Time for the Class Evaluation and Final Exam Preparationi
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- Dwight Reeves
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From this document you will learn the answers to the following questions:
What is the purpose of a critical mass of U - 235?
What is the purpose of fusion?
What is the process called when a nucleus splits into two nuclei?
Transcription
1 Time for the Class Evaluation and Final Exam Preparationi Please provide your input. The deadline is May 1 st, i.e. next Sunday. All students should have received an instruction. If you haven t, please let me know. Please see course website for Information for final.
2 Mass and Energy E = m c Mass and energy are related according to above equation. 1 C x 1 V = 1 J 1 e (i.e. unit charge) = 1.6x10-19 C 1e x 1V = 1eV = 1.6x10-19 J
3 What is the energy released in this reaction? 2He Be 9 6 C n 1 Reactants Be u He u u Products n u C u u Energy released E = mc 2 = (1.017 x kg) x (3.00 x 10 8 m/s 2 ) 2 = 9.15 x J (U: atomic weight) Mass difference u u ( u) x ( x kg/u) = x kg
4 One element resulting from bombarding uranium with neutrons was barium. This was astonishing since barium has an atomic number much less than uranium. Lise Meitner and her nephew O. R. Frisch thought perhaps the uranium nucleus was splitting into two smaller nuclei, in a process called nuclear fission. 0n U Ba Kr n 1 Each fission ~ 200 MeV = J
5 Each of these fission reactions is initiated by a neutron, and each reaction emits several more neutrons. These neutrons can then initiate more fission reactions, etc. Chain Reactions. A chain reaction can thus release enormous quantities of energy. But achieving a chain reaction is difficult. Natural uranium is only 0.7% U- 235; it is mostly U-238, which absorbs neutrons without fission. If too many neutrons are absorbed or escape, the chain reaction dies.
6 Fusion Each fusion produce 17.6 MeV = ev J = J Each fission ~ 200 MeV = J Which is larger but a single U235 has a lot more nucleons than deuterium and tritium. Under the same mass, fusion will produce much more powerful energy than fission.
7 Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Fusion In a nuclear reactor, the objective is to release energy from fission reactions in a controlled manner. In a bomb, the objective is to release energy very quickly. A critical mass of U-235 is just large enough for a selfsustaining chain reaction. For a subcritical mass, too many neutrons escape to sustain the chain reaction. For a supercritical mass, more than one nuetron will be absorbed by other U-235 nuclei, and the chain reaction will grow very rapidly. Achieving a supercritical mass quickly enough so that it doesn t blow apart prematurely presented a major problem.
8 The Mother of All (conventional) Bombs Wikipedia: The GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb (MOAB) (colloquially known as the Mother of All Bombs) is a large-yield conventional bomb developed for the United States military. it was touted as the most powerful.. bomb ever designed. is equivalent to around 11 tons of TNT
9 Fission Bomb
10 Fusion Bomb
11
12 How much U-235 is needed to build a fission bomb as powerful as 20kiloton TNT? 20 kiloton = J. Each fission = J One needs fissions, i. e. U atoms. that is / moles = 4.3 moles M(U235) is 235 g/mole, which leads to 1kg U235.
13 Little Boy Uranium Bomb A subcritical-size cylinder of uranium-235 is fired into the hole in a subcritical sphere of uranium- 235 to make a supercritical mass of uranium and 18 kilotons of TNT "By the end of 1945, because of the lingering effects of radioactive fallout and other after effects, the Hiroshima death toll was probably over 100,000. The five-year death total may have reached or even exceeded 200,000, as cancer and other long-term effects took hold."
14 Fat Man Plutonium Bomb Chemical explosives are arranged around a subcritical mass of plutonium-239. When imploded by the explosives, the increased density makes this mass supercritical. From Wikipedia: 21 kilotons of TNT. estimated 39,000 people were killed outright by the bombing at Nagasaki, 25,000 were injured. Thousands more died later from related blast and burn injuries, hundreds more from exposure to the bomb's initial radiation.
15 How much Tritium is needed to build a fusion bomb as powerful as 20kiloton TNT? 20 kiloton = J. Each fusion = J One needs fusions, i. e. tritium atoms. that is / moles = 50 moles M(tritium) is 3 g/mole, which leads to 150g tritium.
16 This reaction is very difficult to produce because all the nuclei are positively charged and so repel one another. High temperatures (a million degrees Celsius or more) and high densities are necessary to increase the probability of the reactions occurring. The resulting chain reaction is called a thermal chain reaction. The easiest way to get both the high temperatures and the high densities required is to explode a fission bomb to initiate the fusion reaction. The fission bomb produces the high temperature required, and the fission explosion compresses the fusion fuel enough for the fusion reactions to take place.
17 The antimatter bomb: the Sci-Fi Bomb Why people are so scared when 1g of antimatter is stolen? When antimatter is mixed with matter, both change to energy according to E = mc 2 1 g of antimatter with 1 g of matter (which makes 2 g = kg) What s the power of this 2g bomb in kilotons? (20 kiloton = J. ) A. 20 kilotons B. 40 kilotons C kilotons
18 The antimatter bomb: the Sci-Fi Bomb Why people are so scared when 1g of antimatter is stolen? When antimatter is mixed with matter, both change to energy according to E = mc 2 1 g of antimatter with 1 g of matter (which makes 2 g = kg) E= x (300,000,000) 2 kg m 2 /s 2 = 1.8 x J 20 kiloton = J. It s as powerful as a 40kiloton TNT bomb.
19 Nuclear Reactors Fermi s strategy to achieve a chain reaction with natural or slightly enriched uranium: Slow the neutrons down between fission reactions using a material called a moderator. Control rods are used to absorb the neutrons to slow the reaction as desired. Fermi s pile was the first human-produced nuclear reactor. Graphite blocks served as the moderator. Control rods were cadmium, but today s reactors use boron.
20 Although fission does not result when a U-238 nucleus absorbs a neutron, a series of reactions produces plutonium, the primary fuel in fission bombs. Plutonium-239 is relatively stable, with a half-life of 24,000 years. The production of plutonium- 239 is a by-product of a reactor. It can be separated from the uranium using chemical techniques, since it is a different element.
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