todd Gebhart (Co- President, McAfee ) who openly shares his vision of value needed to deliver high- impact products specifically adapted to critical infrastructure, to Dr. Phyllis Schneck (Vice- President & Chief Technology Officer, Global Public Sector) who continually enables partnerships across public- private entities that share the battle against cyber- threats on a daily basis. And, with our sincere gratitude, to the management and technical experts at McAfee and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory that work diligently to provide world- class security innovations into our ever- evolving digital world. Philip A Craig Jr Senior Cyber Security Research Scientist National Security Directorate Control Systems and Critical Infrastructure Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Thomas P McKenna Jr Senior Project Manager Fundamental Computing and Sciences Directorate High Performance Computing Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 6 PNNL

8 Contents Executive Summary... 9 Background and Project Objective The Future Power Grid Cyber Security and the Electric Power Grid Emerging Vulnerabilities Smart Grid Can Make the Electricity System Less Operationally Vulnerable The Dynamic Nature of the Smart Grid Introduces Vulnerabilities Mitigating Smart Grid Vulnerabilities Energy Sector Cyber Security Research Programs, Policy, and Requirements Research and Development - DOE- OE ieroadmap Cyber Security Guidance for the Smart Grid Industry Policy and Cyber Security Requirements Industrial Control Systems Cyber Security Threats of a Cyber Attack on the Power Grid Top 10 Vulnerabilities of Control Systems and the Newest Threat Top Ten Vulnerabilities of Control Systems Stuxnet and Duqu Vulnerability and Attack Prevention Using McAfee Application Control and Change Control and the Solidification Process Requirements Mapping Secure Signed Updates Reference Advanced Configuration parameters Table Top Exercise in Requirements Mapping and Effectiveness Study Detailed Capabilities Table- Top Assessment Using the 2011 NERC Grid Security Exercise as a Realistic Backdrop Additional Use Cases for the Application of McAfee Solidifier in Industrial Control System Environments Use Case #1 Local Industrial Control System Use Case #2 NERC Electronic Security Perimeter PNNL

9 Use Case #3 - Distributed Control System Use Case #4 Gas Pipeline Management Systems Summary and Conclusion About the Authors About the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Tables Figures Appendix- A Examples of Power Grid ICS Protocol and Device Vulnerabilities PNNL

10 Executive Summary The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and its energy security technical subject matter experts were commissioned by McAfee to provide assessments of selected technologies. PNNL provides cyber security research activities that determine the applicability and effectiveness of cyber technologies for use in industrial control system (ICS) environments for many commercial partners. These environments range across the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) multi- sector defined critical infrastructure and key resource (CI/KR) domains as well as the significant CI/KR for the Department of Energy electricity delivery and oil and gas sectors. The grand challenge for CI/KR sector owners and operators is how they secure ICS devices and systems that are used in the automated processes and controls within their governance and technical domains. There are particular cyber security management, operational, and technical controls that have been well crafted into governance and oversight expectations that asset owners unilaterally struggle to implement with measurable effectiveness. With the implementation of the Application Control, Change Control, and Integrity Control product suite McAfee intends to provide a strong commitment and vision in this space and maintains a technology roadmap enabling both current and future cyber security solutions for CI/KR. To challenge and improve the McAfee approach, PNNL provided an in- depth cyber security assessment of these technologies that evaluated claims and capabilities related to control system components, environments, and functionality that is utilized throughout the DHS multi- sector domain and specifically within the energy sector. As the sector specific agency (SSA) for the energy sector, the U.S. Department of Energy has specific cyber security objectives for protecting critical energy environments (including the bulk electric grid, and oil & gas resources). The outcome of this assessment is intended to enable vendors to evaluate and improve highly effective solutions to industry that will enable them to structure protective measures that will provide more impactful and effective solutions while realizing such investments must be carefully weighed to ensure long- term value. We sincerely hope that the results favor furthering work of this nature that will execute functional testing to prove effectiveness and provide successful outcomes that will serve to better protect critical infrastructure worldwide. PNNL has explored the McAfee technology roadmaps and strategic vision that represents an inclusive set of security technologies and solutions intended to target the cyber security barriers such as those identified in the DOE- OE ieroadmap. The programmatic approach that the energy industry has created that is represented in the ieroadmap is highly matched to the cyber security acquisitions and solutions assembled by McAfee. The assessment results were presented from the perspectives of policy & governance, technology, threat landscapes, implementation scenarios, and vulnerability identification and mitigation discussions. In each area PNNL found the applicability of the Solidification process to have plausible impacts on the ICS and SCADA platforms as well as a high potential for solving significant 9 PNNL

11 process integrity security challenges on distributed devices. In addition, the national laboratories, and private cyber security researchers have published documents related to common vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure. These vulnerabilities remain valid concerns to control systems environments that have all leveraged a wide range of information technologies to enable functionality and convenience. As such, the Top 10 Vulnerabilities Of Control Systems And Their Associated Mitigations as publishd by the Deparment of Energy s National SCADA Test Bed Program is a very relevant set of criterion that is constantly and currently evaluated during assessments and audits of CI/KR. The McAfee technology assessed in this report provides a significant paradigm to classic information technology cyber security approaches by providing a new vertical penetration of application, change, and integrity controls that can be embedded, built- in, or layered within ICS process control software, hardware, and even down to single- purposed endpoint devices. As an enterprise solution PNNL found many new and effective opportunities for these cyber security paradigms that should allow McAfee to procede with confidence as they continue to integrate and offer deployments of these solutions to CI/KR owners and operators vulnerabilities- control- systems- and- their- associated- mitigations PNNL

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13 Background and Project Objective McAfee realizes the positive impacts that a convergence of both development and strategic deployment roadmaps will provide future cyber security postures within energy infrastructure. Together, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and McAfee will continue to challenge the cyber security threat landscape by diligently assessing the applicability, value, and effectiveness of the security solutions necessary to support the national security mission to secure critical energy resources. The Department of Energy s key objective to secure the critical infrastructure and key resources (CI/KR) includes our Nation s electric generation, transmission, distribution resources, as well as key oil and natural gas assets. Through Battelle s partnerships, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory seeks to continue to improve the value of security technologies as they are implemented in these CI/KR areas. Strategic partnerships are of high importance to those that supply our energy needs. Key relationships with McAfee, Inc. have provided a strong interface to the resources available at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for public/private collaboration. Early McAfee acquisitions of security technologies, such as the Secure Elements Sidewinder Firewall and subsequent assessment activities are allowing open and effective collaboration between the National Laboratories, vendors, and industry that are addressing rapidly emerging cyber security requirements. The DOE s Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (DOE- OE) 2 in 2006 initiated the Roadmap to Secure Control Systems in the Energy Sector. It marks a continued effort by public and private stakeholders to identify steps for resilient energy delivery systems in the electric, oil, and natural gas industries. In 2011, an effort provided by Energy Sector Control Systems Working Group (ESCSWG) 3, allowed industry stakeholders to provide some necessary updates to this roadmap in order to address a constantly evolving cyber security threat environment. Security solutions provided by security vendors such as McAfee, allow industry stakeholders to leverage their published roadmap plan while adding long- term programmatic value supported by the DOE- OE. McAfee also considers the use of technology development roadmaps of high programmatic value to steer investment decisions that match industry needs. Matching roadmaps will allow a more tightly integrated response to cyber threats of today and in the future. This project will provide an independent assessment of the McAfee Application Control (MAC), Change Control, and Solidification (SolidCore 4 ) solutions that are understood to be a comprehensive approach that utilizes dynamic white listing, memory protection, and image comparison, file integrity monitoring, and read and write security principles. This approach is augmented by a through integration into the centralized McAfee epo enterprise security management platform. This provides an enterprise- based wide- area management tool capable of full command and 2 electricity- delivery- and- energy- reliability 3 Group.aspx 4 SolidCore has transitioned to McAfee Integrity Control (MIC) 12 PNNL

14 control responses, as well as auditing and reporting functionality intended to add a much higher level of integration of these tools over the entire enterprise cyber security posture. PNNL will focus on assessing the features and functions of the MAC solution using the technical domain experience of subject matter experts and their professional positions as to the potential effectiveness of the McAfee solution with specific regard to energy infrastructure systems and networks. The SME s will also exercise a feature mapping of how the McAfee MAC solution addresses specific industry governance and requirements (specifically NERC Critical Infrastructure Protection CIP guidelines and requirements, and related NIST IR 7628 Guidelines for Smart Grid Security). Lastly, PNNL will provide use- cases that describe the potential value of strategic deployment within ICS sample environments describing opportunities for effective deployment. 13 PNNL

15 1 The Future Power Grid PNNL is known as a leader in providing power grid solutions related to the challenges of efficiency, reliability, and resilience of the bulk power system or more commonly referred to as the power grid. As such, we have invested in a significant effort to ensure that power grid modernization efforts are researched and tested on very large scales. Our industry advisors supply endless value to the process through their specific energy domain expertise. The PNNL Future Power Grid Initiative (FPGI) will deliver next- generation concepts and tools for grid operation and planning and ensure a more secure, efficient and reliable future grid. Building on our Electricity Infrastructure Operations Center (EIOC), the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory s (PNNL) national electric grid research facility, FPGI will advance the science and develop the technologies necessary for meeting the nation s expectations for a highly reliable and efficient electric grid, reducing carbon emissions and our dependence on foreign oil. We anticipate that our research will allow operators to see grid performance in near real time across a wide service area and under emerging contingency situations. Planners will have the ability to view configurations of the grid and adjust those options against national goals and performance objective. In doing so, our approach is to combine PNNL's distinctive capabilities in power systems, data intensive computing, high performance computing, and visual analytics to address the complex problems from real- time and large- scale challenges in three Focus areas: Networking and Data Management; Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis; and Visualization and Decision Support. The future power grid is expected to deploy 100 million smart sensors and meters with various data transfer speeds. The resulting data volume can be at peta scale (10 15 ) over a one- year time period. Power grid planners and policy makers need to have tools to quickly retrieve and analyze these volumes of data to make real- time decisions. With the anticipated advancements, the Initiative s core product is GridOPTICS Grid Operation and Planning Technology Integrated Capabilities Suite, a tool suite that is able to securely collect data in real time, use data to drive modeling and simulation, and convert large volumes of data to actionable information. These concepts and tools will show and analyze grid performance at an unprecedented speed, scale, and resolution and will support operational and policy decision making for the grid of the future. 14 PNNL

16 These, and many more innovative approaches, will shape power generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption in ways that require highly integrated and interoperable systems, devices, and data. Methods to secure these environments need to be better utilized today, and more effective tomorrow. These advancements won t come at costs network security, application stability, and interoperability. A total data explosion augmented by new high performance computing requirements, data locality (while at rest and in motion), and significant integration challenges will create many new cyber security requirements. Our Vision for Future Grid Operation and Planning! View and analyze grid performance at an unprecedented speed, scale, and resolution! Increase grid reliability and security! Accommodate complexity! Enable market transformation! Enable policy assessment with integrated modeling and analysis PNNL

17 2 Cyber Security and the Electric Power Grid As information and communication technology advances, this technology is being integrated into power system operations and planning functions, yielding greater visibility into the state of the system and advancements in control to enhance system efficiency and maintain high levels of reliability. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are now prevalent throughout the nation s transmission system and cover a significant portion of the distribution system as well. SCADA systems and their associated field monitoring and control equipment provide transmission and distribution operators with a real- time view of the operating state of the system, warn them of system events or disturbances, and enable them to adapt to changing operating conditions. Similarly, substation automation technology advances the state of the art in balancing load locally or across the electric grid, maintaining proper voltage levels, and responding to disruptions or attacks. Almost all discussions in the energy sector related to the electric grid start and end with the term Smart grid. For semantics purposes we will use the term, but it should be commonly understood that PNNL considers the grid to have a future state consisting of highly connected, and highly capable devices and platforms that will be distributed throughout the generation, transmission, distribution, and load (consumption) segments that comprehensively make up the bulk electric grid. To accomplish this higher degree of coordination, a layer of information and communications technology now permeates the power grid and parallels the extent of its reach: from generators, through the delivery system, and to the end- use systems. As the extent and capabilities associated with information and communications technology advance throughout the power system, similar advancements are taking place in the monitoring and control of distributed generation, storage, and end- use systems. These domains of automation are maturing to the extent that their boundaries touch 16 PNNL

18 Emerging Vulnerabilities Despite the significant benefits of future power grid technologies, the increased communication and control capabilities from these technologies introduce many new and significant cyber vulnerabilities. 5 First, the communication systems will be more extensive, with many more access points and additional exposure to possible attacks. Second, these communication systems will be more interconnected, exposing the system to more potentially extensive failures and attacks. Third, systems will be significantly more complex than the current grid. Fourth, these systems will increasingly use commonly available commercial computing technologies and will be subject to their weaknesses. Finally, the communication systems will generate, gather and use data in new ways. Improper use of this data presents new vulnerabilities to national security, our economy, and our society. The following sections address each of these concerns in more detail. Increased Exposure: Full deployment of new technologies, including smart meters, intelligent appliances, and other sensors, increases the number of devices that must be managed by a factor of at least ten, and perhaps by a hundred or more. The number of access points to this infrastructure and these devices will increase accordingly. A large utility today has hundreds to thousands of substations to manage. After a full deployment of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) the number of endpoints would grow to the millions. 6 With their two- way communication capabilities, smart meters installed at customers premises become access points into the smart grid network. To manage these components cost effectively, they must be remotely upgradable, creating new exposure and vulnerability. Of additional concern is the fact that, unlike substations, meters are located outside the physical control of the electricity service provider. The increased exposure applies not only to external threats, but also to those people with inside knowledge of automation equipment and service providers organizations. People will require access to smart- grid- related devices and systems for maintenance and replacement at all levels of the electric system. The insider 7 may have the appropriate security clearance and process knowledge to thwart reasonable defenses. As smart grid capabilities interconnect multiple systems, the reach of an insider threat is likely to grow unless defensive mechanisms are carefully designed to constrain the extent of the reach at each access point and each layer of the system. Interconnectivity: The smart grid will bridge together heterogeneous networks, making the system susceptible to the vulnerabilities of each network. Interconnectivity also brings the threat of network- propagating malware (e.g., worms, viruses). In addition, utilities that host smart grid connected networks are subject to different regulatory requirements that result in vastly different security measures. Figure- 1 below illustrates the interconnected nature of the smart grid and shows that there are a significantly higher number of potential communication paths between various areas of the electric system than existed in past systems. Without proper controls, a problem in one area could cause problems in another. For instance a virus on your personal computer used for surfing the web as 5 Clemente J The Security Vulnerabilities of Smart Grid. Journal of Energy Security, June Available at security- vulnerabilities- of- smart- grid&catid=96:content&itemid= PG&E Pacific Gas and Electric Company's SmartMeter Proposal Approved by California Public Utilities Commission. Available at 7 Insider as a person having privileged or at a minimum escalated access to locations, devices, information that an outside entity would not. 17 PNNL

19 well as managing your home area network (HAN) might propagate to an electric vehicle, which in turn might spread to an electric charging station and then to other electric vehicles. The payload of this malware could cause your car s computer systems to crash or possibly attempt to destabilize the grid by using a time synchronized attack to charge or discharge many grid- connected vehicles batteries at once. Figure 1, Conceptual Reference Diagram for Smart Grid Information Networks 8 Complexity: The present electric power grid is large and complex; the smart grid will add additional complexity by integrating distributed generation and storage, demand- response programs, and eventually electric vehicles. All these features will add significant challenges to managing the power system. While the diversity of resources can bring greater flexibility in managing the system, this complexity can increase the likelihood of operator error, create more opportunities for failure particularly during the transition from existing technology to next- generation technologies, and create a large attack space for exposing and exploiting vulnerabilities. Other factors also affect the complexity of this system: IEEE Security and Privacy magazine recently published an article titled Smart- Grid Security Issues, which points out that human behavior, commercial interests, regulatory policy, and even political elements will all contribute to the complexity of the smart grid. 9 8 National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 1.0. NIST Special Publication United States Commerce Department, National Institute of Standards and Technology. Available at 9 Khurana H, M Hadley, and N Lu Smart- Grid Security Issues. IEEE Security and Privacy 8(1): Available at 18 PNNL

20 Common Computing Technologies: Enabling the smart grid will require the capabilities and economics of commonly available commercial computing technologies. Multipurpose operating systems and routable network protocols will be used to provide the necessary communication and computing capabilities. Many of the problems that now exist in the office- computing environment (e.g., viruses, worms, Trojans, rootkits, etc.) will affect the smart grid. Appendix C of the NIST Interagency Report 7628 lists and describes the types of vulnerabilities that will arise from using common computing technologies and that will need to be addressed. 10 Increased Automation: Smart grid technologies will automate many functions that are done manually today. With the aid of computers, human error is greatly compounded. Many new smart meters can remotely connect and disconnect power to homes. 11 This ability to control electricity to large numbers of consumers remotely has been described as the nuclear option or the cyber equivalent of a nuclear strike a completely disabling strategic attack that would reduce the enemy population to nineteenth- century standards of living. 12 Without proper mitigations, an operator error or a malicious actor could quickly cause much more damage than previously possible. Smart Grid Can Make the Electricity System Less Operationally Vulnerable Smart grid capabilities provide new tools to enable electric system operators to meet changing power needs and add new functionality. These capabilities can improve the resilience of the electricity system in three important ways: Advanced sensor technology and decision support tools provide system operators with more accurate and timely information about system stresses and security risks from potential problems. Automation of transmission and distribution systems allows coordinated switching and protective relaying during system disturbances. These capabilities contain the effects of disturbances and support restoration after the force of an event has subsided. Distributed energy resources (DER) provide responsive generation, storage, and load within local electric distribution and end- use systems that can be combined in multiple ways to strengthen system operations. There is a potential for future smart grid devices to increase operational security of a device or overall system. The current challenge however, is that vendors already struggle to meet customer demands related to desired features where security hasn t been made a priority. Advanced sensor technology installed at the bulk transmission level can enhance situational awareness and decrease the vulnerability of the system to disruption from intentional or natural acts. Communication networks help to share sensor data across operating areas and regional interconnections quickly. Computer systems can analyze, organize, and summarize the data in tables, pictures, and trending visualizations to help system operators understand the state of the system and the level of system stress (a degree of vulnerability). 10 NIST Guidelines for Smart Grid Cyber Security. Interagency Report. NISTIR National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD. Available at 11 Itron Itron Smart Grid Solutions Recognized with GridVision Award. Itron Press Release. Available at 12 Anderson R and S Fuloria On the Security Economics of Electricity Metering. In The Ninth Workshop on the Economics of Information Security, June 7-8, 2010, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Available at 19 PNNL