The Ottoman Empire ( ): Another Turkic Migration and Invasion The New Trade Controlling Empire: Successor to the Byzantine

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1 The Ottoman Empire ( ): Another Turkic Migration and Invasion The New Trade Controlling Empire: Successor to the Byzantine

2 Tamerlane (Timur-i-Lang), A Scourge to Some is a Hero to Other

3 The Ottoman Empire ( ): Another Turkic Migration and Invasion The New Trade Controlling Empire: Successor to the Byzantine

4 The Ottoman Empire (roughly 1400 to 1921/22): Terms Turkic emirates in Anatolia (Asia minor region of persent-day Turkey) Osman 1 establishes dynasty Late 1300s a series of battles that the Byzantines lose to the Ottomans; Byzantine Empire surrounded The Byzantines hold Constantinople until the siege of 1453 (use of massive siege cannons) Janissary Corps Sanjaks (like county districts) Millet system and composite population

5 The Clash of the Titans

6 Not this boring Clash of the Titans

7 but rather this real Clash of the Titans : The Ottoman war flag ( ) and some of Hapsburg coats of arms

8 Charles I, : Coat of Arms reveal the array of Hapsburg territories across Europe The Rival to the Ottoman Empire An empire of diverse peoples created mainly by marriage alliances lacked cohesion but some unity was maintained by religion until the Reformation.

9 Background to the Clash of the Titans Re-conquests and the Legacy of Warfare States Recovery from the Black Death North Europe Experiences prosperity; growth of wool industry and trade to Mediterranean though Venice Intermittent warfare along fluctuating borders: Islamic principalities and cities (North Africa and Iberia) plus Ottoman Empire in the Eastern Mediterranean versus Venice and subsequently Aragon and Castile (two key components of the Hapsburg Empire)

10 Background to the Clash of Titans and Adventurers in America Reconquista or Re-conquest Traditional European account celebrates victory of Charles Martel at Tours / Poitiers in 732; danger of reading history backwards Revisionist accounts note that the conflicts involving Islamic forces in Europe were at least as much about prestige and estates as about religion Most subsequent battles involved cross-cultural alliances and were fought for land 1212 Las Navas de Tolosa; first conflict in Iberia where Christians and Muslims fought exclusively as Christians and Muslims; beginning of the reconquista that would have consequences for the New World (a proximate cause for the collision at Cajamarca?)

11 The Iberian Christian Expansion, Ferdinand and Isabella prompted by Portuguese success start ten year war to re-conquer the remainder of Iberia 1492: Emir of Granada negotiates a surrender that guarantees Muslims religious freedom; Jews not protected and were expelled. Some went to Istanbul and some to the Netherlands. Muslims pressured to convert: a formal statement or requerimiento (the requirement) Ferdinand and Isabella finance the Genoese adventurer Christopher Columbia ( ) Columbus had been in the Canary Islands and left there in caravels to find a route to China that avoided Ottoman or Mamluk control The fiscal military state develops in the Hapsburg Empire and was financed by its one-fifth share of gold and silver looted from the New World; riches finance wars against Ottomans along the Danube Next: the wars are financed by silver mines beginning in 1545

12 The Reconquista and the Conquest of New Spain: The Reconquista Mentality: Cortes and his men were aware of the history of conquest in Iberia

13 Reconquista or Re-conquest Background to the Clash of Titans and Adventurers in America Most of re-conquest finished by 1247 but the Muslim stronghold of Granada held out until Ferdinand and Isabella enter the picture by their marriage in 1469 (Castile a centralized kingdom; Aragon a decentralized one; diversity would be a complication in the Hapsburg Empire) Granada capitulates in 1492

14 The Hapsburg Empire ca. 1547

15 Trade Routes around 1500: note the controlling positions held by the Ottoman Empire, and Venice and Genoa

16 The Italian City States Re-Enter the Narrative Genoa squeezed out of the Asian trade by Ottoman control of Black Sea Genoese merchants shifted focus to Western European and into early banking Christopher Columbus a Genoese sailor working for other states; in effect, a mercenary Venice betrayed the Mamluks and made peace with the Turks (1504) and continued to look Eastward Control of the routes to Asia: the choke point at Cairo and the Red Sea Meanwhile Portuguese sailors had stumbled upon a way to use the Atlantic winds (Crosby applies here) Portuguese kept heading south along Africa and enter Indian Ocean By 1517 Ottomans in Cairo and Portuguese on Red Sea

17 The Empires Clash along the Danube Frontier: Sieges of Vienna, 1529 and 1683

18 The Empires Clash at Sea Lepanto: Largest Sea Battle with Oared Vessels Since Roman Empire: Close Combat Decided by Sword Fighting

19 A Remnant of the Conflicts for Control of the Mediterranean: Ceuta Under Byzantine control, under Islamic Kingdoms ( ), Portuguese control ( ), a Spanish city in Africa (1580 to present)

20 The Border between Africa and Europe

21 The Clash of Titans Part 2: Legacies and Landfalls Legacy in the East: an enduring split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox (tolerated by the Ottomans) Legacy in the East: the fractured cultural state of the Balkans; the division in Cyprus Legacy in the West the re-conquest of Spain and the expulsion Jews who did not convert; eventually expulsion of Muslims (1609); the Inquisition; legions of adventurers/soldiers Consequences for South America: conquistadors/mercenaries; the Empire s control of silver to finance wars

22 The Clash of the Titans Part 1: The Alignment of Forces: North Europe Experiences prosperity; growth of wool industry and trade to Mediterranean though Venice Venice and Hapsburgs vs. the Ottomans and Moors: in the Eastern Mediterranean the conflict involved religion but also trade and thus clashes in the Red Sea region; in the west (Spain) religion and land and the re-conquest

23 The Clash of Titans Part 2: Legacies and Landfalls Geoffrey Parker a leading military historian: The legacy of Europe s warfare: they fought dirty and they fought to kill; they came and they stayed. In comparison, note what Diamond and Brook say about warfare practiced by indigenous peoples of America. The sponsorship of Columbus by Ferdinand and Isabella

24 Iberian Christian (and Trade) Expansion, : Genoa s merchants pioneers shipping trade from cloth producing cities of thriving northern Europe and Mediterranean One stop was Lisbon where shipwrights from both cities teamed up to produce rugged caravel for Atlantic travel Early 1400s: Portuguese mariners (Crosby s account) discover the Atlantic Islands and begin conquest of Guanches and set up sugar plantations Early 1400s: Portuguese nobility encouraged by papacy begins re-conquest (reconquista) of Portugal rather than pay tribute to Muslim emirs 1415 Portugal captures Ceuta in North Africa 1450s Mariners and merchants circumvented Muslim traders and trade with West Africa to secure African gold, and constructed forts for trade (a century later used in the slave trade) 1453 Ottoman capture of Constantinople 1479 Union of Aragon (Queen Isabella, ) and Castile (King Ferdinand, ) Ottomans take Mamluk Empire

25 Familiar Trade Routes Map: Note Route from Mediterranean and up Atlantic

26 The Iberian Christian Expansion, Ferdinand and Isabella prompted by Portuguese success start ten year war to re-conquer the remainder of Iberia 1492: Emir of Granada negotiates a surrender that guarantees Muslims religious freedom; Jews not protected and were expelled. Some went to Istanbul and some to the Netherlands. Muslims pressured to convert: a formal statement or requerimiento (the requirement) Ferdinand and Isabella finance the Genoese adventurer Christopher Columbia ( ) Columbus had been in the Canary Islands and left there in caravels to find a route to China that avoided Ottoman or Mamluk control The fiscal military state develops in the Hapsburg Empire and was financed by its one-fifth share of gold and silver looted from the New World; riches finance wars against Ottomans along the Danube Next: the wars are financed by silver mines beginning in 1545

27 Aztec Empire, ; peak period

28 Tenochtitlan. From an artist s conception. Painting at the National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City [1930].

29 Inca Empire, 1100 (?) CE

30 From reconquista to New World Aztec defeat s; Inca s requerimiento (the requirement) Franciscans and protection of native Americans Francesco de Vitora (1483 to 1546) converso ancestry; Dominican priest: native Americans were a sovereign people; considered a founder of international law Trusteeship or encomienda Cortes, Pizarro and others who marched with them became ecomendaros with farms and villages of native labourers The silver trade described by Tim Brook New labour system of repartimiento: drafting labour for mines The roots of slavery in Atlantic Island then in Portuguese Brazil (sugar)

31 Cape Verde: Stepping Stone in the Transfer of the Sugar Plantation Economy from the Mediterranean to the Caribbean

32 Sixteenth Century Iberian and West African Trade Map with Illustration of Elmina/Amina Fort Established in 1481(See Wikipedia entry on Elmina Castle

33 Elmina Castle (Gold Coast/Ghana) Portuguese Slave Trading Post Seized by the Dutch in 1637 Note Flag and Description in Dutch

34 Why Establish Sugar Plantations 6000 kms from the Market?

35

36 Territories in the Portuguese Empire at One Time or Another: Note Islands off West Africa: Cape Verde, San Tomé, Fernando Po

37 From Brazil to Angola to Amsterdam: The Slavery-Sugar Connection Paulo Dias head of a private trading company and colonial government for Angola (a Portuguese colony from 1575 to 1975) Luanda Imbangala Enter the Dutch Curaço

38 Territories in the Dutch Empire at One Time or Another

39 Spain / Uruguay Portugal / Brazil Great Britain Netherla nds U.S.A. France Denmar k / Baltic ,363 7, ,375 25, ,167 31,089 1, ,056 90, , , , , , ,609 33,695 31, ,827 1, , , , , , , , ,200 85,847 3,327 29,484 25, , ,597 73,816 3, ,939 5, , ,042 83,095 34, ,095 4, , , , ,330 84, ,918 17, , , ,612 40,773 67, ,061 39, ,087 1,160, ,959 2, , ,815 16, ,728 1,299, ,850 68, ,824 9, Totals 1,061,524 5,848,265 3,259, , ,326 1,381, ,041