TEKNOLOGI VoIP : PENGERTIAN, FUNGSI, CARA KERJA, PROTOKOL, KOMPONEN
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1 TEKNOLOGI VoIP : PENGERTIAN, FUNGSI, CARA KERJA, PROTOKOL, KOMPONEN Penulis : Mustafa Kamal Bin Daud Jawatan : Penolong Pegawai Teknologi Maklumat Bahagian : Bahagian Pengurusan Komunikasi & Akses - Unit Telekomunikasi PENGERTIAN VoIP: Voice over Internet Protocol adalah teknologi yang menggunakan media internet untuk melakukan komunikasi suara jarak jauh secara langsung. Signal suara analog, seperti yang kita dengar ketika berkomunikasi di telefon diubah menjadi data digital dan hantar melalui jaringan berupa paket-paket data secara real time. Dalam komunikasi VoIP, pengguna menghubungkan telefon melalui terminal yang berupa PC atau telefon biasa. Dengan menggunakan VoIP, banyak keuntungan yang diperolehi diantaranya adalah dari segi kos yang lebih murah dari tarif telefon tradisional kerana jaringan IP bersifat global sehingga untuk hubungan antarabangsa dapat dikurangkan sehingga 70%. Selain itu, kos penyelenggaraan juga dapat kurangkan kerana voice dan data network terpisah, sehingga IP Phone dapat ditambah, dipindah dan diubah. Hal ini kerana VoIP dapat dipasang di mana-mana port ethernet dan IP address, tidak seperti telefon konvensional yang harus mempunyai port tersendiri di Sentral atau PBX (Private branch exchange). FUNGSI VoIP: Signalling Signalling berfungsi untuk mendapatkan jaringan yang dituju, sehingga dapat melakukan initiate (penyampaian) pesan/percakapan. Database Service Layanan database adalah salah satu fungsi VoIP dalam mencari destinasi akhir/endpoint yang harus dituju, sekaligus sebagai penterjemah alamat yang biasanya digunakan dalam dua jaringan yang berbeza. Call Connect/Disconnect (Bearer Control) Bearer Control memungkinkan si penerima panggilan dapat memutuskan panggilan/menerima panggilan.
2 Codecs Operations Berguna sebagai coder ataupun decoder dalam pengubahan/transmitted suara menjadi signal digital/paket data ataupun sebaliknya. Diagram VoIP CARA KERJA VoIP: Cara Kerja VoIP adalah mengubah suara analog yang masuk dari mic pada PC/telefon IP menjadi paket data digital, kemudian dari PC diteruskan melalui Hub/ Router/ ADSL Modem dihantar melalui jaringan internet dan akan diterima oleh tempat destinasi melalui media yang sama. Atau boleh juga melalui melalui media telefon diteruskan ke phone adapter yang disambungkan ke internet dan boleh diterima oleh telefon penerima.
3 Untuk penghantaran signal/ isyarat ke remote destination, ianya dilakukan secara digital iaitu dengan cara mengubah signal/ isyarat analog kepada bentuk data digital dengan ADC (Analog to Digital Converter), kemudian dipindahkan, dan di pihak penerima diubah kembali menjadi data analog dengan DAC (Digital to Analog Converter). Begitu juga dengan VoIP, digitalisasi voice dalam bentuk packet data, dihantar dan diubah kembali dalam bentuk voice di pihak penerima. Format digital lebih mudah dikendaikan, dalam hal ini ianya dipadatkan (compress), dan dapat diubah ke format yang lebih baik dan data digital lebih kalis terhadap noise daripada analog. PERBEZAAN VoIP DENGAN PSTN 1. Jaringan telefon tradisional/pstn menggunakan jaringan circuit switching, manakala VoIP menggunakan jaringan Packet Data. Circuit Switching : Dihantar melalui satu saluran dan harus terhubung dahulu ke operator. Packet Data : Dihantar dengan paket-paket suara menjadi beberapa paket data dan dihantar secara terpisah dan akan disatukan setelah sampai ke detinasi. 2. Teknologi VoIP menggunakan kos yang lebih murah dan lebih efisyen dalam sistem komunikasi menggunakan suara. 3. VoIP menggunakan sambungan jaringan internet manakala PSTN menggunakan kabel telefon. 4. PSTN masih boleh digunakan semasa bekalan elektrik terputus. 5. Setiap panggilan VoIP hanya memerlukan sekitar 10 Kbps manakala PSTN memerlukan 64 Kbps. PROTOKOL VOIP TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) Merupakan sebuah protokol yang digunakan pada jaringan internet. Standard diperlukan agar antara komputer terjadi kesepakatan tentang tatacara penghantara dan penerimaan data sehingga data dapat dihantar dan diterima dengan betul. Protokol ini terdiri dari dua bahagian besar, iaitu TCP dan UDP serta dibawah lapisan tersebut ada protokol yang bernama IP.
4 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Merupakan protokol yang menjaga reliability hubungan komunikasi end- to-end. Konsep asas cara kerja TCP adalah menghantar dan menerima segmen segmen maklumat dengan panjang data bervariasi pada suatu datagram internet. Dalam hubungan VoIP, TCP digunakan pada saat signalling, TCP digunakan untuk menjamin setup suatu panggilan pada sesi signaling. TCP tidak digunakan dalam penghantaran data suara kerana pada komunikasi data VoIP keutamaan data yang mengalami keterlambatan lebih penting daripada keutamaan paket yang hilang. User Datagram Protocol(UDP) Merupakan salah satu protocol utama diatas IP, yang lebih sederhana dibandingkan dengan TCP. UDP digunakan untuk situasi yang tidak mementingkan mekanisme reliability. UDP digunakan pada VoIP pada penghantaran audio streaming yang berlangsung terus menerus dan lebih mementingkan kecepatan pengiriman data agar tiba di destinasi tanpa memperhatikan adanya paket yang hilang walaupun mencapai 50% dari jumlah paket yang dikirimkan. Kerana UDP mampu menghantar data streaming dengan cepat. Internet Protocol (IP) Internet Protocol digunakan untuk interconnection sistem komunikasi komputer pada jaringan paket switch. Pada jaringan TCP/IP, sebuah komputer dikenalpasti dengan alamat IP. Tiap-tiap komputer memiliki alamat IP yang unik, masing-masing berbeza antara satu sama lainnya. Tujuan ianya dilakukan untuk mencegah kesalahan semasa penghantaran data. Internet Protocol berhubungan langsung dengan peralatan fizikal. Secara umum protokol ini bertugas untuk mengesan kesalahan pada saat pemindahan data. SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) Protokol yang digunakan untuk initiate, modified dan termination sesi komunikasi VoIP. SIP adalah protokol Open Standard yang keluarkan oleh IETF, RFC 2543 dan RFC Selain digunakan untuk negotiation sesi komunikasi voice, SIP juga dapat digunakan untuk negotiation sesi komunikasi data media lain seperti video dan text. Disebutkan sebagai hanya melakukan negosiasi sesi komunikasi adalah kerana SIP merupakan signalling protocol, bukan media transfer protocol. SIP tidak menghantar data media (voice, video dan text), melainkan hanya melakukan negotiation sesi komunikasi saja dan menggunakan protokol lain seperti RTP sebagai media transfer protocol.
5 H.323 VoIP dapat berkomunikasi dengan sistem lain yang beroperasi pada jaringan packet-switch. Untuk membolehkan komunikasi berlaku ianya memerlukan suatu standard sistem komunikasi yang bersesuaian satu sama lain. Standard H.323 terdiri dari komponen, protokol, dan prosedur yang menyediakan komunikasi multimedia melalui jaringan packet-based. Bentuk jaringan packet-based yang dapat dilalui antara lain jaringan internet, Internet Packet Exchange (IPX)- based, Local Area Network (LAN), dan Wide Area Network (WAN). H.323 dapat digunakan untuk layanan layanan multimedia seperti komunikasi suara (IP telephony), komunikasi video dengan suara (video telephony), dan gabungan suara, video dan data. KOMPONEN VoIP 1. Call Processing Server/IP PBX IP PBX adalah peralatan switching packet data komunikasi telefon dan data berasaskan teknologi Internet Protocol (IP). IP PBX boleh terdiri daripada satu server ataupun lebih, ianya perlu di sesuaikan mengikut keperluan. 2. User-End Device Peralatan yang digunakan untuk menyokong pengoperasian VoIP yang didalamnya terdapat aplikasi yang boleh digunakan sebagai pengatur tambahan untuk konfigurasi VoIP. Contohnya : Handphone, Laptop dan IP Phone. 3. Media Gateway/Gatekeeper Digunakan untuk berkomunikasi dengan VoIP Call Processing Server/ IP PBX dan komponen VoIP yang lain. 4. IP Network Network/Jaringan berasaskan IP digunakan sebagai infrastruktur jaringan dalam penggunaan VoIP.
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