How To Pass K-6 Science
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- Adela Andrews
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1 263 Physics A Examination for Acceleration (EA)/Credit by Exam (CBE) The exam you are interested in taking is designed to test your proficiency in the relevant subject matter. You should be thoroughly familiar with the subject matter before you attempt to take the exam. This can help you prepare for the exam by giving you an idea of what you need to review. You can check your familiarity level by reviewing the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) for this course (see below). To refine your skills, you can refer to any of the state-adopted textbooks. Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) Every question that appears on this exam is derived from the knowledge and skills statements and student expectations within the Texas-mandated standards, the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS). You can view the TEKS for this exam online via the following link: Refer to section (c), Knowledge and skills, A 8D. Throughout this guide, you ll see TEKS references. These refer to the numbers listed under (c) Knowledge and skills; for example, A or 3B. Note: Coverage of the TEKS is split between Physics A and B; so those TEKS not covered in this exam are covered in the Physics B. Materials Needed You will need to bring a #2 pencil to complete the exam. You are also allowed to bring and use a graphing calculator. You will receive a computer-graded answer sheet when you arrive at the testing center. You will be provided a formula sheet with your exam. The formula sheet is also included at the end of this for your review. Exam Structure You will be allowed 3 hours to complete this exam. The exam consists of 50 multiple-choice questions worth 2 points each for a total of 00 points. The exam consists of the following 3 parts: Part : Science Processes and Methods (0 questions) Part 2: Motion (20 questions) Part 3: Forces (20 questions) K-6 Education Center
2 PHY A & Scholastic Honesty When you arrive at the testing center, you will be asked to carefully read the exam rules and sign a statement agreeing to take the exam in accordance with the rules. This is called the Examinee s Certification. The following is a copy of these rules: Examinee s Certification This certification must be signed before the exam is administered and then returned with the completed examination attached, or credit for the exam will not be given. Scholastic dishonesty is a serious academic violation that will not be tolerated. Scholastic dishonesty encompasses, but is not limited to: copying from another student s work; using an unauthorized testing proctor or taking the exam at an unauthorized testing location; using materials not authorized by a testing proctor; possessing materials that are not authorized by a testing proctor, such as lessons, books, or notes; knowingly using or soliciting, in whole or part, the contents of an unadministered test; collaborating with or seeking aid from another student without authorization during the test; substituting for another person, or permitting another person to substitute for oneself, in taking a course test or completing any course-related assignment; using, buying, stealing, or transporting some or all of the contents of an unadministered test, test rubric, homework answer, or computer program. Evidence of scholastic dishonesty will result in a grade of F on the examination and an F in the course (if applicable). At the testing center, you will be asked to sign a statement that says you have read the above and agree to complete the examination with scholastic honesty. K-6 Education Center 2
3 PHY A & General Study Tips The bulleted lists and sample questions in this study guide can assist you in preparing for the exam. It is a fairly complete guide, but does not cover every item on the test. Ultimately, you should use the TEKS to guide your exam preparation. Additional Study Tips The following information provides direction for your studies. For each part, you will find study tips and sample questions to give you a general idea of the types of questions you can expect to see on the exam. Part : Science Processes and Methods This part relates to your knowledge of lab safety, a definition of science and its limits, scientific methods, scientific data, scientific thinking, and the historical contributions of scientists. It includes 0 questions worth 2 points each, for a total of 20 points. Study Tips for Part This part relates to TEKS A 3F. Familiarize yourself with those TEKS, and then be prepared to demonstrate knowledge of the following topics: Lab Safety Identify safe lab practices, including common safety equipment and symbols and why they are important. Recognize how to properly dispose of lab materials. Science and Its Limits Define science and understand the limits of the discipline. Scientific Methods Recognize an effective hypothesis. Differentiate between scientific hypotheses and scientific theories. Identify the common components of scientific methods. Identify the components of a valid experiment, including the terms control, dependent variable, and independent variable. Know how to select appropriate equipment for experiments. Scientific Data Perform accurate and precise measurements. Distinguish between accuracy and precision. Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative data. Apply common rounding methods. Be familiar with International System of Units (SI) as the modern form of the metric system and know SI units and prefixes. Convert from metric to standard units and between metric units. Calculate percent error in experimental data. Identify the correct number of significant figures in a given quantity. K-6 Education Center 3
4 Solve calculations using the correct number of significant figures. PHY A & Scientific Thinking Draw valid scientific conclusions by noting trends from data and thinking critically about and analyzing scientific explanations. History of Science Understand the periodic table and its history. Evaluate the impact of research on society and the environment. Describe the history of physics and chemistry and contributions of scientists. Sample Questions for Part The following are sample questions. You can find the correct answers listed after the questions, but try answering the questions without looking at the answers first to check your comprehension. DIRECTIONS: Select the BEST response to each of the following questions.. Which of the following statements about accuracy and precision is correct? A. All measurements that are accurate are also precise. B. All measurements that are precise are also accurate. C. Accuracy is the agreement of repeated measurements; precision is the closeness of a measurement to the actual value. D. Precision is the agreement of repeated measurements; accuracy is the closeness of a measurement to the actual value. 2. A wave generator can be used to accomplish which of the following? A. Transfer force or speed to pull another object connected by a belt B. Make human work easier by moving a small load under less resistance C. Recognize the Doppler effect and predict the change in frequency that occurs D. Reduce the total friction that acts against the linear motion of an object along a surface 3. Determine the percentage error for a measured value of.2 m/s 2 where the actual value is 9.8 m/s 2. A. 4% B. 0% C. 8% D. 5% [: D; 2: C; 3: A] K-6 Education Center 4
5 PHY A & Part 2: Motion This part relates to your knowledge of speed, velocity, and motion as they relate to position and speed, vector quantities, acceleration, and deceleration. It includes 20 questions worth 2 points each, for a total of 40 points. Study Tips for Part 2 This part relates to TEKS 4A 4F. Familiarize yourself with those TEKS, and then be prepared to demonstrate knowledge of the following topics: Speed vs. Velocity Differentiate speed and velocity. Calculate speed and velocity from a variety of units. Express speed and velocity in appropriate units. Understand how to read distance versus time graphs and velocity versus time graphs. Know that the slope of a distance versus time graph between any two points yields the average speed of an object. Differentiate between constant velocity, average velocity, and instantaneous velocity. Motion as It Relates to Position and Speed Determine the position and speed of objects within a specified frame of reference. Interpret free-body force diagrams. Vector Quantities: Distance vs. Displacement Determine the distance and displacement values for different scenarios. Express displacement in terms of magnitude and direction. Incorporate vector addition and subtraction when solving distance and displacement problems. Acceleration and Deceleration Define acceleration and deceleration. Recognize the shape of acceleration and deceleration from distance vs. time graphs. Calculate the values of distance, time, final velocity, and initial velocity using acceleration and deceleration values. Interpret free-body diagrams to identify forces acting on an object as it decelerates to a stop. Differentiate between constant acceleration, average acceleration, and instantaneous acceleration on a velocity versus time graph. Use constant acceleration equations in conjunction with velocity versus time graphs. Free Fall Acceleration Use the value of gravity to solve constant acceleration equations. Calculate the values of distance, time, final velocity, and initial velocity using gravity as acceleration. K-6 Education Center 5
6 PHY A & Projectile Motion Determine the hang time, height, and range of a projectile given its initial velocity and the angle of launch using the constant acceleration equations. Predict the velocity of a projectile along a symmetrical path of flight based on gravity. Forces: Centripetal, Centrifugal, and Gravitational Distinguish between centripetal (center seeking) and centrifugal (center fleeing) forces and be able to recognize examples. Understand that the force of gravity does not affect an object s horizontal velocity. Newton s First Law of Motion Calculate acceleration given force and friction. Understand the concept of balanced forces and action reaction pairs when objects are either at rest or moving at a constant speed. Determine the acceleration of a system if unbalanced forces act on an object. Newton s Second Law of Motion Use the equation F = ma in a variety of everyday situations. Calculate the values of distance, time, final velocity, and initial velocity using acceleration values. Spring Energy Predict how far a spring will compress or elongate when given an applied force and the spring s elastic constant. Sample Questions for Part 2 The following are sample questions. You can find the correct answers listed after the questions, but try answering the questions without looking at the answers first to check your comprehension. DIRECTIONS: Select the BEST response to each of the following questions.. A small car is traveling east at 0.65 m/s 2. This statement describes the vehicle s. A. speed B. velocity C. position D. acceleration K-6 Education Center 6
7 PHY A & Suppose a 600 kg motorcycle s engine applies 800 N of force while experiencing 300 N of fluid friction (wind). Calculate the resulting acceleration. A. 2.0 m/s 2 B. 2.5 m/s 2 C. 3.0 m/s 2 D. 3.5 m/s 2 3. Suppose a small cardboard box is sliding across a rough surface from right to left. Select the free-body diagram of the forces acting on the box as it decelerates to a stop. A. B. C. D. [: D; 2: B; 3: A] K-6 Education Center 7
8 PHY A & Part 3: Forces This part relates to your knowledge of forces. It includes 20 questions worth 2 points each, for a total of 40 points. Study Tips for Part 3 This part relates to TEKS 5A 5H. Familiarize yourself with those TEKS, and then be prepared to demonstrate knowledge of the following topics: Historical Development of Ideas Describe the discovery of weak nuclear and strong nuclear forces, including the contributions of Enrico Fermi. Explain the Rutherford s gold foil experiment, which proved the existence of a positively charged atomic nucleus. Compare Newtonian concepts of force with Aristotelian physics. Compare electric forces to gravitational forces. Understand the relationship between beta particles and nuclear radiation. Describe alpha rays. Gravity as a Force and Force Vectors Understand gravity is an attractive force that exists between objects that have mass. Understand the effects of gravitational pull at sea level and on a mountaintop. Describe and understand how the magnitude of the gravitational forces between two objects depends on their masses and the distance between their centers. Calculate gravitational acceleration. Electromagnetism Understand and describe how the magnitude of the electrical force between two objects depends on their charges and the distance between them. Understand the workings of everyday examples of electric and magnetic forces, such as electric generators, electric motors, and compasses. Identify and differentiate the characteristics of conductors and insulators. Characterize materials such as paper, ceramic, gold, copper, plastic-foam, and aluminum as conductors or insulators based on their electrical properties. Describe how to increase the strength of an electromagnet. Explain where Earth s north and south magnetic poles are located. Describe the energy conversions in a typical internal combustion car engine. Ohm s Law and Series/Parallel Circuits Know voltage as the measure of potential difference in a circuit. Express current, voltage, and resistance in the correct units. Differentiate between a parallel and a series circuit. Label and identify on a circuit diagram the basic parts of a circuit: battery, resistor, switch, and wire. Know the purpose of electric field lines on a circuit diagram. K-6 Education Center 8
9 PHY A & Use the equation for Ohm s law to calculate resistance, current, and voltage. Predict the effects of changes within an electric circuit. Explain the type of electric circuit used in a typical house and the purpose of a circuit breaker. Sample Questions for Part 3 The following are sample questions. You can find the correct answers listed after the questions, but try answering the questions without looking at the answers first to check your comprehension. DIRECTIONS: Select the BEST response to each of the following questions.. Unlike gravitation forces, electrical forces. A. generate fields B. have infinite range C. depend on distance D. can be attractive and repulsive 2. What is the gravitational acceleration on a planet where a 60 kg person weighs 50 N? A. 0.4 m/s 2 B. 2.5 m/s 2 C m/s 2 D. 0.0 m/s 2 3. In the circuit below, each resistance has a value of 2.0 ohms. If the circuit is connected to a.5 volt battery, what is the current flowing through the circuit? A. 0.4 A B..5 A C. 3.0 A D. 3.5 A [: D; 2: B; 3: B] K-6 Education Center 9
10 PHY A & General Formulas Pythagorean theorem: + = adjacent %error = + opposite = hypotenuse actual experimental act exp 00; %err = 00 actual actual Motion Formulas acceleration = change in velocity ; = or = change in time velocity = change in displacement ; = change in time distance"#$%"&'() = Range = time" = velocity"#$% sin 2 sin 2 ; d = = gravitational acceleration velocity"#$% sin sin ; " = gravitational acceleration distance"#$%&'( = velocity"#$% time + gravitational acceleration time ; = + " 2 2 velocity"#$% = velocity"#$% + 2 acceleration distance; = + 2" velocity"#$% = velocity"#$% + gravitational acceleration time; = + " Force Formulas Newton s 2nd Law: Force = mass acceleration; = " friction = coefficient of friction force"#$%& ; = Law of universal gravitation: mass "#$%& mass "#$%& Force of gravity between two objects = G distance separating the objects centers = Force Spring constant = ; = distance Momentum Formulas momentum = mass velocity; p = mv Force = mass(velocity"#$% velocity"#$% ) m(v v ) ; F = change in time t mass"#$%& velocity"#$%& = mass "#$%& velocity"#$%& ; = K-6 Education Center 0 ;
11 PHY A & Circular Motion Formulas Period = ; = frequency velocity = acceleration"#$%&'"$() = 2 radius 2" ; = period velocity ; = radius Energy Formulas Work = Force distance; = " Kinetic Energy = mass velocity ; " = " 2 2 Potential Energy = mass gravitational acceleration height; " = "ℎ Conversions meter = 00 centimeters = 000 millimeters = 0 micrometers = 0 nanometers kilometer = 000 meters hour = 60 minutes = 3600 seconds kilogram = 000 grams Temperature and Heat Formulas 9 9 Temperature"#$%&#%'( = Temperature"#$%&$ + 32; = Heat energy = mass specific heat change in temperature; = " = "("#$% "#$% ) Electricity and Magnetism Formulas Coulomb s law: Force between electric charges = Coulomb s constant charge charge ; = (distance between the charges) Ohm s law: Voltage = Current Resistance = Kirchhoff s Circuit Rules Series: total = + total = = total = + Parallel: total = = total = + / total = / + / K-6 Education Center
12 PHY A & Atomic Model Formulas momentum ; " = 2 mass 2 = wavelength Paschen series: =, where = 4, 5, 6 and = Rydberg constant 3 Kinetic Energy = Quantum Formulas Energy: Planck s constant frequency = Planck s constant speed of light ℎ ; = ℎ = wavelength de Broglie wavelength: mass velocity = Planck s constant ℎ ; = " = wavelength Photoelectric effect: frequency"#$%"&'( = work function ; = Planck s constant ℎ Wien s displacement law: meters Kelvin peak wavelength = ; λ"#$ = Temperature Sound and Light Wave Formulas Period = ; = frequency Period of a mass on a string = 2π Period of a Pendulum = 2 mass ; = 2 spring constant length ; = 2 gravitational acceleration speed of light = wavelength frequency; = " Interference: Mirror/lens equation: Intensity = Power ; = 4 radius 4" wavelength = ; = length distance + = ; + = image distance object distance focal length Constants Speed of light: = 3 0 m/s Gravitational acceleration: = 9.8 m/s Planck s constant: " Js or 4.4 0" evs Gravitational constant: = Rydberg constant: = m Coulomb s constant: = K-6 Education Center 2 "
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