Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016

Transcription

1 Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 A collective review of work being done to make coffee sustainable Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

2 Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 A collective review of work being done to make coffee sustainable Steering committee: Annette Pensel (Global Coffee Platform) Bambi Semroc (Sustainable Coffee Challenge) Joost Gorter (IDH Sustainable Trade Initiative) Kim Elena Ionescu (Specialty Coffee Association of America) Author: Sanne Steemers (Valued Chain) Contributors: Matthew Quinlan & all respondents that provided input in interviews and a survey Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

3 Foreword Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 The coffee sector has invested heavily in sustainability for decades, recognizing that we must ensure our ability to meet rising demand for coffee while also increasing the prosperity and well-being of producers and conserving nature. In 2014, leaders in the sector came together to develop a vision for coffee sustainability that resulted in Vision 2020: a call for improved alignment within the sector on our sustainability efforts. In late 2015 the Global Coffee Platform, the Specialty Coffee Association of America and the Sustainable Coffee Challenge jointly recognized the need to inventory existing efforts to make coffee a sustainable agricultural product, understand who is doing what sort of work, where the investments are going and how we can better understand and share our impacts and experiences. We are grateful for the collaboration and participation of over 80 respondents in this first-ofits-kind catalogue of efforts underway to increase sustainability within the coffee sector. This report, which synthesizes the contributions of those respondents, attempts to organize this work into a coherent strategy that recognizes the role and contribution of actors throughout the sector retailers, roasters, traders, producers, governments, certification organizations, NGOs and many others. We hope that this study sheds more light on the tremendous efforts already underway to advance sustainability in the coffee sector and catalyses the additional collaboration and investment necessary to achieve our shared sustainability objectives. Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

4 Table of contents Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 Executive summary WHO: the actors in coffee sustainability WHY: what we aim to achieve WHAT: our activities WHERE: geographical focus HOW: collaboration for strategy, funding and measurement Appendix A: current initiatives framework: overview of current sector strategies Appendix B: stakeholder directory Appendix C: list of respondents Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

5 Executive summary A collective review of work being done to make coffee sustainable Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

6 Wide involvement in sustainability dialogue Good mix of value chain actors and partners, but low representation of government and specific stakeholder groups Partnerships between coffee companies and non-profit organizations are common practice and mentioned as a strength by many respondents. Sustainability is on the agenda of most large value chain actors. Source: interview and survey respondents Sustainability stakeholders in and around the value chain 47% 7% 23% 20% WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Roaster Trader Producer (organization) Exporter Retailer Non-value chain actors Low inclusion of specific stakeholder groups in our sample of the current sustainability dialogue: producers, specific large consuming countries in Asia and Europe (Italy, France and Eastern Europe), smaller roasters and retailers that together represent a large share of total coffee volume, governments, service providers in inputs and finance. Sustainability stakeholders included in mapping (headoffice location) Share of consumption (ICO 2014) Share of production (ICO 2014/15) Representation by region 11% 45% 34% 18% 57% 32% 7% 20% 11% 8% 21% 31% Europe North America Africa Latin America Asia Source: interview and survey respondents, ICO Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

7 % of respondents prioritizing this impact in their top 5 Impact priorities aligned with Global Goals Social and economical impact together with climate action are pursued by most respondents, but individual priorities vary Objectives are naturally aligned with UN Global Goals (Sustainable Development Goals). Most respondents share the consensus that economic sustainability is a pre-requisite for prosperity and well-being of producers and environment conservation. Source: interview and survey respondents Top 5 coffee sector desired impacts No Poverty Climate Action Decent Work And Economic Growth Responsible Consumption Better Coffee Quality Prosperity and well-being of producers Forest, water and soil conservation Sustained supply of coffee WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Respondents are missing one documented shared vision on sustainability. Priorities vary between individual respondents and any shared vision needs to allow for different practical definitions to meet the various aims of actors involved. 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Prioritization by respondent type Forest, water and soil conservation Prosperity and wellbeing of producers Sustained supply of coffee coffee value chain non-value chain actors Source: interview and survey respondents Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

8 Sustainability embedded in business models Certification is common business model, several other activities are introduced, but strategy is rarely fact-based WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW As a sector, we jointly have experience to address most needs. Experienced respondents are willing to share best practices and lessons learned. Certification/verification is a common business model included in most sustainability initiatives. Coffee value chain has largely integrated farmer outreach in business as usual. Identify and share tools and best practices for supply chain services. A sustainable smallholder farm is diversified, sufficiently large and inclusive, but this needs to be more widely addressed in programs. Develop strategy based on facts and research. Increase involvement from governments in embedding measures in policy and law. Sustainability activities Agricultural Extension Services Business Support Social Inclusiveness Traceability And Assurance Access To Finance Access To Inputs Demand Generation Diversification Support Value Addition In Origin Logistics Services Disaster Relief 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% % of respondents including this in their programs Certification/verification Supply chain services Non-coffee activities Source: interview and survey respondents Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

9 Geographical focus follows supply & demand Geographic focus follows flows of coffee and origin needs, with risk of overlap in East Africa, and some origins left out Several volume origins have embedded sustainability in business as usual. Focus countries for sustainability mainly prioritized because of quality, potential productivity increase and supply risks. Strong regional sustainability relations between North and Latin America, and between Europe, Africa and Asia building on current supply and demand. Source: interview and survey respondents, ICO 60% 30% 0% WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Sustainability focus of main consuming regions LatAm Asia Africa % of respondents active in sustainability in this region % of ICO production 2015/16 North American respondents European respondents Innovation budget is mainly focused on Latin America. Budget per farmer in Africa is low, partly attributed to economies of scale, but also to low volume per farmer resulting in high cost per MT which puts pressure on cost. The Tanzania case illustrates how different programs likely reach out to the same farmers. Discuss justification of current investments in East Africa in relation to possible overlap, efficiency and impact achieved. Innovation and scaling projects per region 100% $519 $423 50% $256 0% LatAm Asia Africa Innovation projects >$500 per farmer Scaling projects <$500 per farmer Average budget per farmer Source: data provided by donors, public spending databases, interviews $600 $400 $200 $- Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

10 # farmers (millions) Annual total budget % of green coffee value Strategy, funding and measurement With current approach we need until 2045 to become a sustainable sector Collectively, the sector has a lot of experience in developing sustainability programs. Attributed to experience, most respondents feel comfortable with communication, collaboration and learning. Existing platforms have trust of members and overlap is less than perceived. Annual available budget of 350M$ (2% of green coffee value), in sector with low margins. 400 M$ 350 M$ 300 M$ 250 M$ 200 M$ 150 M$ 100 M$ 50 M$ 0 M$ 350 M$ Estimated total annual budget 2,5% 2,0% 1,5% 1,0% 0,5% 0,0% WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Source: data provided by donors, public spending databases, interviews, Valued Chain Estimated current annual budget for coffee sustainability in relation to green coffee value Annual private sector premiums paid Annual private sector budget (excl premiums) Annual other funding Annual donor budget Ensure that variety in platforms does not lead to a scattered approach by coordinating between platforms. Balancing inclusiveness and ability to act of platforms. Explore pooling resources by investing jointly via a platform or fund. Explore carbon financing for funding coffee sustainability. Impact measurement not yet embedded in sustainability work, because of cost and effort. Estimated time to become a 'sustainable' sector time to implement current sustainability approach/definition At current implementation speed ( farmers/year) At historical realized implementation speed ( farmers/year) Producers reached to date Source: interviews, Coffee Barometer, Valued Chain Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

11 Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 Mapping initiatives, understanding impacts and identifying gaps Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

12 WHO The actors in coffee sustainability Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

13 Coffee sustainability stakeholders WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Coffee value chain actors are supported by a large number of other public and private organizations Source: interview and survey respondents Source: interview and survey respondents Respondents in and around the value chain Respondents in coffee value chain 47% 53% Coffee value chain Non-value chain actors 13% 37% 44% Roaster Trader Producer (organization) Exporter Retailer The sample of participating organizations is representative for the membership and network of GCP, IDH, SCAA and SCC. Roasters and traders are well represented, whereas many unorganized producers are less active in the international sustainability dialogue. High number of non-profit organizations compared to coffee value chain actors. Partnerships between coffee companies and non-profit organizations are common practice and mentioned as a strength by many respondents. 10% 10% 24% Types of non-value chain actors 7% 49% NGO Platform / partnership Government / public Service provider / supplier Source: interview and survey respondents Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

14 Coffee value chain Coffee value chain Value chain representation WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Roasters and traders lead the sustainability dialogue, producer and retailer representation is limited Sector has an hourglass shape: volumes are concentrated with a few large roasters and traders, whereas the top and bottom of the value chain have many more smaller actors. Large roasters and traders are considered to be leading the sustainability dialogue. Some small roasters are specifically committed to integrating sustainability. Involvement of retailers in sustainability is limited, and often mainly a certification policy managed by their private label roaster and/or trade supplier. Involvement of producers and local exporters is limited, attributed to a lack of organization and resources, and language. Some stakeholders believe that this underrepresentation also relates to a demand-driven agenda more than real needs, although this is debated by others. Coffee value chain actors - overall Coffee value chain respondents Retailer Retailer Roaster Trader Exporter Producer (organization) Roaster Trader Exporter Producer (organization) > # estimated large actors # estimated small / other Source: estimate Valued Chain Source: interview and survey respondents # actors included in mapping Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

15 Non-value chain actors Enabling environment representation Sector is supported by civil society and research, but needs more government involvement Public representation in the sustainability dialogue is still considered too low by most respondents. Government involvement is needed for an effective enforced legal framework and extension to farmers. ICO is an exception but has only a representative role, whereas a few producing countries have national platforms where government participates. The UN "Protect, Respect and Remedy" Framework for Business and Human Rights developed by Special Representative John Ruggie provides a starting point for defining roles and responsibilities. Larger involvement of service providers especially in inputs and finance is considered a success factor in realizing a sustainable sector, as inputs and finance are a pre-requisite for impact in agricultural practices. Several respondents suggest that a number of large industry associations in consuming countries should become more involved in sustainability. Non-value chain respondents WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Ruggie framework: Protect, Respect, Remedy NGO The State Duty to Protect The Corporate Responsibility to Respect Platform / partnership Government / public Service provider / supplier Access to Effective Remedy # actors included in mapping Source: UN "Protect, Respect and Remedy" Framework Source: interview and survey respondents Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

16 Stakeholder representation by region Sustainability agenda appears to be influenced mainly by consuming regions, missing certain markets and many origins Representation is based on the headoffice location of the organization which causes some bias, especially some very large roasters are based in Europe and market their coffee globally. Even correcting for this bias, sustainability seems to be led from consuming regions Europe and North America. Europe is missing representation from large consuming countries including Italy, France and Eastern Europe. Several respondents believe this is partially caused by a lower interest in sustainability, and by a dominant national regulatory approach from government reducing the interest in international dialogue. Representation of producing regions with domestic markets in Africa, Latin America and Asia is low. There is a partial bias following the decision to conduct the survey only in English. Respondents however believe that producer representation in the international dialogue is low, even when corrected for this bias. Source: interview and survey respondents, ICO Sustainability stakeholders included in mapping (headoffice location) Share of consumption (ICO 2014) Share of production (ICO 2014/15) Representation by region Coffee Sustainability Catalogue % WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW 45% 34% 18% 57% 32% 7% 20% 11% 8% 21% 31% Europe North America Africa Latin America Asia Sustainability stakeholders by country in Europe 10% 5% 5% 23% 26% 26% Source: interview and survey respondents Switzerland Netherlands Germany United Kingdom Spain Belgium Italy Norway

17 WHO: summary of strengths and gaps WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Building on existing collaboration and commitment, the agenda should address inclusiveness Strengths already achieved: A good mix of value chain actors and other stakeholders. Partnerships between coffee companies and non-profit organizations are common practice and mentioned as a strength by many respondents. Sustainability is on the agenda of most large value chain actors. Gaps and challenges going forward: Low inclusion of specific stakeholder groups in our sample of the current sustainability dialogue: Producers Specific large consuming countries in Asia and Europe (Italy, France and Eastern Europe) Smaller roasters and retailers that together represent a large share of total coffee volume Governments Service providers in inputs and finance Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

18 WHY What we aim to achieve Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

19 Enablers Outcomes Impact Current collective desired impact WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW People planet profit widely recognized as sustainable impact categories, large overlap with global goals Prosperity and wellbeing of producers Forest, water and soil conservation Sustained supply of coffee No poverty Clean water and sanitation More coffee availability Zero hunger Affordable and clean energy Better coffee quality Good health and wellbeing Climate action Stable coffee prices Quality education Life on land Value addition for improved margins Gender equality Decent work and economic growth UN Sustainable Development Goal Coffee sector objectives Sector trusted by society Responsible consumption and production Coffee Sustainability Catalogue Source: UN, interview respondents, Valued Chain

20 Enablers Outcomes Impact WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Impact priorities aligned with Global Goals Social and economical impact together with climate action are pursued by most respondents, but individual priorities vary Prioritization of desired impact No Poverty Climate Action Decent Work And Economic Growth Responsible Consumption And Production Better Coffee Quality Value Addition For Improved Margins Gender Equality More Coffee Availability Stable Coffee Prices Good Health And Well-Being Clean Water And Sanitation Zero Hunger Quality Education Life On Land Sector Trusted By Society Affordable And Clean Energy 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% % of respondents prioritizing this aim in their top 5 4 out of the top 5 coffee sustainability impacts link directly to UN Global Goals (SDG s 1, 13, 8 and 12). Most stakeholders are driven by social impact, with profit being the main shared interest, and climate change considered the largest risk. No poverty is pursued by most but only half of the respondents, priorities vary between individual respondents. Desired impacts are overall aligned, with no significant differences between regions and types of actors. Prosperity and well-being of producers Forest, water and soil conservation Sustained supply of coffee Source: interview and survey respondents Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

21 % of respondents prioritizing this impact in their top 5 Enablers Outcomes Impact WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Supply impact more important to value chain Desired impacts are overall aligned, with economic and commercial impact more important to coffee value chain actors Respondents in the value chain (mainly roasters and traders) prioritize economic impact, whereas non-value chain actors more frequently pursue social and environmental impact. Most respondents share the consensus that economic sustainability is a pre-requisite for prosperity and well-being of producers and environment conservation. 60% 50% 40% Prioritization by respondent type Most programs are executed in partnerships between profit and non-profit actors, which should ensure impact is balanced. Whereas profitability is a shared aim for most, the focus varies between volumes, quality, price and cost. 30% 20% 10% 0% Forest, water and soil conservation Prosperity and wellbeing of producers Sustained supply of coffee coffee value chain non-value chain actors Source: interview and survey respondents Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

22 WHY: summary of strengths and gaps We are aligned on activities and aims, but relation between implementation and impact is rarely explicit WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Strengths already achieved: Objectives are naturally aligned with UN Global Goals (Sustainable Development Goals). Most respondents share the consensus that economic sustainability is a pre-requisite for prosperity and well-being of producers and environment conservation. Gaps and challenges going forward: Respondents are missing one documented shared vision on sustainability. Priorities vary between individual respondents and any shared vision needs to allow for different practical definitions to meet the various aims of actors involved. Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

23 WHAT Our activities Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

24 Enablers Outcomes Impact Current initiatives framework WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Current individual sustainability strategies and theories of change are classified in a theory of change framework WHAT / Activities WHY / Motivations Enablers Outcomes Impact Extension Business support Yield / productivity Quality Profitability Prosperity and well-being of producers Sustainability definition Platform Social and community Disaster relief Price Cost Forest, water and soil conservation Diversified farm & household Access to inputs Resilience Cashflow Sustained supply of coffee Access to finance Market access Logistics Inclusivity Labour conditions Traceability & assurance Ecosystem services Value addition in origin Green house gas reduction Demand generation Source: Matthew Quinlan, interview respondents, Valued Chain Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

25 Enablers Outcomes Impact Common implementation activities WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Certification is the common business model, additional activities are introduced Sustainability activities Agricultural Extension Services Business Support Social Inclusiveness And Community Welfare Traceability And Assurance Access To Finance And Risk Management Access To Inputs Demand Generation And Consumer Awareness Diversified Farm And Household Support Value Addition In Origin Logistics Services Disaster Relief 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% % of respondents including this in their programs Almost all programs include outreach via agricultural extension services. Certification is the common business model, including consumer awareness, social inclusiveness, traceability and assurance and incentives. Business support, access to inputs and access to finance are recognized as important but challenging with a lack of best practices available. Value addition via grading or washing is gaining interest. Fewer programs have activities outside the coffee value chain. Diversification and disaster relief are least addressed. Certification/verification Supply chain services Non-coffee activities Source: interview and survey respondents Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

26 Enablers Enablers Common enabling activities Dialogue and sustainability definitions are well-developed, fact-based research and government regulation are needed Source: interview and survey respondents Platform Sustainability Definitions Policy/Law Outcomes Enabling activities 18% 32% Impact 47% 45% % of respondents executing this activity WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Platforms and partnerships are common and appreciated by respondents for sharing lessons learned. Many recognize the need to define sustainability in a certification code of conduct, supplier code, or national curriculum, but agree this needs to be complemented with other activities. Few respondents can provide a definition, but several tools and curricula are available. Several respondents see a need for more agronomy and development research to substantiate strategies and measure impact based on facts instead of assumptions. This is currently in progress but takes time. Many indicate they would like more involvement from governments in embedding measures in policy and law. Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

27 # of respondents executing this activity Disaster Relief Diversification Support Access To Finance Social Inclusiveness Value Addition In Origin Access To Inputs Logistics Services Business Support Agricultural Extension Services Demand Generation Traceability And Assurance # of respondents executing this activity Enablers Outcomes Impact Stakeholder roles in execution WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Coffee value chain executes many sustainability activities and has largely integrated farmer outreach in business as usual largely executed by actors that are a direct part of the coffee value chain, embedded in core business. activities by actor type Value chain actors also very involved in enabling activities, although their research findings and sustainability definitions are not always shared outside of their own organization. Civil society works on inclusiveness, business support and diversification. Enabling activities by actor type Policy/Law Platform Sustainability Definitions Enablers My organization executes this - Coffee value chain My organization executes this - Non-value chain actors Source: interview and survey respondents My organization executes this - Coffee value chain My organization executes this - Non-value chain actors Source: interview and survey respondents Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

28 Vision on sustainable smallholder farms Several respondents suggest that smallholder coffee farms are sustainable when: they are diversified with multiple cash and food crops and other income sources have a minimum size allowing to generate enough income and implement good practices are managed jointly by the full household of man, woman and youth Whereas inclusiveness is generally considered, diversification is not widely implemented, following the sector interest in mainly coffee. Diversification reduces economic risks of price and productivity. It also conserves biodiversity on the farm, increases self-sufficiency, and offers inclusive opportunities to women and youth. A mix of coffee, food crops, livestock, processing and/or renewable energy generation is recommended. In addition, certain very small and unproductive farms are considered not viable and will never provided a living income to the household, even with support. The sector needs to discuss farmer segmentation and what is considered viable, and what alternatives can be offered to those farmers that are not in that position. WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW A sustainable smallholder farm is diversified, sufficiently large and inclusive, but this is not widely included in programs Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

29 WHAT: summary of strengths and gaps Certification is common business model, several other activities are introduced, but strategy is rarely fact-based WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Strengths already achieved: Many activities being implemented in the field. Each project has a different individual focus, sometimes limited in scope. As a sector, we jointly have experience to address most needs. Experienced respondents are willing to share best practices and lessons learned. Certification/verification is a common business model included in most sustainability initiatives. Coffee value chain executes many sustainability activities and has largely integrated farmer outreach in business as usual. Gaps and challenges going forward: Identify and share tools and best practices for business support, access to inputs, access to finance and logistics. A sustainable smallholder farm is diversified, sufficiently large and inclusive, but this needs to be more widely addressed in programs. Increase involvement from governments in embedding measures in policy and law. Relation between activities and desired impact is rarely explicit. Develop a sector wide strategy based on facts and research, and define and measure explicit tangible outcomes. Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

30 WHERE Geographical focus Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

31 Colombia Guatemala Peru Honduras Brazil Nicaragua Mexico El Salvador Costa Rica Ecuador Venezuela Indonesia Vietnam India Papua New Guinea Laos China Thailand Tanzania Uganda Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda Burundi DR Congo Cameroon Côte d'ivoire Madagascar Focus countries for sustainability WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Sustainability work focuses on Latin America and Africa, interest of stakeholder varies between origins 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Stakeholder sustainability focus Most coffee value chain actors focus on a limited number of origins for their sustainability work, mainly the origins that are important for their sourcing. Non profit actors more frequently work across a wide range of origins. Number of origins in which respondents work on sustainability > 16 origins origins LatAm Asia Africa 6-10 origins < 5 origins 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% % of respondents % of respondents active in sustainability in this origin Coffee value chain Non-value chain actors Source: interview and survey respondents Source: interview and survey respondents Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

32 Brazil Colombia Honduras Mexico Guatemala Peru Nicaragua Costa Rica El Salvador Ecuador Venezuela * Vietnam Indonesia India Papua New Guinea Laos Thailand China * Ethiopia Uganda Côte d'ivoire Kenya Tanzania Cameroon Madagascar DR Congo Rwanda Burundi * WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Relation between volumes and sustainability Sustainability interest is less driven by current volumes, more by quality, potential productivity increase and supply risks 25% 0% -25% Regional total Sustainability focus in relation to production volume LatAm Asia Africa Difference between % of respondents active in sustainability in this origin and % of ICO production volume Sustainability interest larger than share of volume Sustainability interest smaller than share of volume Less focus on Brazil, Colombia, Vietnam, Indonesia and India where certification has become common with local ownership. Larger interest in Central American countries with specific challenges from leaf rust and climate change. Larger interest in Africa because of coffee quality in combination with livelihood needs. Larger interest in origins in Africa and Asia that have a potential for productivity increase: Kenya, Tanzania, Laos, Thailand, China. Ease of working in a country and donor priorities influence prioritization. Source: interview and survey respondents, ICO Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

33 Sustainability relations are regional Regional ties between North and Latin America and between Europe, Asia and Africa Source: interview and survey respondents, ICO Source: interview and survey respondents, ICO WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Sustainability focus by respondent type Sustainability focus of main consuming regions 60% 60% 30% 30% 0% LatAm Asia Africa % of respondents active in sustainability in this region 0% LatAm Asia Africa % of respondents active in sustainability in this region % of ICO production 2015/16 coffee value chain % of ICO production 2015/16 North American respondents non-value chain actors European respondents Following a larger commercial interest of value chain actors, there is some more activity in high volume origins by coffee roasters and traders compared to non profits in the enabling environment. This is visible both on a regional and country level. The general alignment in focus origins can be explained by the partnership approach that the sector has developed, with companies and other organizations working together in projects in the same countries. Sustainability relations build on current physical flows of coffee, with strong ties between North and Latin America, and between Europe, Africa, and Asia. Consumer palates differ between consuming regions and affect demand for a specific quality or flavour profile. Geographical proximity is a key factor in supply chain relations, especially for volume. Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

34 Regional focus of investments WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Sustainability investments by major donors and their private partners focus on Africa Major donors are USAID, World Bank, IDH, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and regional development banks. Total donor budget allocated to regions Overall donor focus on Africa, driving investment in the region. Major donors each have different individual focus: USAID invests mainly in Latin America and Africa World Bank invests more in Asia Gates Foundation focuses on Africa IDH invests in line with private sector priorities across all continents Regional development banks invest in their own region Africa; 46% LatAm; 30% Asia; 24% Source: data provided by donors, public spending databases, interviews Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

35 Public and private investment priorities Projects in Africa and Latin America largely publicly funded, with larger outreach and lower budgets per farmer Interest in Africa and specific origins in Asia is strongly donor driven. Projects in Africa are generally larger scale with lower investment per farmer. This can be partly attributed to economies of scale and lower cost levels locally, but is also attributed to low volume per farmer resulting in high cost per MT which puts pressure on cost. Africa Asia LatAm Private/public funding ratio per region 21% 32% 51% 79% 68% 49% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Private sector % Matchfunding % WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Source: data provided by donors, public spending databases, interviews Average project size per region Average project budget per region $600 $400 $200 $420 $520 $ LatAm Asia Africa Average # of farmers/households per project $0 LatAm Asia Africa Average budget per farmer (excl certification premiums) Source: data provided by donors, public spending databases, interviews Source: data provided by donors, public spending databases, interviews Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

36 /scale Enabling/innovation Investment categories WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW projects in all regions, innovation focus in Latin America to address climate change impacts Projects can be categorized: projects, aimed to reach out to farmers, with an average budget of around $200 per farmer. Enabling environment and/or innovative pilots, with high budgets per farmer, or even pure research without any farmer outreach. Investments in innovation are currently mainly in Latin America, attributed to research in relation to leaf rust and other climate change impacts. With existing high reach of certification reaching further scale is less needed. >$1000 $ $ Innovation and scaling projects per region Total donor budget allocated to project types $ $ % 48% Enabling/innovation /scale <$100 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% LatAm Asia Africa Source: data provided by donors, public spending databases, interviews Source: data provided by donors, public spending databases, interviews Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

37 % respondents active in origin % of ICO production 2015/16 Risk of overlap in East Africa WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW High interest and investment in East Africa suggests risk of overlap and emphasizes need for coordination and reliable data Several respondents see risk of overlapping investments. This is illustrated by the case of Tanzania. Summing up reported project outreach compared to different assumptions about the numbers of farmers, we are not sure whether there is an overlap in projects or a gap in outreach. Respondents consider it likely that some overlap occurs, while there is also still a large number of farmers that have not been reached. There is a need for coordination and reliable data. 45% 30% Sustainability focus and production volume 6% 4% Analysis of sustainability focus and volumes suggests the same risk applies in Kenya, Rwanda and Burundi Reported farmer outreach compared to estimated number of farmers in Tanzania 15% 2% Potential gap Cumulative reported # farmer outreach Potential overlap Estimated # coffee farmers in Tanzania Potential gap or overlap 0% % of respondents active in sustainability in origin % of ICO production 2015/16 0% Source: data provided by donors, respondent progress reports, interviews Source: interview and survey respondents, ICO Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

38 WHERE: summary of strengths and gaps WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Geographic focus follows flows of coffee and origin needs, with risk of overlap in East Africa, and some origins left out Strengths already achieved: Several large origins show local ownership and embed sustainability in business as usual, need for temporary projects is decreasing. Focus countries for sustainability are mainly prioritized because of quality, potential productivity increase and supply risks. Interest in new origins that have potential to increase productivity. Strong regional sustainability relations between North and Latin America, and between Europe, Africa and Asia building on current supply and demand. Gaps and challenges going forward: Innovation budget is mainly focused on Latin America. Budget per farmer in Africa is low, partly attributed to economies of scale, but also to low volume per farmer resulting in high cost per MT which puts pressure on cost. Discuss justification of current investments in East Africa in relation to possible overlap, efficiency and impact achieved. Increase activity in origins currently left out because of perceived difficulty to work there, including Venezuela and West Africa. Large investments in all regions. Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

39 HOW Collaboration for strategy, funding and measurement Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

40 Sustainability challenges WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Financing, strategy and impact measurement are current challenges, respondents suggest a role for platforms Financing sustainability, developing strategy and measuring impact are the largest challenges. Most respondents see a role for platforms to address these: Explore pooling resources for cost efficiency by investing jointly via a platform or fund. Explore carbon financing as a means of funding coffee sustainability programs. This is not currently on the agenda in the platforms. Develop a sector wide strategy and define contributions of different platforms and actors. Develop a set of common indicators for outputs and impact. This facilitates individual organizations in measuring their impact, as well as allows for comparison. Financing our sustainability work Developing an appropriate strategy for our sustainability work Measuring impact Executing our sustainability work Collaboration in the sector Communicating about our sustainability work Learning from other sectors Source: interview and survey respondents Ranking of challenges Financing our sustainability work Developing appropriate strategy Measuring impact Executing our sustainability work Collaboration in the sector Communicating about sustainability Learning from other sectors Source: interview and survey respondents Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

41 Sector organization WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW The coffee sector cooperates in a number of platforms, partnerships and alliances Global Coffee Platform Specialty Coffee Association of America Sustainable Coffee Challenge Alliance for Coffee Excellence African and Malagasy Robusta Coffee Agency (ACRAM) African Fine Coffees Association (AFCA) Coalition for Coffee Communities Coffee & Climate Coffee Farmer Resilience Fund European Coffee Federation Finance Alliance for Sustainable Trade Green Coffee Association International Coffee Genome Network International Coffee Partners National Coffee Association USA (NCA) SAFE Platform Specialty Coffee Association of Europe Sustainable Commodity Assistance Network World Coffee several national coffee platforms several non-coffee specific platforms Source: interview and survey respondents Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

42 Overlap in platforms WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW There is less overlap between platform membership than most respondents expect 8% Sustainable Coffee Challenge Overlap in platform memberships Global Coffee Platform 2% 16% 1% 13% 6% 0% 0% 14% 0% IDH Sustainable Trade Initiative (field level) 0% 0% Interviewed respondents perceive a large overlap, and see the same people in different settings. This is likely within their own circle. The overlap is visible but appears to be less than expected: GCP has largest unique membership. Largest overlap in membership between SCAA and SCC. Also large overlap between GCP and IDH, which is now formalized with the merger to GCP. Specialty Coffee Association of America 8% % of respondents member of this/these platforms No memberships: 18% / Unknown: 14% Source: interview and survey respondents Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

43 Platforms are regionally organized Platform membership confirms the perceived Atlantic divide which builds on current trade relations The perceived Atlantic divide is visible in platform membership and is in line with current supply and demand relations: Respondents in Africa, Asia and Europe are more likely to be members of GCP and IDH. Respondents in North America are more likely to be members of SCAA and SCC. Respondents in Latin America adhere to these platforms equally. Common platforms appear to have a good mix between value chain actors and the enabling environment. Source: interview and survey respondents Africa Asia Europe Latin America North America Coffee value chain Platform memberships per region 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% GCP IDH SCAA SCC WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Platform memberships per respondent type Non-value chain actors 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% GCP IDH SCAA SCC Source: interview and survey respondents Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

44 Feedback to sector organization WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Respondents see large progress made in collaboration, but also a tension between inclusiveness and ability to act Importance of inclusiveness Coordination, shared vision and interest, learning, embedding sustainability in policy and value chain Importance of inclusiveness mainly emphasized by NGO s and large companies, specifically in Europe But: inclusive dialogue is time-consuming & several respondents feel that producers and governments are not sufficiently involved Importance of ability to act Commitment, innovation, scale directly visible on the ground Mainly emphasized by private sector, specifically in North America But: assumptions are made in order to act quickly & specific interests may dominate Producers are not sufficiently heard We should not try to create another United Nations Source: interview respondents Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

45 Private sector and matchfunding Private sector is financing major part of sustainability work, matchfunding and certification premiums are common All types of actors use matchfunding grants especially when reaching out to new farmers, on average between 30-50%. Major part of sustainability work is funded privately. This is in line with the data obtained from major donors. Certification has led to a business model for sustainability based on premiums which are commonly used to maintain existing programs. Traders indicate that declining premiums are insufficient to implement and maintain outreach. Several respondents indicate that certification has an impact but does not address all needs. Respondents indicate that budgets are not sufficient to reach out to full value chain and address issues beyond the immediate coffee sector interest. Other sources of funding are not yet common, but some respondents are exploring specifically carbon financing. Source: interview and survey respondents Private funding: investment Private funding: premiums Other / own sources of funding 71% - 100% 51% - 70% 30% - 50% Public funding / grants Coffee Sustainability Catalogue < 30% Financing sources for sustainability Coffee value chain WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW 29% 33% 48% 67% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% % of respondents using this type of financing Non-value chain actors Public / grants contribution as % of total budget Source: interview and survey respondents % of respondents

46 # farmers (millions) Annual total budget % of green coffee value Estimated total sustainability investment speed has increased, significant investments still needed to reach all farmers and address wider challenges Annual available budget of 350M$ represents 2% of green coffee value, in sector with low margins. A lot of work has been done since the 1980s, but we are not there yet. At current implementation speed we could complete outreach by Required budget to completion (based on current practices) would be 4,1 bln$. This can be adjusted up or down based on increased efficiency, new challenges, new definitions of sustainability and/or new findings about the size of the producer population. Estimated current annual budget for coffee sustainability in relation to green coffee value 400 M$ 350 M$ 300 M$ 250 M$ 200 M$ 150 M$ 100 M$ 50 M$ 0 M$ 350 M$ Estimated total annual budget 2,5% 2,0% 1,5% 1,0% 0,5% 0,0% WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Source: data provided by donors, public spending databases, interviews, Valued Chain Annual private sector premiums paid Annual private sector budget (excl premiums) Annual other funding Annual donor budget 20 Estimated time to become a 'sustainable' sector Estimated budget needed to become a 'sustainable' sector in time to implement current sustainability approach/definition At current implementation speed ( farmers/year) At historical realized implementation speed ( farmers/year) M$ M$ ($200/farmer) and innovation budget needed (50M$/year) Producers reached to date Source: interviews, Coffee Barometer, Valued Chain Source: data provided by donors, public spending databases, Valued Chain Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

47 Ongoing efforts on financial constraints Respondents are working on increasing available funds and decreasing cost of implementation WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Wider private sector involvement and investment Reducing cost of assurance Pooling resources for cost efficient direct investment via a platform or fund National ownership and investments Coffee sustainability outreach contributes to climate action and can tap into climate financing Increase commitment from stakeholders in large coffee markets (e.g. Sustainable Coffee Challenge) Standards collaboration reduce cost of audits and traceability (ISEAL) Company own standards and auditing (various) Data-driven assurance (suggested) Regional assurance (suggested) Funding for research via a check-off program (e.g. World Coffee ) Shared investment in baseline studies and impact measurement (e.g. SAFE) Non-coffee specific investments in landscapes and communities (e.g. Coalition for Coffee Communities) Farmer outreach via national extension services (e.g. Minas Gerais Brazil) Involvement of national research institutes for plant material (e.g. Vietnam) Carbon credits and loans (various) Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) (suggested) Source: interview respondents Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

48 Monitoring depends on supply chain data Impact measurement is not yet embedded in sector sustainability work, mainly because of cost and effort Cost and effort of impact measurement are given as a main challenge. Current impact measurement mainly based on activity outputs: farm data and traceability. This quantitative data is collected within the supply chain, often in relation to certification. Programs are evaluated annually but not always with a baseline. Attribution is a challenge, with rarely a control group in place and very few longitudinal studies. Currently impact measurement is mainly driven by donor demands. Respondents suggest these could be aligned. Impact measurement is gaining interest. Current workgroups exist within GCP, SCC and COSA, as well as many individual organizations. Some NGO s and research institutes have developed specific expertise in impact measurement. Source: interview and survey respondents Control Group Outside Of Project Data collection methods Coffee Traceability Farm Performance Data Narratives Structured Surveys Annual Progress Evaluation Coffee Sustainability Catalogue Baseline End Of Project/Program Evaluation Longitudinal Study After Project/Program End WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% % of respondents Data collection frequency Source: interview and survey respondents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% % of respondents

49 Lack of consensus on indicators WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Common indicators are not comparable, and mainly measure coffee output and outreach but not impact Even common indicators for outreach to farmers, inclusiveness, volumes and yields are used in different ways and as such can t be added up or compared easily. A number of respondents are currently working on defining indicators, as well as several platforms notably the Global Coffee Platform and Sustainable Coffee Challenge. Most respondents agree that certification data provides a good starting point for measuring output. Some respondents indicate that the IDH KPI framework is a good starting point, while others say this is too much focused on output not impact. Coffee Output Outreach Economic Impact Activities Performed Environmental Impact Social Impact Inclusiveness Investments Indicator categories Source: interview and survey respondents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% % of respondents Output Impact Different definitions for common indicators # farmers/ # households reached % farmers reached by M/F by age <25/<30/<35 Source: interview respondents # / % coffee produced/ sourced sustainable/ certified/ verified in MT/ kg/ bags # yield / % increase per tree/ ha/ farmer in MT/ kg/ bags Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

50 HOW: summary of strengths and gaps WHO WHY WHAT WHERE HOW Whereas collaboration on strategy and impact measurement is recognized as a need, funding is still a less visible challenge Strengths already achieved: Collectively, the sector has a lot of experience in developing sustainability programs. Attributed to experience, most respondents feel comfortable with communication, collaboration and learning. Existing platforms have trust of members and overlap is less than perceived. Certification premiums have allowed to integrate sustainability in business as usual. Annual available budget of 350M$ represents 2% of green coffee value, in sector with low margins. Indicators from certification and current global programs are a good starting point in developing indicators, and further development and harmonization is underway. Gaps and challenges going forward: Ensure that variety in platforms does not lead to a scattered approach by coordinating between platforms. Balancing inclusiveness and ability to act of platforms. Develop a sector wide strategy and define contributions of different platforms and actors. Explore pooling resources for cost efficiency by investing jointly via a platform or fund. Explore carbon financing as a means of funding coffee sustainability programs. Align different initiatives that are developing a set of common indicators for outputs and impact. This facilitates individual organizations in measuring their impact, as well as allows for comparison. Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

51 Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 We have a way to go, but a good foundation to build on Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

52 Notes on interpretation of this study A reliable catalogue but not exhaustive, as input for further sector discussion Study summarizes the current initiatives in coffee sustainability. This is on overview of what we are currently implementing. It does not specify what the agenda forward should be, this is up for sector discussion. Study has focused on organizational strategies not individual projects. Findings are based on a sample of respondents from the membership and network of the organizations in the steering committee that were willing to provide input. The overview is not exhaustive. The participation of respondents is however sufficiently large and representative to allow for interpretation. We have consulted 36 respondents in interviews and 51 organizations participated in a survey. Perspectives from producing countries are possibly underrepresented following the membership and network of the steering committee, and the decision to conduct this study in English only. Any bias is mentioned in the applicable section of this report. Historical data on investment, output and impact is rarely available. Furthermore, most sustainability work is done in partnerships of public and private organizations who all report on investment and outreach, so there is overlap in the numbers reported. We have used mainly data from donors and roasters. Donors and roasters most commonly collect data, and partnerships rarely contain more than one donor and more than one roaster. Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

53 Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 Appendix A: current initiatives framework: overview of current sector strategies Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

54 Table of contents Appendix A: current initiatives framework: overview of current sector strategies Current initiatives framework Current collective desired impact Insights into outcomes Categories of activities Analysis of dependencies and assumptions Summary of dependencies and assumptions Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

55 Current initiatives framework Current individual sustainability strategies and theories of change are classified in a theory of change framework Enablers Outcomes Impact WHAT Activities taking place can be categorized in enablers (create a context that facilitates sustainability) and implementation (direct activities aimed at reaching out to farmers and production areas), each actor has their own strength and focus WHY Stakeholders are motivated by different things. The relation between WHAT and WHY is based on a number of assumptions. Assumptions and dependencies Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

56 Enablers Outcomes Impact Current initiatives framework Current individual sustainability strategies and theories of change are classified in a theory of change framework WHAT / Activities WHY / Motivations Enablers Outcomes Impact Extension Business support Yield / productivity Quality Profitability Prosperity and well-being of producers Sustainability definition Platform Social and community Disaster relief Price Cost Forest, water and soil conservation Diversified farm & household Access to inputs Resilience Cashflow Sustained supply of coffee Access to finance Market access Logistics Inclusivity Labour conditions Traceability & assurance Ecosystem services Value addition in origin Green house gas reduction Demand generation Source: Matthew Quinlan, interview respondents, Valued Chain Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

57 Enablers Current collective desired impact Outcomes Impact People planet profit widely recognized as sustainable impact categories, largely overlap with global goals Prosperity and wellbeing of producers Forest, water and soil conservation Sustained supply of coffee No poverty Clean water and sanitation More coffee availability Zero hunger Affordable and clean energy Better coffee quality Good health and wellbeing Climate action Stable coffee prices Quality education Life on land Value addition for improved margins Gender equality Decent work and economic growth UN Sustainable Development Goal Coffee sector objectives Sector trusted by society Responsible consumption and production Coffee Sustainability Catalogue Source: UN, interview respondents, Valued Chain

58 Enablers Outcomes Impact Insights into outcomes Tangible outcomes should link our activities to our aims, but these are generally not explicitly defined by stakeholders Outcome Common description provided in interviews as a starting point Inclusiveness Labour conditions Inclusion of women and men, youth, and minorities in farming leads to prosperity of communities, as well as increases adoption of good practices for sustained supply Safe, healthy and appropriately rewarded labour contributes to prospering communities and eliminates unacceptable practices in line with international norms Profitability Coffee farming has a profit that represents a living income, following from yield / productivity, quality, price and cost Resilience Cashflow Market access Ecosystem services Green house gas reduction Source: interview respondents Greater social, economic and environmental stability by reducing impact from environmental factors on farm and market Income is distributed over time to allow a consistent livelihood and allow to invest in farms as a business Coffee farmers are linked to markets and are in a position to negotiate allowing them to make a profit Coffee farmers conserve soil, forests, water and biodiversity for their farms, communities and the landscape they are part of On farm reduction of emissions by implementing good agricultural practices or generating renewable energy Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

59 Enablers Outcomes Categories of activities: implementation Impact are direct activities aimed at reaching out to farmers and production areas 1. Agricultural extension services Knowledge transfer of good agricultural practices via training or other media, aimed at farmers directly or via extension/field officers 2. Business support Supporting farming as a business, by offering financial or business training, supporting producer organizations, organizational capacity building, enterprise development, farm performance monitoring, quality control, provision of market or weather info 3. Social inclusiveness and community welfare Creating awareness and adopting solutions for gender equality, minority inclusiveness, youth involvement, nutrition, hired labor conditions, community services and infrastructure 4. Disaster relief Emergency response to natural disasters and political crises unrelated to coffee but hitting coffee communities Source: interview respondents Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

60 Enablers Outcomes Categories of activities: implementation Impact are direct activities aimed at reaching out to farmers and production areas 5. Diversified farm and household support Supporting alternative income sources to reduce income volatility by providing training and tools, e.g. crop diversification, livestock, beekeeping, agroforestry, renewable energy, other household activities 6. Access to inputs Making available appropriate and safe seedlings, crop protection products, fertilizer and tools 7. Access to finance and risk management Improving the cashflow of farmers for short term (crop) and long term, and provide a safety net to manage risks, e.g. loans, inputs-for-coffee schemes, savings schemes, banking and payments, insurance, pensions 8. Logistics services Maintaining product quality and bringing the product to market, including collection, storage, transport Source: interview respondents Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

61 Enablers Outcomes Categories of activities: implementation Impact are direct activities aimed at reaching out to farmers and production areas 9. Financial and in kind incentives to promote adoption of practices and improve profitability, e.g. premiums, minimum price, price increase through direct trade, payment for environmental services, compensation for replanting, input subsidy 10. Traceability and assurance Monitoring of compliance with sustainable practices via product traceability, codes of conduct, internal audits, third party certification or verification 11. Value addition in origin Improving incomes by local value addition in origin, e.g. local processing, washing, local roasting 12. Demand generation and consumer awareness Market development and consumer education for sustainably produced coffee, e.g. trade shows, consumer outreach, product labeling, general marketing Source: interview respondents Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

62 Enablers Categories of activities: enablers Outcomes Impact Enablers are indirect activities that create a context that enables sustainability A. Setting political, legal and regulatory frameworks that foster a competitive coffee sector, e.g. standards, taxes and tariffs, national coffee funds, public sector infrastructure B. Supporting research which can be agronomic or developmental in nature, e.g. development of varieties, composition and application of inputs, pest and disease monitoring, impact of climate change, inclusiveness and household economics C. Sustainability definitions A practical action-oriented definition of sustainability requirements based on research, stakeholder consensus or company policy, e.g. in a standard, national sustainability curriculum, or sustainable sourcing guide D. Platform Bringing together different stakeholders, physically or virtually, to coordinate, share lessons learned, and develop solutions Source: interview respondents Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

63 Analysis of dependencies and assumptions Current dependencies and assumptions between activities and aims are not always secured 1. Relations between enablers, implementation, outcomes and impact are defined 2. Dependencies and assumptions are made explicit 3. Current status of addressing dependencies and assumptions is assessed Example: agricultural extension builds on research, and aims for social, environmental and economic impact through increased profitability. Example: yield, quality, price and cost should be addressed in coherence. An increased yield is not adding to profitability if cost for inputs increase at the same rate. Example: this dependency is largely recognized: stakeholders understand the relation, although conflicting interests sometimes lead to a singular focus on only yields. Source: Valued Chain Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

64 Enablers Dependencies and assumptions Outcomes 1. Extension services are often core to programs, and has major dependencies for content, effective execution and adoption Impact Enablers Outcomes Impact Extension Business support Yield Quality Profitability Prosperity and well-being of producers Sustainability definition Knowledge on general and local conditions and good practises Access to inputs and finance affect ability to adopt the knowledge? X The level of farmer organization affects which farmers can be reached Access to inputs Access to finance? Price Cost Resilience Market access Inclusivity Forest, water and soil conservation Sustained supply of coffee Yield, quality, price and cost should be addressed in coherence? Inclusion of women and youth leads to higher adoption of good practices? Adoption often requires motivational incentive or compensation income loss Increased yield and quality only has impact if combined with market access Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 Source: interview respondents, Valued Chain 12 Ecosystem services Additional profit is spent wisely if the program is inclusive? Safeguards need to be in place for producers to not encroach on forest areas.?

65 Enablers Dependencies and assumptions Outcomes 2. Business support is key to sustainability of intervention, and depends on macro economic context and value chain relations Impact Enablers Outcomes Impact Business support Quality Profitability Prosperity and well-being of producers Sustainability definition Price Business relations require a consistent and enforced legal framework Economies of scale require? longer term chain relationships and trust Communication and infrastructure enable value chain relations? Access to finance Availability of appropriate business support tools and materials? Access to finance affects ability to adopt business practices X X Cost Cashflow Market access Involvement of exporters or buyers can secure market access Sustained supply of coffee Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 Source: interview respondents, Valued Chain 13

66 Enablers Dependencies and assumptions Outcomes 3. Social inclusiveness and community welfare has dependency on enabling environment and relies on incentives for adoption Impact Enablers Outcomes Impact Extension Prosperity and well-being of producers Sustainability definition Social and community Inclusive legal framework (land rights, equality, labour conditions) X Social interventions joined with agricultural extension for scale and impact Community infrastructure (education, health) needs to be in place? Enabling environment to provide appropriate inclusion tools? Adoption often requires motivational incentive or compensation extra cost Inclusivity Labour conditions Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 Source: interview respondents, Valued Chain 14

67 Enablers Dependencies and assumptions Outcomes 4. Disaster relief is a short term response to alleviate urgent needs and requires sector organization for quick response Impact Enablers Outcomes Impact Social and community Platform Disaster relief Government and platforms need to be able to respond Resilience quickly? Disaster relief combined with rebuilding activities for long term impact Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 Source: interview respondents, Valued Chain 15

68 Enablers Dependencies and assumptions Outcomes 5. Diversified farm and household support is opportunity for inclusiveness and conservation if enablers are in place Impact Enablers Outcomes Impact Extension Prosperity and well-being of producers Platform Social and community A sustainable farm yields food, consistent cash flow and long term profit? Forest, water and soil conservation National and international incentives for environmental services X Diversified farm & household Diversification builds on extension and includes other household members Resilience Cashflow Inclusivity Ecosystem services Sustained supply of coffee A financially sustainable farm is a pre-requisite for sustained supply of coffee? Social and environmental impact of diversification depends heavily on type of diversification implemented? Green house gas reduction Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 Source: interview respondents, Valued Chain 16

69 Enablers Dependencies and assumptions 6. Access to inputs is complex with potential undesired outcomes if not regulated or applied correctly Outcomes Impact Enablers Outcomes Impact Extension Yield Quality Profitability Prosperity and well-being of producers Sustainability definition Price Cost Forest, water and soil conservation Understand and regulate inputs to be safe for people and environment, and economically effective? Access to inputs Resilience Sustained supply of coffee Extension and appropriate? Access to finance Market access products are key to ensure Cost of inputs should be offset inputs are applied correctly from increased revenue Logistics Mechanisms for inputs finance and logistics need to be in place? Yield increase leads to conservation if land is spared from clearing?? Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 Source: interview respondents, Valued Chain 17

70 Enablers Dependencies and assumptions Outcomes Impact 7. Access to finance is a major challenge and vicious circle with professionalizing farming as a business Enablers Outcomes Impact Public policy affects availability of credit and interest rates X Business support Business support and farmer organization is needed to make farmers bankable? Profitability and a safety net need to be achieved before farmers get into debt? Profitability Prosperity and well-being of producers Resilience Cashflow Sustained supply of coffee Access to finance Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 Source: interview respondents, Valued Chain 18

71 Enablers Dependencies and assumptions Outcomes Impact 8. Logistics is affected by public infrastructure and affects mainly market access Enablers Outcomes Impact Public infrastructure affects how coffee is moved from farm to port? Sustained supply of coffee Logistics from farm to port are key to market access Market access Logistics Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 Source: interview respondents, Valued Chain 19

72 Enablers Dependencies and assumptions Outcomes 9. are commonly aimed at adoption of good practices but different perspectives exist and little research is done Impact Enablers Outcomes Impact Profitability Prosperity and well-being of producers Sustainability definition to determine value of incentives for profitability and sustainability? Different mechanisms for the role of incentives exist in certification Market based incentives depend on demand and assurance, and premiums are currently low? Price Cashflow Forest, water and soil conservation Sustained supply of coffee Labour conditions Traceability & assurance Ecosystem services Green house gas reduction Demand generation Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 Source: interview respondents, Valued Chain 20

73 Enablers Dependencies and assumptions Outcomes 10. Traceability and assurance is now a requirement for market access in several markets with a challenge in value chain cost Impact Enablers Outcomes Impact Business support Sustainability definition Different mechanisms for traceability and assurance exist in certification Cost effective traceability and assurance requires farmer aggregation and (IT) tools? Market access Roaster commitments made certification a license to operate but funding remains a challenge X Traceability & assurance Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 Source: interview respondents, Valued Chain 21

74 Enablers Dependencies and assumptions Outcomes Impact 11. Value addition in origin can increase coffee profitability for farmers and others, depends on business capacity and demand Enablers Outcomes Impact Export, processing and tax policy affect incentives for local processing X Extension Business support Quality Price Profitability Prosperity and well-being of producers Processing builds on extension and includes other household members Market access Sustained supply of coffee Inclusivity Value addition in origin Demand generation Domestic and global demand determines opportunities for local processing and roasting? Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 Source: interview respondents, Valued Chain 22

75 Enablers Dependencies and assumptions Outcomes Impact 12. Demand generation can aim at roasters, retailers or consumers and facilitates market access and investments Enablers Outcomes Impact Consuming country governments and platforms can generate demand for sustainability? Platform Prosperity and well-being of producers Forest, water and soil conservation Sustained supply of coffee Market access Certification is one tool to generate sustainability demand in specific segments Traceability & assurance Demand generation In many markets, consumer buying behaviour is little influenced by sustainability X Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 Source: interview respondents, Valued Chain 23

76 Summary of dependencies and assumptions Good agricultural practices, extension, incentives and market access are commonly well embedded in sustainability programs Dependencies that are addressed Knowledge on general and local conditions and good agricultural practises is available Social and diversification interventions are combined with agricultural extension for scale and impact Motivational incentives or compensation for extra cost or income loss is applied Different mechanisms for the role of incentives, traceability and assurance exist in certification Certification is a tool to generate sustainability demand in specific market segments Market access is secured by involvement of exporters or buyers and logistics Disaster relief is combined with rebuilding activities for long term impact Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 Source: interview respondents, Valued Chain 24

77 Summary of dependencies and assumptions Farmer organization, inclusiveness, access to inputs and public infrastructure are only partially addressed Solutions known but not always applied Yield, quality, price and cost addressed in coherence. A sustainable farm yields food, consistent cash flow and long term profit The level of farmer organization affects which farmers can be reached, and many farmers are not organized Partial availability of appropriate tools and materials for business support, inclusion and diversification Dependency between extension and inputs. Understand and regulate inputs to be safe for people and environment. Inclusion of women and youth not always explicit, but leads to higher adoption of good practices and profit spent wisely Social and environmental impact of diversification depends heavily on type of diversification implemented Market based incentives depend on demand and assurance, and premiums are currently low to determine business models in relation to different farmer segments Domestic and global demand determines opportunities for local processing and roasting Business relations require a consistent and enforced legal framework, communication and infrastructure Community infrastructure (education, health) needs to be in place Government and platforms need to be able to respond quickly Consuming country governments and platforms can generate demand for sustainability Safeguards need to be in place for producers to not encroach on forest areas. Cost effective traceability and assurance requires farmer aggregation and (IT) tools Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 Source: interview respondents, Valued Chain 25

78 Summary of dependencies and assumptions Access to finance is largely unaddressed, public policy is often insufficient, and sector does not have real long term incentives Frequent gaps and challenges Roaster commitments made certification a license to operate but funding remains a challenge In many markets, consumer buying behaviour is little influenced by sustainability and prices paid do not cover the investments needed Inclusive legal framework to protect human rights (land rights, equality, labour conditions) is not available in several origins National and international incentives for environmental services are currently mainly implemented on small scale Access to finance affects ability to adopt practices and requires professionalization to make farmers bankable mainly in Asia and Africa Public policy affects availability of credit and interest rates. Export, processing and tax policy affect incentives for local processing Economies of scale require longer term chain relationships and trust, while commodity trade is organized and incentivized on short term results Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 Source: interview respondents, Valued Chain 26

79 Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 We have a way to go, but a good foundation to build on Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

80 Notes on interpretation of this study A reliable catalogue but not exhaustive, as input for further sector discussion Study summarizes the current initiatives in coffee sustainability. This is on overview of what we are currently implementing. It does not specify what the agenda forward should be, this is up for sector discussion. Study has focused on organizational strategies not individual projects. Findings are based on a sample of respondents from the membership and network of the organizations in the steering committee that were willing to provide input. The overview is not exhaustive. The participation of respondents is however sufficiently large and representative to allow for interpretation. We have consulted 36 respondents in interviews and 51 organizations participated in a survey. Perspectives from producing countries are possibly underrepresented following the membership and network of the steering committee, and the decision to conduct this study in English only. Any bias is mentioned in the applicable section of this report. Historical data on investment, output and impact is rarely available. Furthermore, most sustainability work is done in partnerships of public and private organizations who all report on investment and outreach, so there is overlap in the numbers reported. We have used mainly data from donors and roasters. Donors and roasters most commonly collect data, and partnerships rarely contain more than one donor and more than one roaster. Coffee Sustainability Catalogue

81 Coffee Sustainability Catalogue 2016 A collective review of work being done to make coffee sustainable Appendix B: stakeholder directory